BIO 102 Final Exam Study Guide

Cystic fibrosis is caused by this type of mutation in which a nucleotide is eliminated.

Deletion

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA is in the form of a double helix. It is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code.

Total Organic Carbon

Derived from the decomposition of plants & animals. They contain organic compounds whose molecules contain carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Therefore, carbonates, bicarbonates, and elementary carbon like graphite are not organic carbon.

Soil Organic Matter

Difficult to measure directly, so, labs tend to measure and report SOC.

4 Types of Nitrogenous Bases (Base Pairs)

Double Ringed Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Smaller, Single Ringed Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)

What occurs when protein production is slowed down?

Down reg

When does DNA replication happen during the cell cycle?

During Interphase, or S

What is crossing over, or recombination?

During meiosis I homologous chromosomes often exchange chromosome tips in a process called recombination (crossing over). Crossing over re-arranges the combination of alleles within a chromosome, thus adding to the potential genetic variation found between individuals.

5' & 3'

Each end of a DNA molecule has a number. One end is referred to as 5 prime, and the other as 3 prime. They refer to the number of carbon atoms in a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which a phosphate group bonds.

What happens during an endergonic reaction?

Endergonic reactions store energy and form bonds

Beneficial Mutations

Enhance the survival or reproductive success of an organism

Which of the following is not true of enzymes?

Enzymes can initiate reactions that would not otherwise be possible

Plants rely on osmosis and diffusion to help them transport sugar from the site of photosynthesis throughout the plant body. Osmosis and diffusion: what is the difference?

Osmosis is diffusion, but only diffusion of water through a membrane.

The compounds in the cell membrane that form a barrier to the movement of molecules across the membrane are

Phospholipids

The three stages of cellular respiration (in order) are:

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

The big, huge, very important difference between prophase of mitosis and the first part of meiosis I is that in mitosis, identical sister chromatids pair up, while in meiosis I:

homologous chromosomes align with each other.

Astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples?

The samples must contain carbon atoms

Steroid

Any class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings. → Among the synthetic steroids of therapeutic value are a large number of anti-inflammatory agents, anabolic agents, and oral contraceptives.

Which of the following statements describe the function of the light reaction in photosynthesis?

As electrons move through the light reaction, they release energy that is used to concentrate protons in the thylakoid.

What is asexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction is the production of new organisms without fertilisation. The offspring have exactly the same genes as the parent - so there's no genetic variation.

When does it benefit organisms to reproduce asexually?

Asexual reproduction occurs when an organism makes more of itself without exchanging genetic information with another organism through sex.

When does cytokinesis happen?

At the end of Telophase

Match the type of membrane protein to its function.

Attachment Proteins - proteins that anchor the cell membrane or form junctions Transport Protein - Regulates movement of molecules across cell membranes Recognition Proteins - Glycoproteins that serve as unique cellular identifiers Enzymes - Proteins that promote chemical reactions

Another name for any organism that carries out photosynthesis and stores energy as food is _______________.

Autotroph

Biomolecules play important roles in the life of a cell. Match each type of molecule to it's description.

The solar energy stored in the bonds of this kind of molecule is a short-term energy source that is then harvested during cellular respiration - CARBOHYDRATE glucose is an example of this kind of molecule - CARBOHYDRATE ATP synthase is an example of this kind of molecule - PROTEIN These molecules are known for their complex structure and function. They are found in thylakoid and mitochondrial membranes and catalyze the various reactions that take place. - PROTEIN Cells can store energy long term in this kind of biomolecule, which is nonpolar. - LIPID These molecules include the molecules that carry inherited information and are also the energy carriers that our cellular processes rely on - NUCLEIC ACID

Transcription

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code.

In lab, you sprouted pea seeds to test a __________, that explains how stored energy allows plants to germinate.

hypothesis

A gardener who crosses breeds white carnations with red carnations is surprised when instead of a mixture of white and pink carnations she has only pink carnations. This is because the gene for color in carnations has a non-mendelian condition known as

incomplete dominance

After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a ________ in the concentration of ________.

increase; products

Chromosomes

The things that make organisms what they are. They carry all the info used to help a cell grow, thrive, and reproduce. → Made up of DNA and found in the nucleus.

The electron transport system moves through a series of enzymes and reaction centers, harvesting energy at each step. What happens to the electrons when they reach the end of the ETS?

They are accepted by an Oxygen atom and become part of a water molecule.

What does it mean to be objective?

To choose an answer to a problem that is supported by the most evidence.

Osmosis prevents cells from losing water. True or False

False

Plants make energy for animals to use. True or False

False

The light independent (dark) reactions can proceed indefinitely int he absence of sunlight. True or False

False

The things we think we know now as being true will always be considered to be true according to the nature of science

False

The end result of successful meiosis is

Four daughter cells with half the genetic material as the parent cell.

A scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within the bird population eat snails, primarily, while other individuals avoid eating snails. Which of the following statements represents a prediction based on a well-constructed hypothesis for this observation?

If birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails.

A hypothesis is considered to be valid if:

it is specific enough to be tested and is falsifiable.

The class of macromolecules that do not form true polymers are the

lipids

What do enzymes do for chemical reactions in cells?

lower the activation energy

Difference between somatic and sex cells (gametes)

In humans, these somatic cells contain two full sets of chromosomes (making them diploid cells). Gametes (sex cells), on the other hand, are involved directly in the reproductive cycle and are most often haploid cells, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes.

Animal Steroids

Include compounds of vertebrae and insect origin.

Fungal Steroids

Include the ergosterols, which are involved in maintaining the integrity of the fungal cellular membrane. → Antifungals use this information to kill pathogenic fungi.

3 steps of DNA replication

Initiation - opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands. Elongation - the priming of the template strand - binds to single stranded DNA, preventing them from joining again. Termination - assembly of the new DNA segment.

Frameshift mutations include both this type of mutation along with deletions

Insertion

For an atom to achieve maximum stability and become chemically inert, what must occur?

Its outermost energy shell must be filled with electrons

If the mitochondria of a cell did not produce an inner membrane, the mitochondria would be unable to

maintain the proton gradient required for ATP production.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while in unsaturated fatty acids, there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.

Biological Macromolecules

Large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules. → Made up of single units known as monomers that are joined by covalent bonds to form larger polymers.

The cell theory states that

Living things are made of one or more cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of internal ______________

membrane-enclosed organelles.

Steps of the Scientific Method

Make an observation Ask a question Form a Hypothesis that answers the question Make a prediction based on the hypothesis Do an experiment to test the prediction Analyze Results Report Results

Some humans lack the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This is due to an error in their genetic code. Such errors are known as________

mutation or PKU

In a human cell,

nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.

Introns and Extrons

nucleotide sequences within a gene.

Genetic recombination

occurs during meiosis 1

Enzymes:

only promote very specific reactions

Harmful Mutation

May cause genetic disorders or cancer. A genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is Cystic Fibrosis. → Mutation in a single gene causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and blocks ducts in digestive organs.

Meiosis & Gametogenesis

Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells that may become gametes. ... Gametogenesis is the process in which the diploid cells change into mature gametes

Following DNA replication, what else is necessary for asexual cell division?

Mitosis

Organic Carbon

Most abundant at the surface of soils and sediments where detritus is deposited. → Most of which is derived from the aerobic photosynthesis.

The Krebs cycle produces

NADH, ATP, and FADH2

ATP, like DNA, is this type of biomolecule

Nucleic Acid

Terminator

Nucleotide sequence that determines the detachment of RNA polymerase from the DNA template strand. → Occurs toward the end of the transcription process.

Homologous Chromosomes

a pair of chromosomes that resemble each other and have nearly the same DNA sequence. ... A normal human male would have have 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs and one X sex chromosome and one Y sex chromosome for their 23rd chromosome pair.

Meiosis

a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells - sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis, one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells.

Mitosis

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

The initial energy required to start a reaction is known as

activation energy

Which of the processes below would require ATP availability (check all that apply.

active transport of salt through a protein channel in the cell membrane, translation of a protein

Enzymes can be regulated when an accessory protein changes an enzyme's shape. This changing of enzyme shape is ______ regulation.

allosteric

Down's Syndrome is an example of a nondisjunction event. What is a nondisjunction?

an error during meiosis that causes a sex cell to have an extra copy of a chromosome

A chemical reaction that uses ATP to build cellular components is

anabolic

Parthenogenesis is a form of _______ reproduction

asexual

Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. This means that__________________.

boy babies are more likely to have hemophilia

Hydrogen Bonding

partial intermolecular bonding interaction between a lone pair on an electron rich atom. Responsible for waters' unique solvent capabilities, holds complementary strands of DNA together, and determines the 3D structure of folded proteins including enzymes & antibodies.

Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because _______________.

partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another.

Genetic Inheritance

patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring.

We've learned about a series of cellular processes, match each process to its description.

copying of a genetic template onto mRNA from the DNA instructions → transcription, copying of a DNA molecule → replication, The other three processes rely on this process so that they can anabolize the needed molecules → respiration, transference of the energy stored in glucose to ATP → respiration, synthesis of a protein using the genetic instructions → translation

Match the process to its general description.

Occurs in Mitochondrial matrix, produces large amounts of electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 as well as waste CO2 → Krebs Cycle, Occurs in Mitochondrial cristae, requires O and creates an H+ concentration gradient that powers the production of large amounts of ATP → Electron transport system, Occurs in cytosol, requires some initial ATP investment to start, final product is pyruvate → Glycolysis, Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA → Transition Reaction, Alternative metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen, low net energy harvest → Fermentation, Splits water to gain electrons and produces waste O2 → Not part of cellular energy harvest!

Ionic Bond

One atom donates an electron to another, resulting charges hold them together. Ex: Calcium Chloride, Lithium Fluoride.

Ribosome

cell organelle - functions for making proteins - ribosomes are proteins and nucleic acids.

Phenotype

Composite observable characteristics or traits of an organism. Organisms morphology, physical form or structure, development process, behavior, biochemical and physiological properties, etc.

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

The order of the base pairs in a DNA molecule

differs from species to species

Atoms react through interactions between their

electrons

Carbon is an example of a (an)

element

In a scientific sense, energy is:

energy is released and can power cellular activities

Genotype

Organism's complete set of heritable genes. They help encode the characteristics that are physically expressed in the organism. Hair color, height, weight, etc.

The alternate metabolic pathway that takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces a greatly reduced amount of energy is

fermentation

Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge are described as

polar

When one trait (such as skin color) is controlled by multiple genes, it is known as

polygenic inheritance

For each characteristic below, determine if it applies to photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration.

produces carbon dioxide → cellular respiration only, produces sugars → photosynthesis only, produces light energy → neither photosynthesis nor cellular respiration, used by animal cells → cellular respiration only, used by plant cells → both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

We have discovered that enzymes are very important molecules. What type of biomolecule is an enzyme?

protein

Photosynthesis is essential to life on Earth in many ways. Check all that apply.

recycles CO2, produces O2, Stores carbon in a biologically useable form

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure (ECS)

refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information.

An individual who has only one allele for Cystic fibrosis will not have symptoms of the disease. This means that the cystic fibrosis gene is___________.

Recessive

Soil Organic Carbon

Refers only to the carbon component of organic compounds.

DNA Condensation

Refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules in vitro or in vivo. Meaning at a large distance, DNA can be considered as a flexible rope, and on a short scale, as a stiff rod.

Promoter

Region of DNA where transcription of a gene is initiated. Vital component of expression vectors because they control the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. RNA polymerase transcribed DNA to mRNA which is ultimately translated into a functional protein.

Introns

Removed by RNA splicing as RNA matures, meaning they ARE NOT expressed in the final mRNA product. → Segment of DNA or RNA that DOES NOT code for proteins & interrupts the sequence of genes.

A mutation in which one nucleotide replaces another.

Substitution

ACTGGCTAG is mutated to ACCGGCTAG

Substitution

Sometimes called a point mutation

Substitution

Ionic Bonding

(electrovalent bond) type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom.

Match the following terms- connected to enzymes and their function- to the appropriate definition.

Substrate - the reactant or biological molecule that an enzyme catalyzes Product - the end result of a reaction catalyzed by enzymes Active Sight - location on the enzyme in which the reaction is catalyzed Denaturing - loss of enzyme function when enzyme shape is disrupted

Which of the following can influence enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, lead or other toxins, and amount of metabolic product present

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23

In goldfish, the fantail gene is recessive, the forktail gene is dominant. If two heterozygotic goldfish mate, what percentage of their offspring will have fantails?

25

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Cellular energy harvest (glycolysis and cellular respiration) produce ATP for the cell. Which process produces by far the most ATP?

The electron transport system.

Difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes

The pair of chromosomes that regulate the somatic characters of the body are known as autosomes, whereas the pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an organism, as they regulate the sex-linked traits are known as sex chromosomes or allosomes.

In the genetic code, a codon is ________ bases long for ________.

three; all cell types

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

The primary (evolutionary) benefit to sexual reproduction is

variation

As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that

ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions.

Point Mutation

When a single base pair is altered (Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia) → involving substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide base.

Primary Structure

When amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.

Cellular metabolism describes

the sum total of cellular reactions

Gene

Basic physical & functional unit of heredity - made up of DNA → some act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.

Neutral Mutation

Bovine and human insulin - even though they differ in amino acid sequence, they still perform the same function. No effect on survival or reproduction.

Simple Carbs

Broken down quickly by the body to be used as energy → Found naturally in foods such as fruits, milk, and milk products. Also found in processed & refined sugars like candy, table sugar, syrups, and soda.

RNA Nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA - made up of three parts: a deoxyribose (5 Carbon Sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

There are different ways in which cells can control gene expression. Check all of the following that are ways in which cells manage this function.

By controlling the breakdown of mRNA, by controlling when or how often a gene is transcribed, By controlling when or how often mRNA is translated into a protein

Control

A part of an experiment that does NOT change

The initial energy required to start a reaction is known as

Activation Energy

________________ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell, whereas ________ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy.

Active, Passive

Covalent Bonding

Also called a molecular bond, chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive & repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. → forms when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of widely separated atoms.

The monomers of all enzymes are:

Amino Acids

Mutation

An alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Mistake or change in a living things DNA.

Photosynthesis requires sunlight in addition to

CO2 and Water

An uncontrolled cell cycle can lead to excessive cell growth, also known as

Cancer

What would be the initial outcome of decreasing the number of photosynthetic organisms on Earth with no change in the number of organisms using cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide levels would increase.

Exons

Go on to be covalently bonded to one another in order to create mature mRNA. → Portion of a gene that codes for amino acids.

Both Photosystems I & II require electrons. What is the original source of these electrons?

H2O is split

Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes (rather than paired chromosomes) are known as

Haploid

Glycolysis

Happens in the cytosol, requires some energy investment to start, produces a small amount of ATP, and does not require oxygen.

Translocation Mutation

Happens when a part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Inversion Mutation

Happens when a part of the chromosome breaks off, flips around, and becomes reattached. → Can lead to an increased risk of abnormal offspring.

Unique properties of water like cohesion and high heat capacity are the result of water's

Hydrogen Bonds

All cells have a ______________ that acts as a barrier separating the cellular components from the external environment.

Plasma/Cell Membrane

Which of the following conditions will NOT prevent an enzyme from working properly?

Presence of water

In ________________ , as many hydrogen atoms as possible are attached to the carbon skeleton. ** When the hydrogen chain has a double bond, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated, as it now has fewer hydrogens. → Tend to be solid at room temperature and from animal sources.

Saturated Fats

Fatty Acids

Saturated with hydrogen

Anticodon

Sequence of 3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic codes in a tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA. Their function is to base pair with the codon on a strand of mRNA during translation. Anticodon sequence will bind to codon of the mRNA, allowing the tRNA to release the attached amino acid.

Codon

Sequence of 3 nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. Corresponds to a specific amino acid - used for cell metabolism.

A gene that is contained on the X chromosome is known as

Sex - linked

Complex Carbs

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose & Chitin are long polymers of monosaccharides. → Starch comes from plants and is a long term storage form of sugar. → Contain longer chains of sugar molecules than simple carbs. → Body converts these sugar molecules into glucose, which it uses for energy. → They take longer to break down and provide more lasting energy in the body than simple carbs. ** Preferred energy source for the body**

DNA does NOT have to be replicated before a protein can be expressed. True or False

True

The O2 we breathe in is not converted into the CO2 we exhale out. True or False

True

The end result of successful mitosis is:

Two daughter cells with exactly the same the genetic material as the parent cell.

Frameshift Mutation

Type of mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in which the number of deleted base pairs is NOT divisible by 3. → Occurs when a protein is drastically altered.

Unsaturated Fats

Usually liquid and from plants. → Eating more unsaturated fats than saturated & trans fats can reduce your risk of heart disease and improve good cholesterol levels.

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming _____________.

sugars

What is the reason that Earth's entropy is not increasing?

sun

Which of the following can influence enzyme activity (check all that apply)?

temperature, pH, amount of metabolic product present, lead or other toxins

Cytokinesis

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Chargaff's Rule

A=T and C=G

Only under unusual circumstances, when all other approaches fail, will scientists invoke supernatural explanations for how a phenomenon occurs. True or False

False

Replication must occur before transcription and translation can happen. True or False

False

A molecule that is nonpolar and thus does not interact with water is known as

Hydrophobic

This mutation can be really dangerous if the nucleotide that is added to the sequence shifts over the genetic code in the gene.

Insertion

Which of the following is a codon?

UUU

Biomolecules form or break apart due to interactions with what molecule?

Water - H2O

Variable

a part of an experiment that can vary or change

The order of the bases in DNA determines the order of the

bases in mRNA

A hypothesis is an explanation that is ____________ , with evidence collected to support or reject it.

testable

A researcher in a laboratory tests a food item and identifies protein in it. The food item must also contain ____________

Amino Acids

Organic molecules must, by definition, always contain what two elements?

Carbon and Hydrogen

The smallest unit of biological structure is a

Cell

Relationship Between DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA tells the genes to make proteins that tells which genetic traits someone will have. The DNA and protein working together make up the chromosomes. Chromosomes then get passed to offspring, and with the DNA in both the offspring's chromosomes and genes, it creates the traits you have.

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient is known as

Diffusion

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration is best described by which of the following?

Diffusion

Explain why it is necessary for cells to up- and down- regulate and include a specific example that describes when and how a specific cell might engage in this behavior.

Downregulation is when a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external variable. An increase of a cellular component is called upregulation. Creates availability of molecules involved in the signaling pathway- such as proteins, mRNA, or energy and is increased in the cell.

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the ____________

Electrons

RNA Polymerase

Enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence during transcription.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that helps drive the synthesis of DNA - it works in 2 groups to create identical DNA duplexes from a single duplex.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the genetic code?

Every individual has a different genetic code

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

A hypothesis must also be _____________, meaning that a potential explanation relies on natural causes and can be ruled out.

Falsifiable

Put the following steps in the process of translation in chronological order.

First - mRNA binds to a ribosome Second - Recognition occurs between a codon and anticodon Third - Amino acids are covalently bonded Fourth - A stop codon is reached Fifth - An amino acid chain is released

Different biological molecules have different roles. Match the each molecule to the biological role that it plays.

Lipid - long term storage of energy; provides structure and function to cell membrane Nucleic Acid - stores genetic information and shuttles energy between cellular reactions Protein - highly variable structure and function of many biological materials from enzymes to hair and fingernails. Carbohydrate - immediately available source of energy stored in chemical bonds.

Gene Expression

Means that the DNA instructions are used to make a protein. Because proteins are constructed in a Ribosome, gene expression relies on a molecule called RNA that, during Transcription, copies those DNA instructions and then, during Translation, uses those instructions to build a chain of Amino Acids.

All proteins start with the amino acid

Methionine

This mutation occurs when the ribosome translates DNA.

Not true of any mutations

DNA is a ________ molecule that transmits information. The process of copying DNA is known as ____________, and happens whenever somatic (body) cells divide. When DNA is copied, it is __________, so that each molecule produced includes an original (parent) strand and a new (daughter) strand. In Eukaryotic cells, this process occurs in the ___________.

Nucleic Acid, Semi Conservative, Replication, Nucleus

The atomic number of an atom is determined by

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

Which of the following structures would be found in plant cells, but not animal cells?

Plasmodesmata, Plastid, Cell Walls

Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the ________ made by a hypothesis.

Predictions

Cells that are prokaryotic differ from cells that are eukaryotic in what way?

Prokaryotic Cells lack a nucleus

When referring to protein structure, which of the following describes connections between two or more protein chains?

Quarternary Structure

RNA is different from DNA because

RNA has the base uracil instead of thymine

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid - polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. Single Stranded Molecule

Explain why you selected the answer (true or false). If you selected false, correct the statement so that it is true.

Science and Supernatural never mix

A new copy of a double helix that is composed of a template strand and a newly replicated strand of DNA is created using

Semiconservative replication

Molecules like nutrients and dissolved gasses need to be able to make it throughout the cell, thus cells need to be

Small

To be valid, a hypothesis must be _________.

Specific, Falsifiable, and Testable.

Translation

The synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted to amino acid sequences in protein.

If a cell is placed into a sugar solution that is isotonic, what will happen?

There will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell.

This mutation may be fairly innocuous if the chunk of DNA that is moved from one chromosome to another contains an entire gene.

Translocation

This type of mutation can be harmful, beneficial, or not have any impact on organisms.

True of all mutations

This type of mutation is random.

True of all mutations

This type of mutation occurs when an error is made in DNA replication.

True of all mutations

RNA Nucleotides do not contain Thymine. True or False

True- replaced by Uracil

Polar Covalent

Two atoms UNequally share an electron. Ex: Hydrogen Fluoride

Nonpolar Covalent

Two atoms equally share an electron. Ex: Methane, Oxygen

Hydrogen Bond

Two polar molecules are weakly held together due to positive-negative attractions. Ex: Water Molecules

A theory is:

Well - supported and well tested explanation for a natural phenomenon.

Levels of Biological Organization

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

When sodium chloride (Na+Cl−) is dissolved in water, the sodium ion is _________________.

attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules.

Using the answer choices below, match the characteristic with its macromolecule class.

can function both for energy storage and structural support - CARBOHYDRATES speed chemical reactions- PROTEINS exhibit various levels of structure (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)- PROTEINS form the major framework of biological membranes - LIPIDS participate in nearly every chemical reaction in living systems - PROTEINS used to create steroid molecules like cholesterol - LIPIDS store and transmit genetic information - NUCLEIC ACIDS act as short-term energy-containing molecules - CARBOHYDRATES

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

molecules form the core at a cell's ribosomes (the structure in which protein synthesis takes place.)

Match the monomer or subunit to the polymer or complex molecule that it forms.

monosaccharide sugar - polysaccharide starch nucleotide - nucleic acid fatty acid - lipid amino acid - protein

The "rungs" of the DNA ladder are made up of________________.

nucleotide bases

Cells naturally, without using energy, respond to changes in water concentration through the process of

osmosis

Determine whether each molecule plays a role in transcription, translation, or both.

rRNA - translation Amino Acids - translation RNA Polymerase - transcription DNA - transcription tRNA - translation mRNA - both transcription and translation

Which of the following would be likely to require facilitated diffusion to move across the plasma membrane?

sodium ions (Na+), hydrogen ions (H+), sugars, and amino acids

Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis _____________.

still cannot be considered to have been proven true.

Sickle-cell disease is caused by a _____________ mutation

substitution point

The "backbone" of a DNA molecule is formed when _______ bond covalently together to create a polymer.

sugars and phosphates

Whenever we ________, we are proceeding scientifically.

try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions