BIO 102: Chapter 33

chemical digestion

-after mechanical digestion -cleaves large molecules into smaller components

gastrovascular cavity

-animals with relatively simple body plans typically have a digestive compartment with a single opening. -the gastrovascular cavity functions in digestion as well as in the distribution of nutrients throughout the body

mechanical digestion

-chewing and grinding -breaks food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area

Use examples to demonstrate how vertebrate digestive systems are adapted to diet. (33.4)

-dental adaptations -stomach and intestinal adaptations (ex: expandable stomachs are common in carnivorous vertebrates; ex: length of the digestive system in different vertebrates)

rather than a gastrovascular cavity, animals with complex body plans have an:

alimentary canal: digestive tube with 2 openings; a mouth and an anus -food moves along the alimentary canal in a single direction, encountering a series of specialized compartments that carry out stepwise digestion and nutrient absorption. an animal with an alimentary canal can ingest food while earlier meals are still being digested, which is difficult or inefficient for an animal with a gastrovascular cavity

The building blocks (monomers) of proteins are ___? amino acids monosaccharides nucleic acids minerals

amino acids

mutualistic adaptations in humans (33.4)

-helpful bacteria in the human digestive system -some intestinal bacteria produce vitamins like vitamin K, biotin, and folic acid which are absorbed into the blood and supplement our dietary intake -they also regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system; the bacteria in turn receive a steady supply of nutrients and a stable host environment

Describe the major functions of each organ in the mammalian digestive system. (33.3)

-oral cavity: begins processing; teeth cut, mash, and grind the food into smaller pieces->this mechanical breakdown increases surface area for chemical breakdown and facilitates swallowing

(33.2) chemical digestion is necessary because

Animals cannot directly use proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids in food. the molecules are too large to pass through cell membranes and also are not identical to those the animal needs for its particular tissues and functions

Please match the following (Yes, #5 is meant to be missing):

1. esophagus 2. liver 3. stomach 4. gallbladder 6. large intestines 7. cecum 8. small intestines 9. appendix 10. rectum 11. anus

Identify the function of the capillaries associated with the digestive tract. To release digestive enzymes into the digestive tract. To absorb some nutrients such as amino acids and monosaccharides. To secrete bile into the digestive tract. All of the above

To absorb some nutrients such as amino acids and monosaccharides.

Identify the function of the villi in the small intestine. The release of digestive enzymes To propel food through the small intestine To increase surface area for digestion and absorption To filter blood into the digestive tract

To increase surface area for digestion and absorption

T/F: Not much absorption occurs in your stomach because it's main roll is chemical and mechanical digestion as well as decontamination.

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bulk feeders

eat relatively large pieces of food -ex: humans and pythons

In order to chemically break a molecule down into smaller components, you would use a(n): amino acid any acid enzyme hydrochloric acid

enzyme

suspension feeders

filter, capture, or trap food particles from the surrounding medium -ex: blue whales and flamingoes

Which of the following are processes in digestion? ingestion propulsion mechanical breakdown digestion absorption indigestion defecation

ingestion propulsion mechanical breakdown digestion absorption defecation

digestion

second stage of food processing, food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb -both mechanical and chemical processes are typically required

The process of chemical digestion (enzymes) begins in mouth small intestines stomach

mouth

(33.2) essential nutrients

nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food -include essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. the key functions of essential nutrients include serving as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions

T/F: The pancreas is an accessory organ that releases substances the buffer the pH of substances as they pass from the stomach into the duodenum of your small intestines.

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T/F: Your digestive tract makes you essentially hollow.

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Match the name of the digestive system structure with the correct description. Ileocecal Valve, Villi, Small intestine, Hard palate, Gallbladder, Stomach, Liver, Pyloric sphincter, Pharynx, Pancreas, Salivary glands, Esophagus 1. Finger-like extensions of the intestinal wall that increase the surface for absorption 2. Common passage for air and food 3. Food tube linking pharynx to stomach 4. Prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it enters the large intestine 5. Region where protein digestion begins 6. Sphincter controlling the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum 7. Organ that receives pancreatic and bile secretions 8. Storage structure for bile 9. Accessary organ that produces amylase to begin the breakdown of starch in the mouth 10. Accessory organ that produces bile 11. The hard portion of the roof of the mouth 12. Gland that is located by lifting the stomach

1. villi 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. ileocecal valve 5. stomach 6. pyloric sphincter 7. small intestine 8. gallbladder 9. salivary glands 10. liver 11. hard palate 12. pancreas

Identify the proper description of the alimentary canal. Produces enzymes that are secreted into the accessory organs. Organ that is responsible for regulating fluid balance in the body. A tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. Is the tube that only extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

A tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.

T/F: Enzymes are powerful substances released by the small intestine to break down the food into its component monomers. This process is what we term chemical digestion

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T/F: An emulsifier digests lipids.

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What did Beaumont discover studying St. Martin's stomach? Check all that apply Some foods are more digestible or less digestible than others. The stomach's extremely strong acids and muscular contractions break down food. The brain can affect the stomach. The liver secretes bile to aid in digestion.

Some foods are more digestible or less digestible than others. The stomach's extremely strong acids and muscular contractions break down food. The brain can affect the stomach. General Feedback Beaumont discovered that the stomach's extremely strong acids and muscular contractions break down food, and that some foods are more digestible or less digestible than others, and that the brain can affect the stomach. Beaumont's findings -- as well as his methods of clinical observation -- revolutionized the field of physiology.

How adding detergent to oil is similar to what happens in the digestive tract. What is the "detergent" in the digestive tract? The detergent is like an enzyme and breaks the bonds in the fat molecule. The detergent is the protease enzymes that are found in the digestive tract. The detergent is like an enzyme and breaks the bonds in the fat molecule. The detergent is the lipase enzymes. The detergent is an emulsifier and separates fat into smaller droplets of fat. The detergent is the bile from your gallbladder that acts as an emulsifying agent. The detergent is an emulsifier that takes smaller droplets of fat and makes one big globule. The detergent is the lipases in your digestive tract.

The detergent is an emulsifier and separates fat into smaller droplets of fat. The detergent is the bile from your gallbladder that acts as an emulsifying agent.

Absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood -part of last 2 stages of food processing -animal's cells take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars

What happens to salivary amylase when it arrives with the bolus in the stomach? Because of this, what happens to carbohydrate digestion? (Hint: Look up the optimum pH for amylase and what is the pH of the gastric juices) When the bolus hits the stomach, the amylase enzymes continue to function and starch digestion continues. When the bolus hits the stomach, the amylase enzymes denature and cease to function and starch digestion stops. When the bolus hits the stomach, the amylase enzymes denature and cease to function. However, starch digestion continues because pepsin continues the digestion of starch.

When the bolus hits the stomach, the amylase enzymes denature and cease to function and starch digestion stops.

What is the goal of the entire process of digestion? Mechanical breakdown of foods followed by chemical (enzymatic) breakdown of food absorption of nutrients by the micro villi of the small intestine. Mechanical breakdown of foods

absorption of nutrients by the micro villi of the small intestine.

elimination

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces -part of last 2 stages of food processing

human digestive system

after food is chewed and swallowed it takes 5-10 seconds for it to pass down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is stored for 2-6 hours during the first stages of processing. complete digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine over a period of 5-6 hours. processing is completed in the large intestine and undigested material is expelled through the anus as feces

How are emulsification and digestion different? a. There is no difference, they both break down fats by the same means. b. Emulsification is the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles whereas digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of fat into simpler chemical compounds. c. Digestion is the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles whereas emulsification is the enzymatic breakdown of fat into simpler chemical compounds.

b. Emulsification is the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles whereas digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of fat into simpler chemical compounds.

In the video using Benedict's solution, how did this procedure demonstrate the digestion of starch by amylase? In other words, how did you know the starch was digested? a. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase and measured the pH using a pH indicator. When the solution becomes orange or red, it indicates that the starch had been digested. b. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase and ran a benedict's test. Benedict's reacts with mono and disaccharides, so when the solution becomes orange or red it indicates that the starch had been digested. c. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase and observed which had become liquified. When the solution becomes liquified, it indicates that the starch had been digested. d. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase and ran a benedict's test. Benedict's reacts with mono and disaccharides, so when the solution becomes clear, it indicates that the starch had been digested.

b. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase and ran a benedict's test. Benedict's reacts with mono and disaccharides, so when the solution becomes orange or red it indicates that the starch had been digested.

How did this experiment with Benedict's solution demonstrate the digestion of starch by amylase? In other words, how did you know the starch was digested? a. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase then mixed with Benedict's solution and heated. After heating, both the control and amylase-treated test tubes remained turquoise. This turquoise color indicates the presence of maltose which means the starch was digested. b. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase then mixed with Benedict's solution and heated. After heating, the control test tube remained turquoise but the test tube treated with amylase turned reddish to orange color. This reddish to orange color indicates the presence of maltose which means the starch was digested. c. We compared control samples to the sample that had been treated with amylase and observed which had become liquefied. If the solution becomes liquified, it indicates that the starches have been digested.

b. We compared control samples with samples that had been treated with amylase then mixed with Benedict's solution and heated. After heating, the control test tube remained turquoise but the test tube treated with amylase turned reddish to orange color. This reddish to orange color indicates the presence of maltose which means the starch was digested.

As you chew up your food, your tongue pushes into your hard pallet to form a _________ in preparation for swallowing. fistula bolus chunk

bolus

Your small intestines has 3 basic functions. Please choose those functions. chemical digestion mechanical breakdown and propulsion of chyme nutrient absorption

chemical digestion mechanical breakdown and propulsion of chyme nutrient absorption

Check all of the reasons why the small intestines is a champion at absorption of food. large surface area numerous folds villi and microvilli diameter length

large surface area numerous folds villi and microvilli length

(33.2) a cell makes a fat or macromolecule by

linking together smaller components; it does so by removing a molecule of water for each new covalent bond formed. chemical digestion by enzymes reverses this process by breaking bonds through the addition of water. this splitting process is catalyzed by enzymes and is called enzymatic hydrolysis -polysaccharides and disaccharides are split into simple sugars -similarly, proteins are broken down into small peptides an amino acids; and nucleic acids are cleaved into nucleotides and their components. -enzymatic hydrolysis also releases fatty acids and other components from fats and phospholipids

substrate feeders

live in or on their food source -ex: caterpillars

Check all of the ways your body digests food. mechanical absorption chemical

mechanical chemical

Check all of the things that your large intestines does for you. preside over defecation store feces until the elimination absorb remaining water house good bacteria and digest whatever remaining nutrients they release

preside over defecation store feces until the elimination absorb remaining water house good bacteria and digest whatever remaining nutrients they release

Accessory organs ____. produce secretions that aid in digestion of food. take in food and digest it, then return the digested food into the digestive tract. are responsible for absorption of nutrients from food. only function in the defecation reflex.

produce secretions that aid in digestion of food.

Check all of the things that your liver does for you. produces bile processes and eliminates toxins and metabolic wastes stores bile produces different hormones, clotting and plasma proteins

produces bile processes and eliminates toxins and metabolic wastes produces different hormones, clotting and plasma proteins

fluid feeders

such nutrient-rich fluid from a living host -ex: mosquitoes and hummingbirds

accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

extracellular digestion (33.2)

type of digestion in which food is broken down outside the cells in a digestive system and then absorbed -in most animals, hydrolysis occurs largely by extracellular digestion: the breakdown of food in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal's body -having one or more extracellular compartments for digestion enables an animal to devour much larger pieces of food than can be ingested by phagocytosis

intracellular digestion (33.2)

type of digestion in which food is digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion -hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles begins after a cell engulfs solid food by phagocytosis or liquid food by pinocytosis -newly formed food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes, organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes -this fusion of organelles brings food in contact with these enzymes, allowing digestion to occur safely within a compartment enclosed by a protective membrane -sponges digest all their food this way