BIO 103: Exam 2
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits (polypeptide chains), each with a cofactor called a heme group that has an iron atom at its center. It can bind 4 oxygen
What does hemoglobin consist of?
An iron-porphyrin ring, or a heme, and a globin protein (hemoglobin is bright red)
What are two things that lower blood pH?
Any increase in carbon dioxide concentration and lactic acid released from active muscles
_____ provides cells for primary growth.
Apical Meristem
Where does the majority of stem growth in a plant occur?
Apical meristem
Which sequence of animals is an example of how animal respiratory systems evolved? - lizard-shark-bird-salamander - shark-lizard-salamander-bird - shark-salamander-lizard-bird - bird-lizard-salamander-shark - salamander-lizard-shark-bird
shark-salamander-lizard-bird
Which cells do not have a nucleus?
sieve-tube members
Sugar moves from leaves into the ____ of ____ by ____
sieve-tube members, phloem, active transport
The most obvious morphological changes typically occur in leaf _____ and _____.
size, shape
What activity will prevent cilia from continuously sweeping mucus and trapped debris upward toward the pharynx? - holding your breath - smoking - drinking alcohol - running
smoking
In angiosperms the stele of the root is a ____ central vascular cylinder.
solid
In a sugar sink, such as a taproot, sugar is converted into ____
starch
The sequence of events after water enters a leaf in the xylem.
start: water enters the leaf in the xylem of a vein. 1. water exits the xylem and enters the walls of surrounding cells 2. water spreads as a film in an on the surface of the mesophyll cell walls. 3. water evaporates from the surface of mesophyll cells 4. water vapor diffuses through the air spaces of the leaf 5. water vapor exits the leaf through the stomata
"Pollination" is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.
stigma
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species
stigma
A carpel is composed of _____
stigma, style, and ovary
A carpel is composed of _____.
stigma, style, and ovary
Indirect development occurs in most __________ and _________.
Amphibians, invertebrates
What causes the guard cells surrounding stomata to open and close?
An influx of potassium ions
In cellular differentiation, cells of a developing organism synthesize different _______ and _______ in structure and function even though they have a common genome.
proteins, diverge
In most plants water and mineral absorption occur primarily at the ____ _____ where large numbers of _____ _____ increase the surface area enormously.
root tips, root hairs
Woody plants grow in girth in parts of stems and roots that no longer grow in length called ________ __________- due to activity of _________ ________ (________ _______ - adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem, and ____ ________ - tougher periderm).
secondary growth, lateral meristems (vascular cambium, cork cambium)
In flowering plants the integument of the ovule develops into a(n) _____.
seed coat
Ovules are found within structure _____.
sepal
Order of sugar intake
Photosynthesis-Sugar in sieve tubes -Take up water by osmosis- Sink
What is the diving reflex?
Physiological mechanisms that are activated when a mammal dives to its limit
What is the space between the pleural membrane called?
Pleural cavity
Describe the process of fertilization in a flower
Pollen grain lands on stigma, has to be the same species. The pollen grain absorbs water, swells, and splits the pollen coat. The tube cell of the pollen grain grows into the style creating a tube that will move sperm down the style to the ovule WITHIN the ovary. Pollen tube gets to the egg, ruptures, and releases 2 sperm. One sperm fertilizes the egg, the other enters the large central cell and forms a triploid nucleus.
In seed bearing plants, microspores develop into
Pollen grains
What contributes directly to the turgor pressure that opens and closes stomata?
Potassium accumulation in guard cells
In what order would you pass through tissues when moving from the pith to the epidermis in a plant possessing secondary vascular tissue
Primary xylem - secondary xylem -vascular cambium -secondary phloem - primary phloem
Function of the testes
Produce testosterone and sperm
Ovary
Produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone
What 3 glands secrete fluid for the sperm?
Prostate, bulbourethral, semnal vesicles
How do prokaryotes get genetic variation?
Rapid reproduction
Vagina
Receptacle for semen; birth canal
What does hyperventilation do?
Reduces CO2 concentration in alveolar air and blood
What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil?
Respiration
Any condition that interferes with the removal of carbon dioxide by the lungs can lead to what?
Respiratory acidosis (when carbon dioxide is produced more rapidly than it is excreted by the lungs which cause the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood to increase)
What regulates breathing?
Respiratory centers in the brain stem (the medulla and the pons)
Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity? Mucigel Root cap Pith Root hairs
Root cap
Annual rings in tree are because of what activity?
Secondary growth
Function of the bulbourethral glands
Secrete alkaline fluid containing mucus into the semen
Function of the prostate gland
Secretes alkaline fluid containing nutrients and enzymes into the semen
Dioescous plants can't
Self-pollinate
What comes together to form the epididymis?
Seminiferous tubules
What is the path of sperm?
Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
Dioecious
Separate male or female plants
What are the two ways animals can reproduce?
Sexually or asexually
Which cell is alive and does not have a nucleus?
Sieve tube
Which cell deal with carbohydrates?
Sieve tubes, phloem
What are the 3 types of lifecycles?
1. Annuals 2. Biennials 3. Perennials
true or false? Transition from vegetative growth to flowering is associated with the switching-on of floral meristem identity genes
True
Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems? Procambium Protoderm Vascular cambium Ground meristem
Vascular cambium
_____ provides cells for secondary growth.
Vascular cambium
_____ provides cells for secondary growth. Secondary xylem Apical meristem Secondary phloem The root Vascular cambium
Vascular cambium
Inferior vena cava
Veins from the capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs that return oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.
Superior vena cava
Veins from the capillaries of head and forelimbs that return oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.
____ were the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
gymnosperms
In ________ and most _______, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring.
gymnosperms, eudicots
In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.
haploid ... meiosis
The lungs of reptiles are better developed than those of amphibians because reptiles: - lay shelled eggs. - have a dry, scaly skin. - are larger animals. - use oxygen for cellular processes. - have a higher metabolic rate.
have a dry, scaly skin.
Both arteries and veins.....
have two layers of tissue surrounding the endothelium: an outer layer of connective tissue containing elastic fibers, which allow the vessel to stretch and recoil, and a middle layer containing smooth muscle and more elastic fibers.
morphogenesis in plants are often controlled by _______ genes.
homeotic
A weak bond that forms as a result of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby water molecule
hydrogen bond
In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.
immature sporophyte
where does blood move the slowest?
in the capillaries (slow)
Root hairs are important to a plant because they ___
increase the surface area for absorption
The pressure potential of a cell ____ as water enters the cell and it becomes more turgid.
increases
when you inhale, your diaphragm and rib muscles contract _________ the volume of your lungs; when you exhale your muscles relax and _____ the volume of the lungs
increasing; decrease
Endometrium
inner lining that forms mother's contribution to the placenta
What is the function of cork?
insulation and waterproofing
What is the function of cork? providing cells for primary growth providing cells for secondary growth insulation and waterproofing regulating the opening and closing of stomata providing a site for photosynthesis
insulation and waterproofing
The plane in which a cell divides is determined during late ________.
interphase
Hemoglobin - uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. - is the site of cellular respiration. - is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. - is found in blood plasma. - has five subunits.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
oxygenated (red) blood
is left atrium section
deoxygenated (blue) blood
is right atrium section
After blood becomes oxygenated, - it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. - it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. - it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. - it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. - it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.
leaves
Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____. stems and leaves leaves stems roots roots and leaves
leaves
Without transpiration, (more/less) water will be absorbed from the soil
less
Monoecious
male and female flowers on 1 plant
cells where most evaporation of water in the leaf occurs
mesophyll
Cellulose ________ control the direction of expansion.
microfibrils
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.
micropyle
What lines the nasal cavities?
moist, ciliated epithelium rich in blood vessels
In most _______ stems, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring.
monocot
13. Describe the function of erythrocytes, and know the characteristics of the protein found in erythrocytes that give them their function.
o A blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called a red blood cell o Most numerous blood cells o Contains 250 million molecules of hemoglobin - an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports O2; each molecule of hemoglobin binds up to four molecules of O2
Describe the function of platelets. Know what activates platelets to begin blood clotting.
o A pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a specialized bone marrow cell; Platelets circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting o Platlets are activated by collagen.
Nitrogen and its role as a plant nutrient
(1) component of nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, and coenzymes (2) nitrogen deficiency usually causes plant leaves to turn yellow (3) nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil convert N2 to NH3 (4) macronutrient in plants (5) plant roots canonly absorb nitrogen in the form of ammonium ions (NH4+) or nitrat ions (NO3-)
Flow of events that pulls xylem sap from the roots to the shoots
(1) water enters the xylem after it is absorbed by the plant's roots (2) water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. They also adhere to the walls of xylem cells. (3) water evaporates from the cell walls of leaf mesophyll cells, increasing the surface tension of water in the leaves (4) water vapor moves from leaf air spaces to the atmosphere through stomata
What tissues produce phloem?
(Vascular) Cambium
Stroke
-the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head; this is due to a lack of O2. Strokes usually result from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
Double Fertilization in plants is the union of ______.
1 sperm to 1 egg and 1 sperm to the polar nuclei
Though they are not mobile, plants have effective defenses against biological attack. Identify the correct statements. 1) Plants may defend against herbivores by producing compounds that reduce protein function in the herbivore 2) Plants have R proteins that recognize pathogen-derived molecules 3) A plant's triple response protects it against viral attack
1,2
In what three forms does blood transport carbon dioxide?
1. 10% dissolves in plasma 2. 30% combines with hemoglobin 3. 60% moves through plasma as bicarbonate ions
What are the 3 advantages gas exchange in air has over gas exchange in water?
1. Air has a higher concentration of molecular oxygen than does water 2. Oxygen diffuses faster through air than through water 3. Air is less dense and less viscous than water (less energy needed to move air over gas exchange surfaces)
3 principles of animal development
1. Individual cells multiply 2. Some daughter cells differentiate 3. As they differentiate, group sof cells move to precise locations in the body and become organized into multicellular structures
What are the four main types of respiratory surfaces that have evolved in animals? (all animals do not necessarily have all four of these)
1. Tracheal tubes 2. The animal's own body surface 3. Gills 4. lungs
What are the 3 ways DNA can be transferred between prokaryotes?
1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation
What two critical changes does the entry of sperm to the egg trigger?
1. Vesicles in egg release chemicals into the zona pellucida that prevent other sperm from entering. 2. Egg undergoes the second division of meiosis.
2 key facts about the symplastic pathway
1. involves water moving via plasmodesmata 2. can involve water entering vacuoles
2 key facts about the apoplastic pathway
1. involves water transport outside the protoplast 2. consists of a porous matrix of hydrophilic polymers
what are the characteristics of monocots?
1. one cotyledon 2. veins usually parallel 3. vascular tissue scattered 4. root system usually fibrous (no main root)
what are the characteristics of eduicots
1. two cotyledons 2. veins are net like 3. vascular tissue arranged in a ring 4. a main root present
in primary root growth, growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:
1. zone of cell division 2. zone of elongation 3. zone of maturation
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?
100 mmHg (it is 40 mmHg in venous blood going back to the lungs because not all of the oxygen can be removed because the blood is moving too fast to reach equilibrium so not all the oxygen has been removed from exhaled air)
What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at sea level?
160 mmHg (barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg)
Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) a relationship between transpiration and other processes in plants? Select all that apply. 1 Water is pulled from the roots to the leaves by transpiration, whereas mineral nutrients diffuse from the roots to the leaves. 2 Open stomata provide a low-resistance pathway for CO2 to enter and for water to exit the leaf. 3 The large surface area exposed to air inside the leaf maximizes the plant's ability to absorb CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration. 4 To minimize water loss during dry conditions, most plants must also restrict their ability to carry out photosynthesis. 5 Transpiration is important in cooling leaves on warm, sunny days. 6 In most plants, the highest rate of transpiration occurs when the rate of photosynthesis is also highest.
2 4 5 6
How many cell layers separate the air in the alveolus from the blood?
2 cell layers (the epithelia of the alveolar wall and the capillary wall)
How many layers does the wall of the uterus have?
2. Endometrium, myometrium
Hemoglobin allows blood to carry how many mL of oxygen per 100 mL of blood?
20 mL
How many generations are represented in the seed gymnosperm?
3
Each diploid primary spermatocyte generates how many haploid spermatids?
4
Seminal vesicles secre about how much semen?
60%
Hemoglobin transports_____% of oxygen
99% (the rest is dissolved in plasma)
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. A, acidic B basic C thick D low in oxygen concentration E red
A
From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. A right atrium B left atrium C aorta D capillaries of the lungs E posterior vena cava
A
In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? A grasshoppers B fishes C sparrows D dogs E jellyfish and cnidarians
A
The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart A prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. B are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. C are found only on the right side of the heart. D are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart. E are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart.
A
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A systole of the left ventricle B diastole of the right atrium C systole of the left atrium D diastole of the left atrium E diastole of the right ventricle
A
Negative Pressure Breathing
A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs
Hemoglobin combines with the hydrogen ions to act as a what for the blood?
A buffer
double circulation
A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
Describe the composition of blood. Know their proportions.
A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended. Dissolved in the plasma are ions and proteins that, together with blood cells, function is osmotic regulation, transport, and defense. Separating the components of blood using a centrifuge reveals that cellular elements (cells and cell fragments) occupy about 45% of the volume of the blood. The remainder is plasma.
What type of exchange system do birds have in their respiratory system. Describe it.
A crosscurrent exchange system; the direction of blood flow in the lungs is in a different direction than that of the airflow through the parabronchi and increases the amount of oxygen that enters blood (similar to countercurrent exchange in gills of fishes), but in birds the capillaries are oriented at right angles to the parabronchi rather than along their length, hence crosscurrent.
What is myoglobin?
A form of hemoglobin found in muscle fibers
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
A heart valve located between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts.
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
A method for aiding victims who have suffered respiratory and cardiac arrest
capillary
A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Phloem Transport is driven by
A pressure difference
What causes decompression sickness?
A rapid decrease in barometric pressure
Semilunar Valve
A valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
Artery
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body. For a given blood vessel diameter, an artery has a wall about three times as thick as that of a vein. The thicker walls of arteries are very strong, accommodating blood pumped at high pressure by the heart, and their elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure when the heart relaxes between contractions.
Vein
A vessel that carries blood towards the heart. The thinner-walled veins convey blood back to the heart at a lower velocity and pressure. Valves in the veins maintain a unidirectional flow of blood in these vessels.
9) Which of the following structures protects the delicate gills of many fish? A) An operculum B) Lamellae C) Tracheoles D) An alveolus E) Spiracles
A) An operculum
22) Which sequence of animals represents the evolution of animal respiratory systems? A) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird B) Fish, lizard, salamander, bird C) Bird, lizard, salamander, fish D) Lizard, fish, bird, salamander E) Salamander, lizard, fish, bird
A) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird
45) What is the function of surfactant? A) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing. B) It increases alveolar expansion. C) It increases surface tension. D) It stimulates activity of the cilia lining the walls of the alveoli. E) It enhances contraction of the inspiratory muscles.
A) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing.
57) Which of the following structures serves as a passageway for both air and food? A) Pharynx B) Bronchioles C) Larynx D) Bronchi E) Trachea
A) Pharynx
42) What causes smoker's cough? A) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus. B) Carbon monoxide in the smoke triggers the cough reflex. C) Smoking affects the respiratory center neurons in the medulla. D) Nicotine irritates the lining of the lung.
A) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus.
46) Which of the following occurs in the lungs? A) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air. B) Gases move by bulk flow into and out of the blood. C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. D) As oxygen-poor blood travels through the lungs, it releases all of its carbon dioxide. E) Air loses all of its oxygen.
A) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air.
51) Imagine that a patient is admitted to the hospital after falling from the second-story window of her apartment. Tests reveal no injuries other than some swelling in the brain. Why, then, would her breathing become irregular? A) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla. B) Her swollen brain is causing a decrease in blood pressure. C) The blood returning to the lungs from the brain is too high in oxygen. D) The respiratory center in the lungs is malfunctioning due to a lack of carbon dioxide. E) Her tissues require more oxygen for healing.
A) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla.
44) The respiratory membrane is a combination of A) alveolar and capillary walls. B) bronchi and air sacs. C) bronchioles and capillary walls. D) bronchioles and air sacs. E) bronchi and bronchioles.
A) alveolar and capillary walls.
Which group of animals have the most efficient respiratory system of any living vertebrate?
Birds
32) During inhalation, the diaphragm A) contracts and flattens. B) relaxes and flattens. C) relaxes and becomes dome-shaped. D) contracts and becomes dome-shaped.
A) contracts and flattens.
7) In the lungs, oxygen moves from air into blood by A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) osmosis. E) bulk flow.
A) diffusion.
28) The vocal cords are located in the A) larynx. B) pharynx. C) trachea. D) bronchi. E) epiglottis.
A) larynx
39) The cells that line the human respiratory passageways secrete A) mucus. B) water. C) enzymes. D) hormones. E) blood.
A) mucus.
Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. A as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) B combined with hemoglobin C by the trachea D as hydrogen ions (H+) E dissolved in blood plasma
A; Most carbon dioxide released from body tissues combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then breaks up into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Stroke occurs when _____. A a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue B the pacemaker of the heart becomes defective, producing an irregular heartbeat C a blood clot dislodges from a vein and moves into the lung, where it blocks a pulmonary artery D a blood clot enters and blocks one of the coronary arteries E the walls of an artery in the leg accumulate deposits and lose their flexibility and elasticity
A; Once deprived of oxygen, brain cells begin to die within a few minutes. Because brain cells rarely divide in adulthood, they cannot be quickly replaced.
What is the function of a circulatory system? A It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body. B It is the site of blood cell production. C It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. D It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air.
A; This transport liquid exchanges gases, nutrients, and wastes with the cells in the body.
Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? A The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. B The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. C The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. D The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
A;The systolic blood pressure is the peak blood pressure, resulting from contraction of the ventricles.
When you were 7 you put up a bird house that was 7ft high. It grows 12 inches in a year. How high would the bird house be after 20 years?
About the same place
What happens when the chest wall is punctured?
Air enters the pleural space and the lung collapses
Describe how the air sacs of the birds' respiratory system work.
Air flows in one direction through the lungs and is renewed during a two-cycle process. Air entering the body passes into the posterior air sacs and the part of the lungs closest to these air sacs. When the bird exhales, that air flows into the lungs. At the second breath, the air flows from the lungs to the anterior air sacs. Finally, at the second inhalation, the air leaves the body as another breath of air enters the lungs. Thus, a bird gets fresh air across its lungs through both inhalation and exhalation.
What are the extensions of the birds' respiratory system that act as bellows to draw air into the system called?
Air sacs
Parenchyma cells
Alive at maturity, carry out most metabolism within plant
What is a complete flower?
All 4 organs
How do protists reproduce?
All the ways
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? - Alveoli - Nose - Bronchioles - Bronchi - Trachea
Alveoli Alveoli are tiny sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are where oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood.
Aorta
Arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle into the capillaries of the head and forelimbs and the capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs.
Describe the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
As oxygen concentration increases, there is a progressive increase in the percentage of hemoglobin that is combined with oxygen.
What kind of reproduction are plants capable of?
Asexual and sexual
How do Fungi reproduce?
Asexually or sexually Dispersed via wind or water
How do Prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexually through binary fission
Fimbriae
At opening of uterine tube. Cilia that sweep egg into the uterine tube
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. A right atrium B left atrium C aorta D capillaries of the lungs E posterior vena cava
B
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. A as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) B combined with hemoglobin C by the trachea D water (H2O) E dissolved in blood plasma
B
What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? A the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small B the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas C fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid D an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed E more fluid entering the venous capillaries
B
26) Which of the following structures is the site of gas exchange in the human lung? A) Bronchioles B) Alveoli C) Trachea D) Larynx E) Bronchi
B) Alveoli
53) Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the human respiratory system? A) Bronchi B) Alveoli C) Larynx D) Pharynx E) Trachea
B) Alveoli
6) Which of the following groups of animals is most efficient at extracting oxygen from the atmosphere? A) Amphibians B) Birds C) Insects D) Reptiles E) Mammals
B) Birds
23) Which of these structures is analogous in function to the tracheoles of insects? A) Gills of a fish B) Bronchi of a human C) Body surface of a flatworm D) Skin of an earthworm
B) Bronchi of a human
54) Which of the following events initiates the process of exhalation? A) Contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles B) Relaxation of the diaphragm C) Contraction of the diaphragm D) Expansion of the lungs
B) Relaxation of the diaphragm
15) Identify the animal that lacks a specialized respiratory organ. A) Grasshopper B) Sponge C) Bat D) Trout E) Bird
B) Sponge
11) Which of these animals use gills to respire? A) Jellyfishes B) Tadpoles C) Earthworms D) Spiders E) Insects
B) Tadpoles
3) Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all animal respiratory surfaces? A) They have a large surface area. B) They are associated with a capillary bed. C) They are thin. D) They are moist.
B) They are associated with a capillary bed.
19) Which of the following structures decreases diffusion distances for oxygen and carbon dioxide by delivering air directly to body cells? A) Parabronchi B) Tracheoles C) Spiracles D) Gill filaments E) Bronchi
B) Tracheoles
48) The respiratory control center consists of A) the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. B) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla. C) a group of highly modified cells located in the hypothalamus. D) a cluster of nerve cells in the lungs. E) the alveoli.
B) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla.
35) The function of the epiglottis is to A) facilitate gas exchange in the lungs. B) prevent food from entering the larynx. C) assist the vocal cords in sound production. D) keep the bronchi from collapsing. E) produce surfactant.
B) prevent food from entering the larynx.
43) An emergency room physician has withdrawn blood from a vessel in your arm. The dark red color of the blood indicates that it was A) going away from the heart. B) taken from a vein. C) coming from the lungs. D) taken from an artery. E) on its way to the tissues of the arm.
B) taken from a vein.
Why do carnivorous plants consume things?
B/c of lack of nitrogen
Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries? A Because the narrow capillaries offer great resistance to blood flow. B Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles. C Because capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
B; Because the cross-sectional area is much greater in capillary beds than in the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system, there is a dramatic decrease in velocity from the arteries to the capillaries. Blood travels 500 times slower in the capillaries (about 0.1 cm/sec) than in the aorta (about 48 cm/sec). Read about blood flow velocity.
Which event occurs first during diastole? Which event occurs first during diastole? A The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. B The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. C The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. D Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract.
B; Diastole is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle during which the chambers of the heart are relaxed and blood can enter them passively.
What is the function of the left ventricle? A It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs. B It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. C It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. D It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation.
B; The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls. A aorta B capillaries C posterior vena cava D pulmonary artery E right ventricle
B;The thin walls of the capillaries facilitate gas exchange
Transduction
Bacteriophages transfer DNA between cells
Corona radiata
Barrier between sperm and egg surrounding the egg
Zona pellucida
Between the corona radiata and egg
Where are gases actually exchanged in this network of tracheal tubes?
Between the fluid in the fluid-filled tracheoles at the end of the tracheal tubes and the body cells
Define blood pressure and describe where it is measured.
Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. Contraction of a heart ventricle generates blood pressure, which exerts a force in all directions. Blood pressure is measured: systolic/ diastolic
What type of special respiratory structure do spiders have and what is its structure?
Book lungs; consist of a series of thin, parallel plates of tissue (like the pages of a book) filled with hemolymph. These plates of tissue are separated by air spaces that receive oxygen form the outside environment through a spiracle
Rates of photosynthesis and transport in a plant on a dry cloudy day
Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low
What are the two branches of the lower trachea called?
Bronchi
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque under the endothelium of arteries.
How does the swim bladder in bony fishes function and what does it do?
By adjusting the amount of gas in its swim bladder, the fish can control its buoyancy
How do some parthenogenetic fish produce diploid offspring?
By doubling the number of chromosomes in the eggs, befoe or after meiosis. Almost always female
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. A aorta B pulmonary arteries C pulmonary veins D aorta and pulmonary arteries E aorta and pulmonary vein
C
33) How much air enters the lungs of an average-sized adult when breathing normally? A) 1,000 milliliters B) 275 milliliters C) 500 milliliters D) 750 milliliters E) 125 milliliters
C) 500 milliliters
30) Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during exhalation? A) Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli B) Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, trachea, larynx C) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea D) Trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles
C) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea
58) A layer of smooth muscle in the wall of this tiny air-conducting tube allows it to regulate its diameter. A) Trachea B) Alveolus C) Bronchiole D) Pharynx E) Larynx
C) Bronchiole
10) Which of the following statements about gas exchange in animals with interacting circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE? A) Air or water moves across the respiratory surface by bulk flow. B) Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood by diffusion. C) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system. D) Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through respiratory membranes by diffusion. E) Gases are transported in the circulatory system by the bulk flow of blood.
C) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system.
60) What keeps the trachea from collapsing? A) Surface tension of water B) Surfactant C) Semicircular rings of cartilage D) Cilia
C) Semicircular rings of cartilage
31) Most of the carbon dioxide released from cells is transported in the blood as A) carbohydrates, such as glucose. B) carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions in the plasma. D) dissolved carbon monoxide.
C) bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
40) Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported A) in the plasma. B) by white blood cells. C) bound to hemoglobin. D) combined with carbon dioxide. E) as bicarbonate ions.
C) bound to hemoglobin.
50) The respiratory center is very sensitive to changes in ________ levels, but not very sensitive to changes in ________ levels. A) temperature; blood pressure B) hormone;blood sugar C) carbon dioxide; oxygen D) blood sugar; hormone E) oxygen; carbon dioxide
C) carbon dioxide; oxygen
2) The carbon dioxide that is exhaled when you breathe is produced during A) nitrogen fixation. B) diffusion. C) cellular respiration. D) intracellular digestion. E) glycolysis.
C) cellular respiration.
25) The respiratory systems of fishes, frogs, sponges, and earthworms are similar in that they A) utilize a complex network of air-conducting tubes. B) have internal respiratory structures. C) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface. D) have a countercurrent exchange system. E) employ an extensive system of air sacs that ensures a unidirectional flow of air.
C) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.
72) Horsehair worms, in the phylum Nematomorpha, do not have a respiratory system. They are usually found in puddles of water or on damp sidewalks and patios, or they may come wiggling out of insects. These creatures have no economic importance other than being parasitic to some insects. Based on this scenario, horsehair worms are most likely to A) use large amounts of energy. B) be unable to efficiently digest food. C) have a large surface area compared with their volume. D) have very thick bodies. E) have a dry skin surface.
C) have a large surface area compared with their volume.
37) Alveoli A) are thick-walled. B) are not permeable to dissolved oxygen. C) have a moist surface. D) are blind sacs that extend from tracheae. E) are found in gills.
C) have a moist surface.
41) Hemoglobin is a respiratory protein. Its function is to A) attract lymphocytes to damaged tissues. B) assist in blood clotting. C) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. D) remove toxins from plasma. E) provide structural integrity to red blood cells.
C) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
34) The respiratory control center is located in the A) cortex. B) spinal cord. C) medulla. D) diaphragm. E) hypothalamus.
C) medulla
1) All organisms that generate energy (ATP) aerobically need to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies. This process is known as A) elimination. B) conduction. C) respiration. D) absorption. E) ingestion.
C) respiration.
49) All of the following are possible EXCEPT A) an involuntary increase in the rate of breathing. B) a voluntary decrease in the rate of breathing. C) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs. D) inhibition of the respiratory centers in the brain. E) a voluntary increase in the rate of breathing.
C) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs.
What hormone is detected to verify pregnancy?
CG
Plants get most of their biomass (organic matter) from ____.
CO2
Capillary
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, having a diameter only slightly greater than that of a red blood cell. Capillaries also have very thin walls, which consist of just the endothelium and its basal lamina. This structural organization facilitates the exchange of substances between the blood in capillaries and the interstitial fluid. Penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid. For these reasons, the blood flow in the capillaries is slower than in the arteries and veins.
________ is a waste product of cellular respiration. - Glucose - Nitrogen - Oxygen - Carbon dioxide - ATP
Carbon dioxide
What is the most important chemical stimulus for regulating the rate of respiration?
Carbon dioxide concentration
What is the enzyme that drives the reaction turning carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase
In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____.
Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem
In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____. xylem ... endodermis ... Casparian strip Casparian strip ... ectoderm ... xylem Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem transpiration ... endodermis ... xylem Casparian strip ... endodermis ... phloem
Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem
In roots the ___ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of ___ cells before entering the ___
Casparian strip, endodermins, xylem
Transformation
Cells take up DNA from environment
_____ are the green algae most closely related to plants
Charophyceans
What structures are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide concentration?
Chemoreceptors in the medulla and in the walls of the aorta (aortic bodies) and carotid arteries (carotid bodies); aortic and carotid bodies are also sensitive to hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen concentration as well (when stimulated chemoreceptors send impulses to respiratory centers to increase breathing rate)
Inhaling polluted air or cigarette smoke can result in what?
Chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and lung cancer
What is the main cause of lung cancer?
Cigarette smoking
The nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi contain what that traps inhaled particles?
Ciliated mucus lining
Primary spermatocyte
Comes from the committed spermatagonia and goes thorugh meiotic cell division. After meiosis I, each primary spermatocyte creates two haploid secondary spermatocytes
17) Why is gas exchange in an aquatic environment more challenging than gas exchange in the air? A) Carbon dioxide is eliminated by active transport in an aquatic environment. B) The large surface area of gills makes them more susceptible to drying out. C) Gills have a poor blood supply. D) Less oxygen is available in water than in air. E) The countercurrent exchange process limits the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water.
D) Less oxygen is available in water than in air.
Function of the urethra
Conducts semen from the vas deferens and urine from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Uterine tube
Conducts the egg to the uterus; site of fertilization
Myometrium
Contracts during childbirth. Muscular wall of the uterus
What is the order of these from outer to inner?
Cortex -Phloem -Xylem -Pith
Circulatory systems compensate for A the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system. B temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. C the need to cushion animals from trauma. D the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. E the need fetal organisms have for maintaining an optimal body temperature.
D
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. A lungs B trachea C bronchus D nasal cavity E alveoli
D
Voice sounds are produced by the _____. A trachea B diaphragm C bronchioles D larynx E lungs
D
Which of the following best describes an artery? A Arteries contain valves. B Arteries carry oxygenated blood. C Arteries carry blood away from capillaries. D Arteries carry blood away from the heart. E Arteries have thin walls compared with veins.
D
5) Which of the following structures is NOT part of an insect respiratory system? A) Spiracles B) Tracheoles C) Tracheae D) Parabronchi
D) Parabronchi
4) Why does a typical fish die quickly when it is removed from water? A) Oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than it does in air. B) Gills split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is used for cellular respiration. C) Water contains more oxygen, per unit volume, than does air. D) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.
D) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.
38) A thin slice of lung tissue looks like a cross-section of A) a piece of wood. B) a ball of worms. C) a carrot. D) a sponge. E) a blown-up balloon.
D) a sponge.
52) Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood by all of the following methods, EXCEPT A) carried in plasma as HCO3-. B) dissolved in plasma as CO2. C) bound to hemoglobin. D) as CO within red blood cells.
D) as CO within red blood cells.
16) Air flow into and out of the lungs is an example of A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) facilitated diffusion. D) bulk flow. E) active transport.
D) bulk flow.
29) Gas exchange in the lungs occurs as a result of A) active transport of gases between the blood and the alveolus. B) active transport of gases between hemoglobin and the alveolus. C) facilitated diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. D) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. E) facilitated diffusion of gases between the hemoglobin and the alveolus.
D) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.
8) If a respiratory surface dries out, gas exchange will A) decrease for oxygen but increase for carbon dioxide. B) not be affected. C) increase. D) not occur. E) decrease for carbon dioxide but increase for oxygen.
D) not occur.
36) During inhalation, air leaving the nasal cavity passes into the A) trachea. B) bronchi. C) bronchioles. D) pharynx. E) larynx.
D) pharynx.
20) Sea jellies lack specialized organs for gas exchange because A) they don't need oxygen. B) they use their circulatory system to deliver oxygen to their cells. C) their digestive system eliminates carbon dioxide. D) their tissues have low energy demands.
D) their tissues have low energy demands.
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? A Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body. B The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body. C Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. D The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
D; The changes in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs of land-dwelling vertebrates make it necessary to have separate circuits to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? A As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body. B Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. C During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. D Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
D; Valves are flaps of tissue that close when the ventricles contract to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and also when the ventricles relax to prevent the backflow of blood from exiting vessels to the ventricles.
____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up. A An increase ... a rise B A decrease ... a drop C A decrease ... a rise D An increase ... a drop E Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that controls breathing.
D; Water and carbon dioxide combine, in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (found inside red blood cells), to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate. The higher concentration of hydrogen ions leads to a drop in pH.
What takes place in binary fission?
DNA replicates Cell elongates Septation
Function of the Penis
Deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract
What respiratory structures do sea stars and sea urchins?
Dermal gills - project from the body wall; have ciliated epidermal that ventilate them by beating a stream of water over them
What kind of growth are prokaryotes, protists, fungi?
Determinate
Are spermatigonia haploid or diploid?
Diploid that undergo mitotic cell division to form two types of daughter cells.
Does the sperm that fertilizes the egg result in a haploid or diploid zygote?
Diploid zygote that will develop into an embryo and eventually into a new sporophyte
Conjugation
Direct transfer of DNA between 2 cells Sex pili attach and form mating bridge Requires F plasmid in donor cell
What is the Bohr effect?
Displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve by a change in pH
What can hyperventilation sometimes result in?
Dizziness and sometimes unconsciousness because a certain CO2 concentration in blood is needed to maintain normal blood pressure
Arteries carry blood _____. A away from capillaries B away from the heart and away from the lungs C to the heart and away from the lungs D to the heart only E away from the heart only
E
Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____. A capillaries of the lungs B capillaries of the abdominal organs C capillaries of the hind limbs D capillaries of the head and forelimbs E capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
E
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. A right atrium B left atrium C aorta D capillaries of the lungs E posterior vena cava
E
13) All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT for A) gills of fish. B) alveoli of dogs. C) skin of earthworms. D) tracheae of a fly. E) air sacs of birds.
E) air sacs of birds.
Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the A loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. B increased diffusion of CO2. C increased diffusion of Hb. D loss of fluid from capillaries. e development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.
E
56) Which of the following passageways delivers air directly into each lung? A) Larynx B) Pharynx C) Bronchiole D) Trachea E) Bronchus
E) Bronchus
27) What structure prevents food from entering the larynx? A) Respiratory membrane B) Intercostal muscle C) Bronchus D) Diaphragm E) Epiglottis
E) Epiglottis
64) What happens during countercurrent exchange in fishes? A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in opposite directions across the respiratory surface by facilitated diffusion. B) Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by active transport. C) Oxygen enters the blood by active transport, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by diffusion. D) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in the same direction across a respiratory surface. E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.
E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.
12) What are spiracles? A) Openings between the gills of a frog tadpole B) Openings to the bronchi C) Openings into the alveoli of the lungs D) Openings to the parabronchi E) Openings into the tracheae of insects
E) Openings into the tracheae of insects
24) Which of these structures is analogous in function to the alveoli of humans? A) Skin of an alligator B) Spiracles of a grasshopper C) Operculum of a fish D) Trachea of a frog E) Parabronchi of a bird
E) Parabronchi of a bird
21) Which of the following organisms would use its skin as a primary respiratory surface? A) Lizard B) Snake C) Bird D) Turtle E) Salamander
E) Salamander
47) What happens during inhalation? A) The heart pumps blood to the lungs. B) The chest cavity decreases in size. C) Air exits the alveoli. D) The intercostal muscles relax. E) The diaphragm contracts.
E) The diaphragm contracts.
18) Birds are able to sustain long flights at high altitudes because they A) use anaerobic metabolism during flight. B) are able to lower their body temperature during flight. C) decrease their heart rate during flight. D) have thicker blood than other animals, with many more red blood cells. E) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.
E) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.
65) Fish gills consist of a series of A) interconnected bronchioles. B) spiracles. C) opercula. D) parabronchi. E) filaments.
E) filaments.
55) The receptors in the respiratory center are most sensitive to a small A) increase in blood oxygen levels. B) decrease in blood oxygen levels. C) increase in blood pH. D) decrease in blood nitrogen levels. E) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.
E) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.
Secondary spermatocytes
Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II, producing two spermatids
Parthenogenesis
Egg cells develop into offspring without being fertilized and tend to be haploid Ex. Male bees
What does the ovary produce during the menstrual cycle?
Eggs, estrogen, progesterone
Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs? Endodermis Epidermis Vascular tissue Cortex
Endodermis
____ is a tissue that acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs
Endodermis
Developing follicles secrete ________
Estrogen
The maturing follicle secretes increasing amounts of?
Estrogen
What do LH and FSH stimulate in females?
Estrogen
After ovulation, ________ and ________ released by the corpus luteum further stimulate the development of the endometrium
Estrogen and progesterone
What two hormones regulate the development of the endometrium?
Estrogen and progesterone
What role does estrogen have in the development of the endometrium?
Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to become thicker and grow an extensive network of blood vessels and glands that secreted carbs, lipids, and proteins.
What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete and what does that do?
Estrogen, progesterone which INHIBIT the release of GnRH, LH and FSH thereby preventing the development of more follicles
True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.
F
True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.
F
71) Most carbon dioxide is transported in red blood cells bound to hemoglobin.
FALSE
True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body
False; The pulmonary circulation is the lower-pressure circuit to the lung, whereas the systemic circulation is the higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
The secondary oocyte will not undergo meiosis II unless it is ___________
Fertilized
Fragmentation
Form of reproduction where the body splits and regenerates the missing parts of a complete body
Oogenesis definition
Formation of egg cells. Begins in the developing ovaries of a female embryo.
Oogenesis process
Fromation of diploid cells called oogonia as early as 6th week of embryonic development. Weeks 9-20, oogonia enlarge and differentiate, becoming primary oocytes. Week 20, all primary oocytes have begun meiotic cell division and then stops in the prophase of meiosis I. Start back up in puberty.
What is the fluid from the seminal vesicles rich in?
Fructose
A plant placed in a solution with a higher water potential will ________.
Gain water and become turgid
Which cells are the primary photosynthetic cells?
Parenchyma
major types of plant cells:
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Water-conducting cells of the xylem Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
Most of the photosynthesis in plants takes place in specialized ________ cells called the __________.
Parenchyma; mesophyll
How is carbon dioxide transported out of the blood in bony fish?
The same countercurrent exchange facilitates the diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the blood because there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide inside the gills than outside the gills in the water.
Where does gas exchange take place in birds' respiratory systems?
Gas exchange takes place across the thin walls of the parabronchi.
How is gas exchanged in sea stars and sea urchins?
Gases are exchanged between the water and the coelomic fluid inside the body by diffusion through the gills
How is gas exchanged in mollusks?
Gases are exchanged through the mantle and through their gills
What respiratory structure do most aquatic animals have?
Gills (thin projections of body surface)
Function of the seminal vesicles
Glands. Secrete alkaline fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins into the semen
What hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
GnRH released from hypothalamus. GnRH causes anterior pituatiary to release LH and FSH. LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone. Testosterone + FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells, which promote spermatogenesis. See pg .798
What hormone does the hypothalamus release at puberty?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
In monocots and dicots, the pith and cortex are both considered ___.
Ground tissue
Determinate growth
Growth to certain size Most animals
___ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration
Guard
Water loss is regulated by what?
Guard cell
Carbonic acid dissociates to form what?
H+ ions and bicarbonate ions
Are fungi haploid or diploid?
Haploid
In sexual reproduction, _______ _________ usuall from two separate parents unite and produce offsprig that are genetically different from the parent.
Haploid gametes
What are the copper-containing proteins dispersed in the hemolymph of many species of mollusks and arthropods?
Hemocyanins
What are the most common respiratory pigments in animals?
Hemoglobin and myoglobin
___ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules
Hydrogen
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically ______________ to the parent.
Identical
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Impulses travel to the _______________ node where the signals are delayed for about 0.1 seconds and then causes the ventricles to contract by sending signals to the Purkinje fibers
Follicle
In a mature ovary, the oocyte and it's surrounding smaller cells
What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?
In a mixture of gases the total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
Sieve tube does what and is where?
In phloem, transports carbohydrates
How do plants and hormones differ?
In plants more so than in animals, it is the balance between existing hormones, rather than hormones acting in isolation, that controls growth and development
Which statement is correct? - In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. - Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. - Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. - Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. - As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries, it enters a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin.
dub
The second heart sound ("dub") is produced by the recoil of blood against the closed semilunar valve.
Where is the percent O2 saturation the highest?
In the pulmonary capillaries, where the concentration of oxygen is greatest (it is lower in the capillaries of the tissues)
Describe these flower/plants
Incomplete dioecious Incomplete dioecious Complete monoecious Incomplete monoecious
How are things filtered from the air in the nasal cavities?
Inhaled dirt, bacteria, and other foreign particles trapped in the stream of mucus produced by cells within the epithelium and pushed along toward the throat by the cilia. In this way, foreign particles are delivered to the digestive system to be disposed of.
What percentage of inhaled (atmospheric) air contains oxygen and what percentage of exhaled (alveolar) air contains oxygen?
Inhaled is 20.9% and exhaled is 14% (Exhaled air contains 100 times (5.6%) more carbon dioxide than inhaled air (.04%)
Secondary xylem is formed in association with the
Inner face of the vascular cambium
Which group of animals use a specialized respiratory system consisting of a network of tracheal tubes called tracheae?
Insects (along with chilopods diplopods, some mites, and some spiders, but insects are the main group)
What is the purpose of the diaphragm, a large sheet of muscle that forms the lower boundary of the chest cavity? - It facilitates inhalation and exhalation. - As it contracts, it assists the heart in moving blood to the lungs. - It controls oxygenation of the blood. - Along with the ribs it protects the heart and lungs.
It facilitates inhalation and exhalation.
What is the pleural membrane?
It forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung and becomes the lining of the thoracic cavity
Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
It functions as a haploid food reserve.
What is hypoxia and how is it caused?
It is a deficiency of oxygen and it is caused by shallow breathing which occurs in anxiety and in many respiratory diseases
What is pulmonary surfactant and what does it do?
It is a detergent-like phospholipid mixture secreted by specialized epithelial cells in the lining of the alveoli and it reduces the work of breathing. It intersperses the between the water molecules, reducing their cohesive force. This reduces the surface tension of water, prevents the alveoli from collapsing, and reduces the energy required to stretch the lungs.
Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true? It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem. It is located between the primary xylem and cortex. It is a type of apical meristem. It develops into cork cells on the outside of the cortex.
It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem.
What characterizes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
It is characterized by obstructed air flow; Most patients with COPD have both chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What is the significance of the countercurrent exchange system in bony fishes?
It maximizes the difference in oxygen concentration between blood and water
Explain the mechanics of exhalation
It occurs when the diaphragm relaxes. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, raising the pressure in the lungs. The inhaled air is expelled and the pressure returns to normal, readying the lung for another inhalation.
Stomata open because
K+ enter
Chorionic gondadotropin (CG)
LH like hormone secreted by the embryo that helps keep the corpus luteum alive and secreting estrogen and progesterone - development of the endometrium
What does the estrogen secreted by the follicule stimulate?
LH that causes the primary oocyte to complete meiosisI, dividing into a single secondary oocyte and the first polar body. Also causes ovulation
The bark of a tree contains
Phloem
What are the respiratory structures of terrestrial vertebrates?
Lungs (develop as ingrowths of the body surface or from the wall of a body cavity such as the pharynx); some lungs have ridges or folds that increase surface area
What hormone does GnRH stimulate?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary
What are the gills in bony fish composed of?
Many gill filaments (extend out over the water and provide an extensive surface for gas exchange)
What is the result of the triploid nucleus formed in the ovary?
Mitosis turns the triploid nucleus into the triploid endosperm
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Molecule formed when oxygen attaches to the iron atom in each heme (this reaction is weak and readily reversible so when blood circulates through tissues where the oxygen concentration is low, the reaction proceeds to the left and hemoglobin releases the oxygen which diffuses out of the blood and into tissue cells)
What kind of animals have a body surface that is adapted for gas exchange?
Most annelids and many amphibians (Have lower metabolic rate that requires less oxygen per cell and have a high surface area-to-volume ratio)
Indeterminate growth
Most plant parts No stopping part
What lines the trachea and the bronchi?
Mucus containing ciliated cells that help filter particles that may have been missed by the cleansing mechanisms of the nose and larynx
What helps ventilate the trachea in large, active insects by pumping air in and out of the spiracles?
Muscles (Example is the grasshopper)
Uterus
Muscular chamber where the embryo develops
Diving mammals have high concentrations of what oxygen storing protein?
Myoglobin (stores oxygen in muscles); can have up to 10 times more myoglobin than terrestrial animals
Cervix
Nearly closes off the lower end of the uterus; supports the developing embryo during pregnancy
_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere
Nitrogen Fixation
Does gas exchange occur in the air sacs of the birds?
No
___ transports sugars from leaves to, for example, taproots
Phloem
What is the path air takes in the respiratory system starting from when it enters the body?
Nostrils-nasal cavities-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
Daughter cells of spermatagonia
One reamins spermatogonia the other become committed to spermatogenesis
One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that
Only angiosperms produce fruit
Dermal tissue is located?
Outside of the plant
What does the femal reproductive system consist of?
Ovary, Fimbriae, Uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina
What is the maximum amount of oxygen that hemoglobin can transport?
Oxygen-carrying capacity
How does oxygen move from the blood to the tissue cells and carbon dioxide move from tissue cells to the blood?
Simple diffusion
How do small aquatic animals exchange gases?
Simply by diffusion. They have no specialized respiratory structures
Characteristics of asexual reproduction
Single individual is sole parent Single parent passes all its genes Offspring are genetically identical Results in a clone
____ is an area where sugars are used or stored
Sink
Polar body
Small cell that can't be fertilized
What are the two major types of cells inside the seminiferous tubules?
Spermatogonia (stem cells) and Sertoli (nourish developing sperm)
What are the tiny openings of the the tracheal tubes that air enters through on the body surface of the insects called?
Spiracles
Are flowers sporophyte or gametophytes? Haploid or diploid?
Sporophyte Diploid
When is asexual reproduction beneficial?
Stable environmnet
Function of the Epididymis and vas deferens
Store sperm, conduct sperm from the testes to the urethra
Placenta
Structure that transfers oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes between mother and embryo
Unlike collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues, parenchyma tissue do not function in
Support
True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.
T
66) All flatworms use their skin as a respiratory organ.
TRUE
67) The surface area of all respiratory systems must be large compared with the size of the animal involved because diffusion is a relatively slow process.
TRUE
68) Vertebrate lungs probably evolved from simple outpocketings of the digestive tract of a freshwater fish.
TRUE
69) Some fishes can extract 80% of the oxygen from water flowing through their gills through countercurrent exchange.
TRUE
70) Gills are respiratory structures found in fish, nudibranch mollusks, and some amphibians.
TRUE
What do LH and FSH stimulate in males?
Testosterone
Periderm is what?
The secondary plant's body protective covering, consists of the cork cambium plus the layres of cork cells it produces
Buds can form everywhere except?
Twig • Root • apical meristem
What happens in sexual reproduction of fungi?
Two different mating types (+,-) release pheromones and grow towards one another Hyphae fuse Nuclei fuse Zygote produces haploid spores
Define ventilation
The active movement of air or water over an animal's respiratory surface
What happens to air as it passes through the nostrils and flows through the nasal cavities?
The air is filtered, moistened, and brought to body temperature.
Cardiac Cycle
The altering contractions and relaxations of the heart.
What happens during pulmonary emphysema?
The alveoli lose their elasticity, and walls between adjacent alveoli are destroyed. The surface area of the lung is so reduced that gas exchange is seriously impaired. Air is not expelled effectively, and stale air accumulates in the lungs.
Define tidal volume
The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each normal resting breath
Residual Volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful exhalation. (Has to stay or else your lungs will collapse)
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contradiction.
How does it accomplish this task (countercurrent exchange)?
The blood (which has a lower concentration of oxygen) flows in the opposite direction of the water (which has a higher concentration of oxygen). As blood becomes progressively richer in oxygen, it comes into contact with water that has an increasingly high concentration of oxygen so the diffusion gradient favors the passage of oxygen from water to blood. (about 80% of oxygen diffuses from water to blood)
Systemic circuit
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs except those involved in gas exchange.
Pulmonary circuit
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs.
What happens during bronchial constriction?
The bronchial tubes narrow, increasing the chance that inhaled particles will land on the sticky mucous lining, but it narrows the airway so less air can reach the lungs, decreasing the amount of oxygen available to body cells.
What do the bronchi brach into?
The bronchioles (more than 1 million tiny bronchioles in each lung)
Characteristics of sexual reproduction
Two individual organisms give rise to offspring Each organism passes on half its genets to its offspring Offspring have unique combination of genes from each parent Results in greater genetic variation
When is sexual reproduction beneficial?
Unstable environments Allows for natural selection Wide seed dispersal
Right Atrium
The chamber of the heart in which oxygen-poor blood enters the heart from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
Right Ventricle
The chamber of the heart in which oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium enters and then exits out into the pulmonary artery.
Left Atrium
The chamber of the heart in which oxygen-rich blood enters the heart from the pulmonary veins.
Left Ventricle Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
The chamber of the heart in which oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium enters and then exits out into the aorta. The thickness of the left ventricle is greater than the right ventricle due to the distance that the blood has to circulate in the body.
Heart Attack
The damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries; this is due to the heart not receiving enough O2.
Explain the mechanics of inhalation
The diaphragm contracts expanding the chest cavity. The membranous walls of lungs move outward along the chest walls lowering the pressure within the lungs. Air rushes in through the air passageways until the pressure in the lungs equals atmospheric pressure.
What is the diaphragm?
The dome-shaped muscle that forms the "floor" of the thoracic cavity; its contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by moving downward during contraction
What closes off the larynx so food and water enter the esophagus rather than the trachea?
The epiglottis
What happens during deep, or forced, inhalation?
The external intercostal muscles also contract, pulling the rib cage upward. This action further increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. (the opposite occurs in forced exhalation and with the internal intercostal muscles)
lub
The first heart sound ("lub") is created by the recoil of blood against the closed AV valves.
Do flowers have determinate or indeterminate growth?
The flowers and leaves are determinate
Define Flick's Law of Diffusion
The greater the difference in pressure on two sides of a membrane, and the larger the surface area, the faster the gas diffuses across the membrane. (Explains that the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide that diffuses across the membrane of an alveolus depends on the differences in partial pressure on the two sides of the membrane and on the surface area of the membrane and the gas diffuses faster if the the difference in pressure or surface area increases)
Know where blood pressure is highest and lowest in the human circulatory system, and why.
The greatest amount of blood pressure is in the aorta. High pressure The lowest amount of blood pressure is in the veins. Low pressure
Each ovary sits near the open end of a __________ _________.
Uterine tube
Where is the egg fertilized?
Uterine tube
What is part of the lateral meristems?
Vascular and cork cambium
What gives rise to secondary phloem?
Vascular cambium
blood pressure
The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
When a plant is attacked by a pathogen, it may respond by carrying out a defense that causes cell and tissue death near the infection site, restricting the spread of the pathogen. What is the name of this defense?
The hypersensitive response
interstitial fluid
The internal environment of vertebrates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells.
What contains the vocal cords and is referred to as the voice box?
The larynx
Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of air that a human can inhale and exhale with each breath. (3.4 to 4.8 liters)
What occurs when the diving reflex is activated?
The metabolic rate decreases by about 20%, breathing stops and bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate) occurs, and blood is distributed so the heart and the brain receive the greatest share.
cellular respiration
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
What is the external bony plate that protects the fragile gills in bony fishes?
The operculum
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
The pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium, near where the superior vena cava enters the heart, sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract. o Generates electrical impulses that spread rapidly within heart tissue and bodily fluids o Causes the atria to contract in unison
The loading and unloading of gases onto hemoglobin depend on what?
The partial pressures of the of the plasma and interstitial fluid (which is determined by the gases dissolved in these fluids)
What determines the direction and rate of diffusion?
The pressure of a particular gas
What is a partial pressure?
The pressure the gas would exert if it were alone.
Define percent O2 saturation of the hemoglobin.
The ratio of O2 content to oxygen-carrying capacity
diffusion
The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.
Systole
The stage of the cardiac cycle in which the heart chamber contracts and pumps blood.
Diastole
The stage of the cardiac cycle in which the heart chamber is relaxed and fills with blood.
What are the alveoli?
The tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. This is where gas exchange occurs through the walls of the alveoli into the capillaries surrounding it. (There are about 300 million alveoli in each human lung and they provide the internal surface are the approximate size of a tennis court)
Other than the transport of materials,what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?
The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf
What is the windpipe also known as and what keeps it from collapsing?
The trachea; rings of cartilage
What is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after filling the lungs to the maximum extent?
The vital capacity
What happens to the volume of the lungs when the volume in the thoracic cavity increases and why?
The volume in the lungs increases because they adhere to the walls of the thoracic cavity
Tidal Volume
The volume of air that a human inhales and exhales with each breath. (Normal respritory cycle about 500 ml of oxygen)
What is the residual capacity?
The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart. The two factors that determine the cardiac output are the rate of contraction, or heart rate (number of beats per minute) and the stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contradiction.
_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves. Root pressure Bulk flow Translocation Transpiration Transfer cells
Transpiration
Hormones can function at very low concentrations
True
How do gills in chordates differ from other types of gills?
They are usually internal (they lie along the edges of the gill slits)
What do respiratory pigments do?
They combine reversibly with oxygen and greatly increase the capacity of blood to transport it.
What happens to foreign particles that find their way to the alveoli?
They may be engulfed by macrophages. The macrophages then accumulate in the lymph tissue of the lungs.
How does someone's body adjust to higher altitudes over time?
They produce more red blood cells
How do terrestrial animals that use their body surface for gas exchange keep their body moist?
They secrete fluids onto their body surface to keep it moist
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).
This is a measure of the amount of oxygen present in a tissue
oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (O2 saturation).
This is the percentage of oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin molecules that are actually bound to oxygen.
What is the cavity that contains the lungs?
Thoracic cavity
How does carbon dioxide pass from the blood to the alveoli?
Through simple diffusion
How does oxygen pass from the alveoli to the blood?
Through simple diffusion
Terrestrial animals have adaptations to keep what from happening?
To keep their lungs from drying out
What conducts water and minerals with xylem?
Tracheids and vessel elements
___ provides the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves
Transpiration
_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.
Transpiration
K+ moves into the cell
True
Pulmonary Arteries
Vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle into the lungs.
Pulmonary Veins
Vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
When the stomata is fixed open, what is the best kind of day for water transportation?
Warm dry • Warm moist • Cold dry • Cold moist
Which of the following statements about xylem transport is true? Water and minerals enter the xylem by diffusion. Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves. All water transported by the xylem is used for photosynthesis in the leaves. The xylem cells that conduct water and minerals are alive.
Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves.
What is chloride shift?
When chloride ions in the plasma diffuse into the red blood cell to replace bicarbonate ions that diffuse out of the cell
Oxygen release from hemoglobin:
When four oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin's subunits and one subunit releases its oxygen, the other three subunits change shape again. This causes them to release their oxygen more readily.
Why is carbon monoxide such a toxic chemical? - It is toxic to the liver. - It causes emphysema by attacking the walls of the alveoli. - When inhaled, it competes for the same sites on hemoglobin that bind oxygen and prevents transport of oxygen. - It can be rapidly absorbed by the skin.
When inhaled, it competes for the same sites on hemoglobin that bind oxygen and prevents transport of oxygen. Carbon monoxide adheres more than 200 times more tightly to hemoglobin than does carbon dioxide.
Oxygen binding to hemoglobin:
When one molecule of oxygen binds to one of hemoglobin's four subunits, the other subunits change shape slightly, increasing their affinity for oxygen.
What happens during decompression sickness?
When the barometric pressure drops below the total pressure of all gases dissolved in the blood and other body fluids, the dissolved gases tend to come out of solution and form gas bubbles (it is nitrogen that is bubbling out of solution in the blood)
Is hemoglobin the only type of pigment found in the blood of vertebrates?
Yes (It is also present in some other animals)
What is the problem with a concurrent exchange system?
You always want the oxygen concentration in the water to be greater than that of the blood. The difference in concentration would be great at first but very small at the end. The oxygen concentration of the water would decrease as the concentration of the blood increased. Diffusion would stop once equilibrium was reached so only about 50% of oxygen in the water would be diffused into the blood.
abc model
a gene - green petals at the butt of the flower head a+b genes - petals b+c genes - stamens c genes -carpels
oxygen diffuses into a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin
a protein made up of four subunits; one oxygen molecule can bind to each sub unit
cardiac cycle
a sequence of relaxation and contraction consisting of one diastole and one systole from both the atria and ventricles
atrium (atria)
a thin-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins and pumps it to a neighboring chamber (the ventricle)
At a sugar sink, sugar is removed from phloem by ____
active transport
when the lungs expand
air pressure in the lungs drops, causing air to flow into the lungs
the relaxation phase
allows each chamber to refill before the next contraction
In what part of the lung does gas exchange occur? - bronchioles - larynx - alveoli - bronchi
alveoli
Most gas exchange with blood vessels occurs across the walls of the
alveoli
oxygen diffuses from the
alveolus to the blood
Blood enters the right atrium from the
anterior and posterior venae cavae.
A stamen consists of _____.
anther and filament
oxygen content of the blood is the greatest at the
aorta, left atrium, and pulmonary vein
_______ _________ - located at tips of roots and shoots. Allow plant to grow in length - called ________ _________.
apical meristems, primary growth
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.
archegonia ... egg
the only veins that carry oxygenated blood
are pulmonary veins
blood pressure is highest
at the aorta
blood vessel walls are the thinnest
at the capillaries
carbon dioxide leaves the blood
at the capillaries of the left and right lung
where do the paths of food and air cross?
at the pharynx
LDL
bad cholesterol, this cholesterol is integral in the buildup of plaque in the arteries.
All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT: - alveoli of a raccoon. - skin of an earthworm. - gills of a fish. - tracheae of a fly. - bat wings.
bat wings.
The ground tissue in a leaf is sandwiched _______ the upper and lower epidermis.
between
what do valves (flaplike) prevent?
blood from flowing backward into the chambers
where does blood move the fastest?
blood moves the fasted at the aorta
diastolic blood pressure
blood pressure measured in the systematic arterial circulation just prior to ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the aorta.
systolic blood pressure
blood pressure measured in the systemic arterial circulation of ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the aorta
carbon dioxide diffuses from the
blood to the alveolus
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the ____
bryophytes
The water pressure that pushes water and sugar from sugar source to sugar sink is referred to as ____
bulk flow
____ is responsible for the movement of sugars from leaves to taproots; ___ is responsible for the movements of sugar from taproots to leaves
bulk flow, bulk flow
Movement of O2 from the outside air to respiratory surfaces by breathing is an example of: - diffusion. - active transport. - facilitated diffusion. - bulk flow. - osmosis.
bulk flow.
How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?
by the division of its cells
How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained? by the differentiation of secondary xylem by the differentiation of cork by the division of its cells by the differentiation of apical meristem by the differentiation of secondary phloem
by the division of its cells
Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system? a. pith... vascular tissue system b. xylem... ground tissue system c. cortex... ground tissue system d. phloem... epidermis e. guard cells... ground tissue
c
the two places that oxygen leaves the blood are
capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
Pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Water uptake accounts for about 90% of plant ______ _______. Most of the water is packaged in the large _____ _______.
cell expansion, central vacuole
Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.
center ... surface
Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____. top ... bottom center ... surface center ... center surface ... surface surface ... center
center ... surface
____ are characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
chloroplasts
What creates the string on celery and provides support?
collenchyma cells
The vascular tissue of each leaf is __________ with the vascular tissue of the stem.
continuous
Arterioles in the penis are contracted or relaxed when the penis is flacid?
contracted
The ground tissue fills the ______, the region between the _______ _______ and _______.
cortex, vascular cylinder and epidermis
If you increase concentration of solutes you?
decrease water potential
Double Circulation
defined as blood passing through the heart twice in one circulation. It's important because it keeps oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood separate.
Each plant organ has _______, ________, and ______ tissue. Each forms a ______ system.
dermal, vascular, ground, tissue
Although amphibians use gills during their aquatic larval stage and develop simple, sac-like lungs as adults, some may also depend on an additional mechanism for gas exchange. What is it? - inflatable air sacs that store air - thin projections of the body surface that protrude into the surrounding water - countercurrent exchange mechanisms - diffusion of gases into and out of capillaries through their thin, moist skin
diffusion of gases into and out of capillaries through their thin, moist skin
Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____.
disperse seeds
Which of these is unique to flowering plants?
double fertilization
In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei.
eight haploid
What structure do insects use to deliver air close to each body cell? - saclike lungs - pharynx - elaborate branching air tubes called tracheae - spiracles
elaborate branching air tubes called tracheae Spiracles bring air into tracheae.
The innermost layer of the cortex is called the _________.
endodermis
carbon dioxide transportation options:
enters red blood cells, binds to hemoglobin, or is converted to bicarbonate
flower formation is triggered by a combination of _______ ______ and _________ _______.
environmental cues, internal signals
The primary growth of roots produces the ________, _______ _______, and ________ _______.
epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue
The _______ in leaves is interrupted by _______, which allow CO2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf
epidermis, stomata
IN THE LUNGS Oxygen diffuses
from the alveoli to capillaries
IN THE LUNGS carbon dioxide diffuses
from the capillaries into the alveoli.
Which respiratory system characteristics are shared by fish, frogs, jellyfish, and earthworms? - respiratory system with a complex network of tubes - lack of a true circulatory system - internal respiratory structures - gas exchange across a moist respiratory surface - gas exchange across the skin
gas exchange across a moist respiratory surface
HDL
good cholesterol, it fights the buildup of plaque
________, __________, __________ ____________ act together to transform the fertilized egg into a plant.
growth, morphogenesis, differentiation
Angiosperms are most closely related to ____
gymnosperms
15. Describe the hormonal control of erythrocyte production (from where the hormone is secreted, where it travels to, and what is the effect on its target).
o Cells in the kidney sense that the body is running low on oxygen and they then release erythropoietin (EPO). The EPO then travels to the bone marrow cells and signals it to make more Red Blood Cells. When more red blood cells are made, more oxygen is produced, and the EPO levels drop. (Negative feedback)
Explain how blood flow in veins occurs, the function of values in veins
o Gravity is also a consideration for blood flow in veins, especially those in the legs. Although blood pressure in veins is relatively low, several mechanisms assist the return of venous blood to the heart. o First, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in the walls of venules and veins aid in the movement of the blood. o Second, the contraction of skeletal muscles during exercise squeezes blood through the veins toward the heart. o Third, the change in pressure within the thoracic (chest) cavity during inhalation causes the venae cavae and other large veins near the heart to expand and fill with blood
11. Describe the composition of lymph, the structure of lymph vessels, and explain how the lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system. Know how lymph is pumped through lymph vessels.
o Lymph - The colorless fluid, derived from the interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrates. Its composition is about the same as that of interstitial fluid. o The lymph vessels are thin walled structures that carry lymph. They are lined with endothelial cells as well as a layer of smooth muscle cells. o Lymphatic system - A system of vessels sand nodes, separate from the circulatory system, which returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood. o The lymphatic system drains into large veins of the circulatory system at the base of the neck. o This joining of the lymphatic and circulatory systems functions in the transfer of lipids from the small intestine to the blood.
10. Explain how osmotic pressure and blood pressure regulate the exchange of fluid and solutes across capillary walls
o Many blood proteins and blood and blood cells are too large to pass readily through the endothelium, and they remain in the capillaries. o The proteins create an osmotic pressure difference between the capillary interior and the interstitial fluid. o In places where the blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure difference, there is a net loss of fluid from the capillaries. o In contrast, where the osmotic pressure difference exceeds the blood pressure, there is a net movement of fluid from the tissues into the capillaries.
Explain how blood flow through capillary beds is regulated.
o One mechanism involves contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of an arteriole, which reduces the vessel's diameter and decreases blood flow to the adjoining capillary beds. When the smooth muscle relaxes, the arterioles dilate, allowing blood to enter the capillaries. o The other mechanism for altering flow involves the action of precapillary sphincters, rings of smooth muscle located at the entrance to capillary beds. The signals that regulate blood flow include nerve impulses, hormones traveling throughout the bloodstream, and chemicals produced locally.
the bronchiole is
one of the fine tubes that carries inhaled air to the alveoli
vena cava
one of the two large veins (inferior & superior) that return oxygen-depleted blood from the tissues of the body to the right atrium
pulmonary vein
one of the two veins that returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
What are spiracles? - openings into the tracheae of insects - openings into the alveoli of the lungs - openings between the gills of a frog tadpole - openings to the bronchi
openings into the tracheae of insects
Plants, like multicellular animals, have _______ composed of different _______, which in turn are composed of cells
organs, tissues
Water moves into phloem by ____
osmosis
Cells need _____ to obtain energy through cellular respiration, and to get rid of the waste product_____
oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2)
the right atrium receives
oxygen-depleted blood through two veins called the inferior and superior venae cavae
the left atrium receives
oxygenated blood through two veins called the pulmonary veins.
What are 3 factors that affect the ability of oxygen to combine with hemoglobin and be released?
pH, carbon dioxide, and temperature
Lateral roots arise from within the ________, the _______ cell layer in the vascular cylinder.
pericycle, outermost
In woody plants protective tissue called the ______ replaces the _______ in older regions of stems and roots.
periderm, epidermis
Where do air from the nose and air from the mouth join? - larynx - pharynx - bronchioles - bronchi - trachea
pharynx
Plants pass through developmental phases, called _______ _______, developing from a juvenile phase to an adult phase.
phase changes
What is responsible for leaves being considered sugar sources?
photosynthesis
The _____ and ________ of cell division are important determinants of a plant's form.
plane, symmetry
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.
pollen grains
Cellular differentiation to a large extent depends on _________ ________and is affected by ________ __________.
positional information, homeotic genes
Water in a turgid cell has ____ pressure potential
positive
The "imprint" consists of an ordered array of actin microfilaments that remain after the __________ ________ of microtubules disperse.
preprophase band
The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the ____
pressure-flow hypothesis
the contraction phase
produces the pressure required to move blood into the systemic and pulmonary circulations
Assume that you watch an earthworm crawl across the pavement on a warm sunny day and notice that its skin is drying out. What will be the immediate result of dry skin and the ultimate cause of death? - heat effects - dehydration - starvation - suffocation
suffocation Moist skin is an excellent gas-exchange organ in the earthworm but when the skin is dry, oxygen cannot diffuse through it.
Corpus Luteum
temporary gland formed by the accessory follicle cells left after egg leaves ovary.
capillary has cells, surrounded by endothelial layer
that allows net fluid movement out for small tissues
What is oxygen content?
the actual amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
where is blood pressure the lowest?
the anterior and posterior vena cava
systemic circulation (left atrium) serves
the body
Within an open circulatory system, such as that operating in insects,
the body fluid, called hemolymph, bathes the organs directly as it is pumped between open spaces in the body.
oxygen enters the blood at
the capillaries of the left and right lung
During inhalation, - the diaphragm relaxes. - the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. - air moves up the trachea. - the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. - oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. The contraction of these muscles causes air to enter the lungs.
Both arteries and veins are defined by
the direction relative to the heart in which blood is transported.
aorta
the large artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to branch arteries for distribution throughout the body
pulmonary circulation (right atrium) serves
the lungs
Define breathing
the mechanical process of moving air from the environment into the lungs and of expelling air from the lungs.
The cortex is on?
the outer face of the primary phloem
diastole
the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the chambers of the heart relax and the ventricles dilate, allowing blood to flow in.
systole
the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract, pumping blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
osmotic pressure
the pressure produced by the difference in solute concentration across a membrane
Blood enters the left atrium via
the pulmonary veins
what are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood?
the pulmonary veins (oxy)
where is the heart beat initiated?
the right atrium
Vascular cambium and cork cambium produce?
the secondary plant body
the left ventricle has the
thickest walls of the four chambers
oxygen is used by a cells mitochindria
to produce ATP during cellular respiration
The vascular system
transports materials between roots and shoots
The influx of K+ into stomata guard cells causes the water potential to decrease which encourages water to enter and therefore open the stomata
true (remember that when the guards become turgid they open)
How many bronchi does the human have? - one - four - two - three
two The trachea splits into two large branches called bronchi, one leading to each lung.
The secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by the ________ ________ and _______ _________.
vascular cambium, cork cambium
In most roots, the stele is a ______ _________.
vascular cylinder
Flower formation involves a phase change from ______ ______to _______ _______
vegetative growth, reproductive growth
What is endosperm?
via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo
the alveoli is the location of the respiratory surface
where gases are actually exchanged
Water and minerals that are taken up in the soil are transported from roots to leaves by the ___
xylem
What is thought to be associated with opening of the stomata?
• K+ into the guard cell • K+ out of guard cell • Turgor pressure
Parachyma cells have all but what>
• Secondary wall • The primary wall • Metabolism and synthesis
What is phloem made up of?
• Sieve tubes • Companion cell
