Bio 1010 final review
What type of symmetry does a jellyfish exhibit?
radial
When did our brain start increasing in size at an accelerated rate? 75,000 years ago 1 .5 million years ago 800,000 years ago 2.5 million years ago
800,000 years ago
Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual(s). 0 3 1 2
1
Uranium-235, with a half-life of 713,000,000 years, decays to lead-207. If a rock sample is determined to have one-quarter of the uranium-235 content it had when it formed, the age of the rock sample can be estimated to be approximately ______ years old. 1.4 billion 28.5 billion 178 billion 713 million 178 million
1.4 billion
Eukaryotes arose about ______ years after the first prokaryotes. 3.0 million 1.5 billion 3.5 billion 4.0 billion 5.5 billion
1.5 billion
The diameter of most animal and plant cells ranges from 1.0 to 10 micrometers. 100 to 1000 micrometers. 10 to 100 micrometers. 0.1 to 1.0 micrometers.
10 to 100 micrometers
Some of the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens are at least ______ years old, although recently even older fossils have been found. 10,000 6,000 1,000,000 2.6 million 100,000
100,000
What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons? 8 6 12 18
12 (count neutrons and protons)
Suppose you want to date the age of a trilobite fossil you found in the mountains of Dugway. You collect rocks that surround the fossil to determine the age of the fossil based upon the radioactive decay of element X, which is found in the rock. The half life of element X is 3 million years. There is 1/32 of the original amount of X left in the rock you found. How old is the rock and therefore the fossil? 94 thousand years 64 million years 10.7 million years 15 million years 96 million years
15 million years (find the half lives 2,4,8,16,32 and then times how many half lives by years)
Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? 1:1:1:1 6:5:4:1 3:1 9:3:3:1 1:2:1
1:1:1:1
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? 75% 25% 0% 50% 100%
25%
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? 75% 50% 25% 100% 0%
25%
What percentage of the body's energy does the Human brain use? 75% 25% 33% 60%
25%
How many base pairs is the human genome? 2.3 billion 3.2 million 3.2 billion 2.3 million
3.2 billion
How many base pairs is the human genome? 3.2 million 3.2 billion 2.3 million 2.3 billion
3.2 billion
If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? 80% 30% 20% 40% 60%
30%
How long did the voyage of Darwin last? Choose the option that best represents the length of the trip. 4 years 5 years 3 years 2 years
5 years
A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? 67% 75% 33% 50% 25%
50%
A human couple decides to have a large family. Their first 3 children are boys. What is the chance of the next child being a boy? 100% 25% 75% 50%
50%
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? 75% 100% 0% 25% 50%
50%
The nuclei of eukaryotic cells are characterized by: a single-layered membrane. a double membrane. one or more nucleoids. a nonporous membrane.
A double membrane
Which of the following describes allopatric speciation? A male horse and a female donkey mate, producing a sterile hinny. A tetraploid plant species evolves from a diploid ancestor. Both the tetraploid and diploid species are found in the same habitat. A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species. One population breeds in the fall; another population breeds in the spring. Two populations of fruit flies are unable to mate because their reproductive organs do not properly fit together.
A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species
Natural selection can be defined as ______. changes in gene frequencies attributable to chance the accumulation of random mutations the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment the relationships among all organisms a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other individuals
A process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other individuals
Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? AA × Aa Aa × Aa Aa × aa AA × aa aa × aa
AA x aa
True or False Every somatic cell in your body contains a complete copy of your genome. True False
True
True or False because of the human genome project, researchers know the sequence of all the base pairs of the human genome. True False
True
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? ATP DNA fat C6H12O6
ATP
What are the three main products of cellular respiration? ATP Water Larger hydrocarbon molecules Carbon dioxide Iodine Nitrogen Oxygen
ATP WATER CARBON DIOXIDE
The initial evolution of humans occurred on which continent? South America Asia Africa Australia Europe
Africa
In what way(s) is the science of biology influencing and changing our culture? by providing new tools for forensic investigations by revealing how mutations in genes can lead to disease by helping us understand the relevance of evolution to human health All of the above
All of these
Proteins are polymers constructed from ______ monomers. fatty acid 5-carbon ring nucleotide amino acid hydrocarbon
Amino Acid
Which of the following substances is a lipid? steroids DNA cellulose enzymes
steroids
Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells? Archaea only Bacteria only Bacteria and Archaea Eukarya only Archaea and Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea
If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? CAGGTA ACTTGC TGAACG CAGGUA CUGGTU
CAGGTA
If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? CUGGTU TGAACG ACTTGC CAGGTA CAGGUA
CAGGTA
Which of the following is best associated with the species Homo sapiens: Largest hominid brain size Increased midsagittal crest Most highly evolved organism on the tree of life Chin and lower premolar
Chin and lower premolar
Mark all that apply: Which of the following is the equivalent to branching points on phylogenetic trees? Common ancestors Speciation events Terminals Internodes
Common Ancestors Speciation events
Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA? an alternate form of DNA that is the product of a mutation DNA that carries genes from two different sources DNA that carries a translocation DNA that is produced as a result of crossing over DNA that results from bacterial conjugation
DNA that carries genes from two different sources
Choose the statement that is most correct: Darwin never married - but instead dedicated his entire life to science. Darwin married his 1st cousin. Darwin left his first wife and later married another woman. Darwin got married only after the publication of his book "The Origin of Species"
Darwin married his 1st cousin
The primer used in Sanger sequencing can have any nucleotide sequence has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 3' end of the region to be copied must have a sequence beginning and ending with the same nucleotide has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 5' end of the region to be copied
Has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 3' end of the region to be copied
A period of mass extinction is often followed by ______. an asteroid impact equilibrium explosive diversification nonbranching evolution global cooling
Explosive diversification
A new medical technology to help couples that want to have children takes DNA from a male and a female and places the resulting combination into a donor egg from a third person. The nucleus from the donor egg had already been removed prior to this procedure. True or false The fetus will also carry the genetic information of the donor egg. True False
False
A theory that suggests the reason that organelles, mitochondria and the chloroplast, each have their own genetic material is called the exocytosis hypothesis. True False
False
Carbon-14 can be used to determine the age of a dinosaur fossil. True False
False
Genetic Drift is the change of the frequency of alleles from generation to generation as a result of chance, alone in a small gene pool True False
False
True or false: Charles Darwin, the author of "The Origin of Species", was the first person to suggest that one species can evolve into another species. True False
False
______ are seedless vascular plants. Angiosperms Ferns Gymnosperms Bryophytes Grasses
Ferns
Which of these exhibits radial symmetry? automobile butterfly spoon Ferris wheel shoe box
Ferris Wheel
Who was the first researcher to establish the method for DNA sequencing? Rosalind Franklin James Watson Frederick Sanger Gregor Mendel Ian Wilmut
Frederick Sanger
Which of the following statements regarding genetic diversity is false? Genetic diversity is enhanced by independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I. Genetic diversity is enhanced by mitosis. Genetic diversity is enhanced by crossing over during meiosis. Genetic diversity is enhanced by random fertilization.
Genetic diversity is enhanced by random fertilization
Fill in the blank. ____________ is the study of the complete genomic sequences of organisms.
Genomics
Part of the first law of Lamark's theory was that a change in the environment led to a change in behavior, and that a change in behavior led to ___________________. change in the adaptive radiation of the organism a mutational change in the DNA that would lead to a more fit organism greater use or disuse of the structure a greater incidence of depression less genetic diversity
Greater use or disuse of the structure
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? He can't (unless there is a mutation). Though he has normal color vision, the man is actually homozygous for red-green color blindness. The woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. The man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. The man's mother carries an allele for red-green color blindness, and the expression of the trait skipped a generation.
He can't unless he is a mutation
Who would be considered Darwin's early mentor (he also helped get him on the HMS Beagle)? Wallace Henslow Huxley Lyell Lamark
Henslow
What effect did Charles Lyell have on Darwin? He convinced Darwin's father to let him go on the voyage of the HMS Beagle. He was known as the "man who walks with Darwin" and taught him about Botany. His book "Principles of Geology" , which Darwin took with him on the HMS Beagle, provided key insights regarding the natural world. He wrote an essay, that basically had all of the same ideas about natural selection, which forced Darwin to finally publish "The Origin of Species".
His book Principles of geology
The first hominid to spread beyond Africa was ______. Homo erectus Homo sapiens "Lucy" Australopithecus afarensis Homo neanderthalensis
Homo erectus
Which hominid had the largest brain size measured in cc (cubic centimeters)? Paranthropus boisei Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens
Homo neanderthalensis
Water molecules stick to other water molecules because... hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. the oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules are attracted to one another. covalent bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. water molecules are neutral, and neutral molecules are attracted to each other.
Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules
The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______. involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population can only occur on an oceanic island colony affects an entire population is a type of natural selection requires a TV show to be made about it (ex. Gilligan's Island)
Involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population
What are the three main ingredients used in photosynthesis? Oxygen Light Nitrogen ATP Water Simple sugars Carbon dioxide
LIGHT WATER CARBON DIOXIDE
Which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is false? Mitosis allows organisms to repair tissues. Mitosis allows organisms to grow. Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity. Mitosis allows organisms to reproduce asexually.
Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity
Match the event with the description from the image below: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and cytokenesis
Mitosis spindle forming sister chromatids centered chromosomes separating nuclear envelopes forming
h a positive charge has ______. more electrons than protons more protons than electrons equal numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons more protons than neutrons more neutrons than protons
More protons than electrons
For the following questions, determine the ones that can be addressed by Science. Is there is a Supreme Being? Is there some kind of existence after death? Is it ethical to use human embryos to study stem cells? How old is the Earth? Are chimpanzees biologically related to humans? Does human activity affect Earth's climate?
N, N, N, Y, Y, Y
To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______. restriction enzymes gel electrophoresis PCR DNA ligase DNA polymerase
PCR?
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? RNA ligase RNA gyrase RNase RNA helicase RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. RNA . . . a polypeptide RNA . . . DNA DNA . . . RNA DNA . . . a polypeptide protein . . . DNA
RNA... a polypeptide
Match the term to the description below: Ribosomes Microtubules Mitochondria Lysosomes
Proteine Synthesis Movement Cellular Respiration Digestion
Which of these statements is correct? Scientific ideas are subjected to repeated testing. Science can be used to prove or disprove the idea that deities or spirits cause earthquakes and other natural disasters. Science does not require observations that other people can confirm. Only discovery science can lead to important conclusions about nature.
Scientific ideas are subjected to repeated testing
In a scientific experiment, the control group ______. allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple variables is required for the validity of discovery science is subjected to the factor whose effect is being tested serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group
Serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group
Given the hypothetical phylogenetic tree in the figure, what does the dotted line indicate? B C A | | | |----| | | |----- |---- | | | The amount of time since evolving from A Shared evolutionary history of B and C The number of evolutionary changes on the branch leading to B and C That B and C do not share a common ancestor
Shared evolutionary history of B and C
How do hypotheses differ from theories? Theories must be testable; hypotheses do not need to be testable. Hypotheses are educated guesses, and theories are tentative explanations. Hypotheses are derived from experimentation, whereas theories are derived from observation. Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses. Hypotheses are more generally stated than theories.
Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses
Mark all of the following that are evolutionary adaptations leading to the modern human lineage. (You will need to mark all that apply) long Incisors that project more outward smaller cheek teeth Knuckle walking smaller brain size longer muzzle short muzzle increased brain size bipedalism reduced jaw robusticity
Smaller cheek teeth Short muzzle Increased brain size Bipedalism Reduced Jaw Robusticity
A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______. ATTGC- TAAGC- CGGAT- GCCTA- UAAGC-
TAAGC
The film 'Why Sex?' taught the evolutionary concept that organisms need to "run (evolve) just as fast as they can in order to stay right where they are." What was this idea called? Evolutionary Equilibrium The Red Queen Theory The Endless Race Theory Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The Red Queen Theory
Which of the following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false? The Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production. The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory. The Golgi apparatus works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus modifies chemicals received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
The golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production
What is the key to the recognition of codominance? The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. The alleles affect more than one trait. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution.
The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. The dominant allele is always expressed. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. The alleles affect more than one trait.
The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes
If you were to ask Charles Darwin what his major was upon graduation from college, he would say: Theology Medicine Biology Geology
Theology
Which of the following are NOT used as treatments for Cancer: Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation UV therapy
UV Therapy
One of the most potent environmental carcinogens is ______. table salt dietary fat alcohol UV radiation viruses
UV radiation
What was the name of the court case in 1968 that allowed evolution to be taught in school? Epperson vs Arkansas Edwards vs Louisana Mclean Vs Arkansas Scopes trial
epperson vs arkansas
According to lecture, can science and religion coexist? Can they answer all of the same questions? Yes, Yes No, Yes Yes, No No, No
Yes, No
You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association? You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis. You can use the sample to determine the individual's ABO blood group. You can use gel electrophoresis to determine the length of the DNA found in the sample. You can use the sample to check for the presence of the Rhesus factor. There is insufficient material to identify the criminal.
You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis
Which of the following is a characteristic of a non-trivial organization system? Organized alphabetically You get more out of it than what you put in it. Only experts in the field would be able to understand it Tradition trumps new evidence
You get more out of it than what you put in it
In a eukaryotic cell that is undergoing cell division, what will become a new chromosome? a centromere a chromatid a telomere a locus
a chromatid
Natural selection can be defined as ______. the accumulation of random mutations a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other individuals changes in gene frequencies attributable to chance the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment the relationships among all organisms
a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are...
What is a gene? a unit of heredity a type of eukaryotic cell a type of animal cell a type of prokaryotic cell an organelle that houses DNA
a unit of heredity
Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called ______. cohesion adhesion hydrophobic bonding polarity
adhesion
The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______. DNA replication is error-free life was created by a deity the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells all life shares a common ancestry
all life shares a common ancestry
Bioinformatics can: Assist genomics and proteomics Compare our genome to that of a monkey Depend on computer technology Match up genes with proteins All of the above
all of the above
Introduced species can have important effects on biological communities by ______. displacing native species competing with native species for resources reducing biodiversity preying upon native species doing all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is false? Mitosis allows organisms to repair tissues. Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity. Mitosis allows organisms to grow. Mitosis allows organisms to reproduce asexually.
allows organisms to generate genetic diversity
Alleles are described as ______. environmental factors that affect gene expression alternate phenotypes homologous chromosomes alternate versions of a gene Punnett squares
alternate versions of a gene
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____. amino acids nucleosides nucleotide bases codons
amino acids
What are the constituent parts of proteins? sugars amino acids phosphate groups lipids
amino acids
What enzyme do Humans use to help digest starch? Amylase Carbohydrates Lipase Glucose
amylase
Which of these is a genetically modified organism? an organism that gestated in an artificial womb a cloned organism carrying two different alleles an organism carrying genes from two different parents an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means the first organism in which a particular mutation has appeared
an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means
In meiosis, sister chromatids separate during: prophase II. anaphase I. anaphase II. prophase I. cytokinesis.
anaphase II
In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads are hydrophobic and face inward, shielded from water are hydrophilic and face outward towards the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane are hydrophobic and face outward towards the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane are hydrophilic and face inward, shielded from water
are hydrophilic and face outward towards the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane
In most developed countries, overall population growth rates ______. are low, so the population is declining are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable are near zero, so the population is declining are high, so the population size is fairly stable are high, so the population is growing rapidly
are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable
The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg, is called spontaneous generation. asexual reproduction. sexual reproduction. regeneration.
asexual reproduction
In most developing countries ______. birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is declining birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly birth rates are lower than death rates, so the population is declining birth rates equal death rates, so population size is fairly stable birth rates are lower than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly
birth rates are much higher than death rates so the population is growing rapidly
Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants? ferns, gymnosperms, bryophytes, angiosperms gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes
bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Unequal reproductive success ______. always decreases the size of a population can lead to a population being less well adapted to its environment does not affect the frequency of expression of traits in succeeding generations of a population increases variation can lead to natural selection
can lead to natural selection
Which of the following are produced during cellular respiration? ATP and water oxygen carbon dioxide and ATP carbon dioxide, water, and ATP oxygen and glucose
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen carbon, sodium, chlorine, magnesium oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium carbon, oxygen, sulfur, calcium carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______. cell division cell repair cell growth transcription of RNA polymerase cell suicide
cell division
At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? morphology cleavage cellular differentiation regeneration carcinogenesis
cellular differentiation
Which of the following is the indigestible (at least for humans) glucose polysaccharide that is found in plants? glycogen starch chitin cellulose
cellulose
Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides? cellulose, starch, and glycogen fructose, cellulose, and glucose starch, amino acids, and glycogen sucrose, starch, and cellulose
cellulose, starch and glycogen
Genetic drift is the result of ______. a large gene pool differential reproductive success natural selection environmental variation chance
chance
Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ______. chemical energy into potential energy kinetic energy into chemical energy kinetic energy into potential energy chemical energy into kinetic energy none of the above
chemical energy into kinetic energy
Which anthropoids are most closely related to humans? chimpanzees orangutans Old World monkeys gorillas gibbons
chimpanzees
What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not? chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall chloroplast, cell wall, lysosome chloroplast, central vacuole, lysosome mitochondrion, cell wall, central vacuole
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall
Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ________ and ________. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ________. chloroplasts . . . cell walls . . . a nucleus centrioles . . . cell walls . . . large central vacuoles chloroplasts . . . cell walls . . . centrioles centrioles . . . chloroplasts . . . cell walls
chloroplasts.. cell walls.. centrioles
Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP. chloroplasts; ribosomes mitochondria; chloroplasts ribosomes; chloroplasts chloroplasts; mitochondria
chloroplasts; mitochondria
Which of the following is an example of a lipid? cellulose chitin cholesterol keratin
cholesterol
Cilia differ from flagella in that cilia are anchored only in the proteins of the cell membrane, while flagella are anchored in a special structure called the basal body. cilia contain nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of microtubules, while flagella contain only nine microtubule doublets. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella.
cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella
______ have radial symmetry. Annelids Flatworms Sponges Cnidarians Roundworms
cnidarians
The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ______ bonds. electron covalent hydrogen osmotic
covalent
A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons. ionic bond hydrogen bond ion covalent bond
covalent bond
Most biological molecules are joined by: hydrogen bonds. covalent bonds. peptide bonds. ionic bonds. disulfide bonds.
covalent bonds
Which of the following statements regarding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is false? In meiosis four daughter cells are produced, whereas in mitosis two daughter cells are produced. Cells produced by mitosis are diploid, whereas cells produced by meiosis are haploid. In mitosis cytokinesis occurs once, whereas in meiosis cytokinesis occurs twice. Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis.
crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis
What maintains cell shape, anchors organelles in place, and moves materials within a cell? Golgi complex cilia hydrogen bonds cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered plants with true-breeding white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The allele for purple flowers is ______. dominant recessive segregated monohybrid independent
dominant
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ______. changing the pH of the substrates contributing electrons to the reaction increasing the temperature of the substrates decreasing activation energy
decreasing activation energy
The carbohydrate in DNA is: phosphate. cellulose. deoxyribose. ribose. glucose.
deoxyribose
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid? The protein will unravel and become entirely nonfunctional. Correct! It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function. The protein will remain unchanged; several amino acids would have to be altered to have any effect on protein function. The protein's fourth-level structure will be damaged.
depends on the role of the amino acid
Lysosomes are responsible for ______. lipid synthesis cellular respiration digestion of organic matter inside the cell protein synthesis
digestion of organic matter inside the cell
What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science? Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning. There is no difference between them. Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions. Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature. Discovery science "discovers" new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not.
discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hyphothesis-driven science tries to explain nature
A benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in that a benign tumor never causes health problems. does not metastasize. is cancerous. spreads from the original site.
does not metastisize
Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes? domain Bacteria kingdom Protista domain Archaea domain Monera kingdom Monera
domain archaea
When a cell divides via asexual reproduction: each daughter cell receives exactly half the genetic information in the parent cell. the genetic information is randomly parceled out to the daughter cells. each daughter cell receives the same amount of genetic information that was in the parent cell, but it has been altered. each daughter cell receives a nearly perfect copy of the parent cell's genetic information.
each daughter cell receives a nearly perfect copy of the parent cells genetic information
After replication, ______. each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix contains 25% of the old DNA double helix
each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand
Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chordates? molluscs echinoderms annelids cnidarians arthropods
echinoderms
Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell? endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome mitochondrion, chloroplast, plasma membrane mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, endomembrane
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome
The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down. endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus; central vacuole Golgi apparatus; lysosome endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome
Which of the following cell structures is not found in a bacterial cell? ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane DNA
endoplasmic retuculum
Which of the following expresses an accurate difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotes have organelles, but eukaryotes do not. Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, but prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes can be multicellular, but eukaryotes cannot.
eukaryotes have a nucleus, but prokaryotes do not
Which of these is most closely associated with Darwin? microbiology the three domains of life genetics evolution energy flow
evolution
The specific function of a protein is determined by the: fatty acids that are joined together in the polypeptide. hydrophilic "head" attached to the hydrophobic "tail." number of peptide bonds it contains. number of disulfide bonds. exact sequence of amino acids.
exact sequence of amino acids
The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______. tails exons caps promoters introns
exons
Which of these exhibits radial symmetry? butterfly automobile spoon Ferris wheel shoe box
ferris wheel
Water is sometimes called the "universal solvent." Is that accurate? Certainly. Water's polar nature means that it can adhere to and dissolve all other substances. Not at all. Only salts and carbohydrates can be dissolved in water. For the most part. Water readily dissolves hydrophobic substances, but not hydrophilic ones. For the most part. Water readily dissolves most substances, but not hydrophobic ones.
for the most part. Water readily dissolves...
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex. first second third fourth
fourth
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______. two alleles segregate into each gamete more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele gametes are diploid homologous chromosomes move to the same gamete gametes have one copy of each allele
gametes have one copy of each allele
Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations. somatic pancreatic intestinal immune gametic
gametic
In the film 'Why Sex?' a drought dried up pools with asexual and sexual reproducing minnows. Upon repopulating the upper pools, _________ __________ caused the sexually reproducing population to have very little genetic variation?
genetic drift
A friend asks you a question after your biology class. "What's genetic engineering?" What is your answer? "Genetic engineering is the ability of scientists to remove a nucleus from a cell and place it into another cell." "Genetic engineering is taking proteins from one organism and placing them into another organism of a different species." "Genetic engineering is moving genes from one organism to another." "Genetic engineering is removing structural components, for example a lysosome, from one part of a cell and placing those structures elsewhere in that cell."
genetic engineering is moving genes from one organism to another
Without crossing over only a small number of unique gametes could be produced by a single individual. cells could not complete meiosis. genetic recombination could not occur. meiosis could not produce haploid gametes.
genetic recombination could not occur
Which cellular organelle packages enzymes and forms lysosomes? rough ER mitochondrion smooth ER Golgi apparatus
golgi apparatus
Throughout most of human history, human population size _____. showed boom and bust cycles was at carrying capacity was decreasing grew very slowly skyrocketed
grew very slow
The first hominid to spread beyond Africa was ______. Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis Australopithecus afarensis "Lucy"
homo erectus
Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans? Humans have many more genes than chimpanzees do. Humans are a more complex life form than chimpanzees. Humans are unique and different from all other life forms. Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
What type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of organic polymers into their respective subunits? condensation ionization hydrolysis oxidation
hydrolysis
Which of the following statements about water is false? Water naturally exists in all three physical states on Earth. Ice is more dense than liquid water. Floating ice on a pond insulates the liquid water below, slowing its rate of freezing. If ice sank, the oceans would eventually freeze solid.
ice is more dense than liquid water
You engage the switch that should turn on a light, but the light remains dark. Which of these is acceptable to science as a hypothesis? If the bulb wanted to light up, it would have done so. If I leave the room and come back and try again, the bulb will light up. If there is electricity flowing to the switch, the bulb must have burned out. The Earth's magnetic field has collapsed. The light bulb MUST have lit, therefore I must have gone blind.
if there is electricity flowing to the switch, the bulb must have burned out
Which of the following statements about internal membranes in eukaryotic cells is false? In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes form membranous compartments called organelles. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes provide an additional area for many metabolic processes to occur. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes greatly increase a cell's total membrane area. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes standardize the internal environment of all cellular organelles.
in eukaryotic cells, internal membranes standardize the internal environment of a cellular organelles
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of the following was NOT an observation of Darwin that led to and supports the theory of Natural Selection. Individuals strive to better adapt to their environments because of the struggle to survive. Individuals in some population have varied characteristics. All of these were observations that led to and support Natural Selection. Variation in individuals appears to be inherited. Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than the environment can support
individuals strive to better adapt to their environments because of the struggle to survive
The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______. tailing, capping, splicing initiation, elongation, termination elongation, initiation, termination splicing, capping, tailing capping, tailing, splicing
initiation, elongation, termination
More than half of all known species are ______. plants fish insects bacteria vertebrates
insects
What new treatment seems to be working well in the patients in the video. Blood transfusions Incremental dosing - gradual increase of the drug dosage Interruption therapy - stopping all drugs for a while Shock therapy - using electrical wavelengths that target virus
interruption therapy-stopping all drugs for a while
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______. expresses the dominant trait has the genotype Aa is homozygous dominant for that trait is heterozygous for that trait is homozygous recessive for that trait
is homozygous recessive for that trait
Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which carries the message to the nucleus to synthesize new DNA during cell division. is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. must be made by the ribosomes. is made in the nucleolus.
is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins
What is it that makes HIV so "good" at evolving? It can sexually reproduce and thereby introduce added variation It is not good at making exact copies of itself. It can not evolve because it is a virus It has the ability to strive to change itself, thus evading drugs that might kill it.
it is not good at making exact copies of itself
What happens to a human blood cell in sea water? Nothing because the membrane withstands change in cell size Nothing because the water in our bodies is slightly salty (like tears) It will shrink losing water It will expand, by gaining water, but will not burst It will expand, by gaining water, and burst
it will shrink losing water
Sister chromatids are found right after a cell divides. joined together at a centromere. made only of DNA. unique to prokaryotes.
joined together at a centromere
HDL and LDL are different types of cholesterol found in the blood. These compounds are: carbohydrates. lipids. nucleic acids. proteins.
lipids
If a population's growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity, the population's growth follows a(n) ______ model. logistic mathematical geometric hypergeometric exponential
logistic
As a ______ is to a cell, a ______ is to a multicellular organism. lysosome . . . digestive system ribosome . . . digestive system cytoskeleton . . . brain cell junction . . . leg nucleus . . . respiratory system
lysosome... digestive system
Transcription is the ______. manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein manufacture of a new strand of DNA complementary to an old strand of DNA manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA
manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ______. summation replication cellular synthesis inheritance metabolism
metabolism
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______. mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not mitosis requires only one parent cell, but meiosis requires two parent cells mitosis produces more daughter cells than meiosis mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells meiosis is needed for growth and tissue repair, but mitosis is not
mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not.
The ultimate source of all variation is ______. genetic drift natural selection mutation sexual recombination sexual reproduction
mutation
Which of the following does not belong in the group? Phylogeny Cladogram Naturual Selection Evolutionary tree
natural selection
A solution with a pH of 7 is weakly basic. weakly acidic. neutral. strongly acidic.
neutral
Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false? Nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases. Nucleotides contain lipids. Nucleotides contain sugar molecules. Nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids.
nucleotides contain lipids
The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______. nucleus nucleolus centriole Golgi apparatus basal body
nucleus
Indicate the correct order of the five terms, in order of importance, least (being 1) to most (being 5). 1 2 3 4 5
observation fact hypothesis law theory
Which of the following are the proper components of the scientific method? question, observation, experiment, analysis, prediction observation, question, opinion, conclusion, hypothesis observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion experiment, conclusion, application
observation question hypothesis prediction experiment results conclusion
Natural selection results in ______. a decrease in the size of a population offspring better adapted to a future environment offspring adapted to their current environment an increase in the size of a population increased genetic variation
offspring adapted to their current environment
What name is given to a gene that causes cancer? regulatory gene cancogene homeotic gene oncogene pathogene
oncogene
What name is given to a gene that causes cancer? regulatory gene homeotic gene oncogene pathogene cancogene
oncogene
What happens to energy as it moves through the levels of a food chain? Energy is not passed from one level to the next Almost all the energy is passed on to the next level It is possible for the organism to use almost all of the energy. Only about 10% is passed on to the next level Some of the energy is used by the organism, but most is passed on to the next level
only about 10% is passed on to the next level
Water is a polar molecule because: hydrogen has more neutrons than oxygen. oxygen has more neutrons than hydrogen. hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen. oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. oxygen has more electrons than hydrogen.
oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes? phospholipids oils fats steroids trans fats
phospholipids
Which kingdom(s) was(were) the first to colonize land? Monera Plantae and Fungi Monera and Protista Archaea Protista and Fungi
plantae and fungi
Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ . plasma membrane; cell wall nuclear membrane; endomembrane endomembrane; cell wall plasma membrane; endomembrane
plasma membrane; cell wall
The small, circular loops of DNA in prokaryotic cells that are separate from the main chromosome and may harbor genes are called: pili. plasmids. plastids. cristae. ribosomes.
plasmids
Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? GM PCR clones humulin plasmids
plasmids
The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______. lead to treatments for inherited diseases lead to treatments for contagious diseases increase our understanding of the historical relationships among species aid in solving crimes play a role in all of the choices listed here
play a role in all of the choices listed here
The hydrogen bond between two water molecules forms because water is: a small molecule. polar. nonpolar. hydrophobic. a liquid.
polar
In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a(n) ________ bond. hydrogen nonpolar covalent polar covalent double covalent
polar covalent bond
The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds. hydrogen . . . polar covalent ionic . . . covalent polar covalent . . . ionic polar covalent . . . hydrogen
polar covalent... hydrogen
The number of individuals of a population per unit area is the ______. population dispersion pattern population size population's intrinsic rate of increase population age structure population density
population density
Which of the following is not a property of life? Populations of organisms are unable to change over time. Living things exhibit complex but ordered organization. Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities. Organisms reproduce their own kind. Organisms respond to environmental stimuli.
populations of organisms are unable to change over time
Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______. predisposition to these cancers is inherited most cancers are inherited mutations that occur in somatic cells can be passed from parent to offspring (for these individuals) lifestyle will have little impact on cancer risk these cancers are inherited as a dominant trait
predisposition to these cancers is inherited
Please select all of the responses that are an advantage of sexual reproduction (mark all that apply). produces a variety among offspring offspring inherit a unique combination of genes population can rid itself of harmful genes more rapidly evolutionary advantage when organisms are sparsely distributed organism is superbly suited to a stable environment does not require a partner speeds adaptation to a changing environment
produces a variety among offspring, offspring inherit a unique combination of genes, population can rid itself of harmful genes more rapidly, speeds adaptation to changing environment
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense? telophase anaphase metaphase prophase
prophase
Enzymes are ______. proteins amino acids phospholipids monosaccharides
proteins
All atoms of an element have the same number of ______. protons protons plus neutrons electrons plus neutrons neutrons electrons
protons
Crossing over during prophase I results in ______. nondisjunction duplication genetic recombination translocation reciprocal translocation
reciprocal translocation?
Secretory proteins are produced by ribosomes on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. chemically modified in the nucleus. released from the cell through the plasma membrane. produced by the cell for internal use.
released from the cell through the plasma membrane
Ultimately, _________ would be the best evidence of Darwinian fitness. population size reproductive success physical health longevity physical strength
reproductive success
Advancements in many fields of biology, agriculture, conservation, and medicine benefit from DNA technology because even DNA replication and cell divisions can produce point mutations and gene abnormalities affecting traits of interest. each organism, especially among the eukaryotes, inherits a mix of variable genetic information from previous generations. All of the answer choices are correct. researchers have gained understanding of how the DNA structure relates to many traits and diseases. the genes among sometimes diverse organisms can produce favorable traits when transferred from one to another.
researchers have gained understanding of how the DNA structure relates to many traits and diseases
Natural selection ______. does not affect allelic frequencies is a very rare phenomenon prepares organisms for future changes in the environment is the result of sampling error results in evolutionary adaptation
results in evolutionary adaptation
What plays an important role in the function of a protein? ribosome shape hydrogen bonds intron regions
shape
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____. shape electrical charge size elemental compostion
shape
"Sticky ends" are ______. single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA telomeres the site on chromosomes where the centromere is found regions of double-stranded DNA that can be cut by a restriction enzyme the only regions of chromosomes where homeotic genes are found
single stranded ends of fragments of double stranded DNA
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. genomes centromeres centrosomes sister chromatids
sister chromatids
All the following are important functions of the cytoskeleton EXCEPT: maintenance of organization in the cell. maintenance of shape. assistance during cell division. storage of food molecules.
storage of food molecules
All the following are important functions of the cytoskeleton EXCEPT: maintenance of shape. maintenance of organization in the cell. assistance during cell division. storage of food molecules.
storage of food molecules
What is the function of a plant cell vacuole? excretes wastes packages proteins for export stores water initiates division of the cell
stores water
Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by _____. taking in oxygen and making wood synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates) converting sugar to oxygen and water
taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars
We can trust discoveries in science because they start with a hypothesis which must be _______
testable
The following figure shows that gel electrophoresis can be used to separate repetitive DNA sequences. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments because ______. double stranded moves slower than single stranded DNA of the salt concentration in the gel matrix of ratios of guanine to cytosine the DNA fragments have different lengths of the consistency of the gel
the DNA fragments have different lengths
The repeating sequence of cells dividing, growing, and dividing again is called: homologous differentiation. cloning. the cell cycle. stem cell differentiation.
the cell cycle
Cancer is not usually inherited because the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells. the causes of cancer are not usually genetic. the cancerous cells usually interfere with the ability to produce gametes. people with cancer usually die before reproducing.
the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells
Which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule? The oxygen end is positive relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen end is negative relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms. The charge is neutral and equal throughout the molecule. The oxygen end is neutral; one of the hydrogen atoms has a slight positive charge and the other hydrogen atom has a slight negative charge.
the oxygen end is negative relative to the end with two hydrogen atoms
Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift? The population size is large. There is mutation. Variation in a particular trait is heritable. Gene flow is absent. There is genetic variation.
the population size is large
The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______. the production of a more efficient protein the creation of a virus the production of a longer RNA molecule a strand of mRNA that lacks its cap and tail the production of a shorter RNA molecule
the production of a longer RNA molecule
In order to assess the species diversity of a community, you would need to know the number of different species present as well as ______. the relative abundance of the different species the fraction of these species that are plants which is the keystone species the intensity of interspecific competition in the community the number of trophic levels in the community
the relative abundance of the different species
What behavior helps to define the genus Homo? Ability to produce art (like cave paintings) the opposable thumb Presence of a chin The use of tools Bipedalism
the use of tools
How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides? It does so by varying the rate at which it is broken down in the cytoplasm. Two different genes can produce the same RNA transcript, which will then be translated differently. There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript. It does so by varying the length of its tail. There is more than one way to modify the coded polypeptide.
there is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript
Which of the following statements about stem cells is TRUE? They are found only in embryos and in the bone marrow of adults. They are able to differentiate into a variety of cell types. They are found only in embryos. They are permanently differentiated and cannot further divide. They are "perpetual" parent cells that never produce daughter cells.
they are able to differentiate into a variety of cell types
A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure. first second third fourth
third
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______. thymine . . . cytosine uracil . . . cytosine cytosine . . . uracil guanine . . . adenine cytosine . . . thymine
thymine.... cytosine
Match the following molecules with the cellular process or processes in which they are primarily involved. Ribosomes tRNA DNA polymerase RNA polymerarse mRNA
translation translation DNA replication transcription transcription and translation
Intelligent design was found to be a re-labeling of creationism. True False
true
The invention of fire most likely helped the Humans get energy they needed from starchy foods True False
true
When starches are cooked they become more easily digested True False
true
By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds? saturated steroid triglyceride unsaturated
unsaturated
Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______. transforming studies bacteriophage studies base rule studies studies of disease-causing bacteria X-ray crystallography studies
x-ray crystallography studies
HIV can be transmitted from one person to another through which of the following body fluids? (select all that apply)
vaginal secretions blood semen breast milk
Relative to other substances, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why? Water is extremely dense, and like all dense materials, it can absorb a great deal of heat with a relatively small change in temperature. Water is abundant. Large bodies of water resist changes in their temperature simply because they are massive objects Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules. Water is highly adhesive. Pure water does not resist temperature change, but if water is bonded to other substances, molecules will tend to "stay put" and resist increases in their motion.
water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the...
Which of the following is a characteristic of a non-trivial organization system? Organized alphabetically Tradition trumps new evidence Only experts in the field would be able to understand it You get more out of it than what you put in it.
you get more out of it than what you put in it
When gametes fuse during fertilization, a(n) ________ is produced. zygote egg sperm haploid individual
zygote