BIO 108 Ch. 6 McGraw Hill Connect Part 2

Which of the following are true about glycolysis?

1. The pathway splits glucose and oxidizes it to form two molecules of pyruvate. 2. The pathway provides the cell with a small amount of ATP, some reducing power, and six precursor metabolites.

During cellular _____, electrons extracted from glucose via the central metabolic pathways are transferred to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate a proton motive force that can be harvested to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

respiration

As part of cellular respiration, a membrane-bound enzyme called ATP _____ uses energy from a proton-motive force to add a phosphate group to ADP.

synthase

When a single molecule of glucose is processed by glycolysis in an E. coli cell, which of the following make up the net gain of this process?

Six precursor metabolites, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of ATP

Proton motive force is ______.

the form of energy that results from the electrochemical gradient established by the electron transport chain

The step that links glycolysis to the TCA cycle is called the _____ step.

transition

The metabolic pathway that oxidizes a 2-carbon acetyl group to release two molecules of CO2 and generates the most reducing power of all the central metabolic pathways is called the _____ acid cycle.

tricarboxylic

True or false: With respect to the location of the electron transport chain, the inner membrane of mitochondria is analogous to the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells.

true

Unlike the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, the electrons carried by NADPH are ______.

used to reduce compounds during biosynthetic reactions

The form of energy that results from the electrochemical gradient established by the electron transport chain is the ______.

proton motive force

The primary pathway used by many organisms to convert glucose to pyruvate is

Glycolysis

Which of the following are produced by the transition step for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis?

1 precursor metabolite (2 molecules of acetyl-CoA) and 2 NADH

Consider the three key central metabolic pathways (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle). What three beneficial products of these pathways?

1. ATP 2. reducing power 3. precursor metabolites

The transition step occurs twice for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, oxidizing pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA. Together, these generate ______.

2 NADH and 1 precursor metabolite (2 molecules of acetyl-CoA)

For a single molecule of glucose, what is the theoretical maximum ATP gain from oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes growing aerobically?

34 ATP

If the theoretical maximum ATP yield in prokaryotes from oxidative phosphorylation is 34 ATP for a single glucose molecule, what is the total ATP gain when substrate-level phosphorylation is included?

38 ATP

In order for cells to obtain energy, they remove electrons from an energy source and ultimately donate them to the terminal electron acceptor. What does this tell us about the electron affinity of the energy source and the terminal electron acceptor?

The energy source has a lower affinity for electrons, and the terminal electron acceptor has a higher affinity for electrons.

For each six-carbon molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvate are made, and how many carbon atoms does each pyruvate have?

Two molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbon atoms.

The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are found in the _____ matrix in eukaryotes and in the _____ in prokaryotes.

mitochondrial; cytoplasm

The TCA cycle completes the ______ of glucose.

oxidation

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the _____ membrane, whereas in eukaryotic cells it is in the _____ membrane of mitochondria.

cytoplasmic; inner

Which of the following are important electron carriers for a cell?

1. NADP+/NADPH 2. FAD/FADH2 3. NAD+/NADH

Which of the following correctly describe respiration?

1. The electron transport chain uses the electrons to generate a proton motive force that can be used to generate ATP. 2. Electrons extracted from glucose are transferred to the electron transport chain.

Which of the following correctly describe the transition step and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

1. Together they generate the most reducing power of all the central metabolic pathways. 2. The transition step converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA. 3. The TCA cycle oxidizes a 2-carbon acetyl group to release two molecules of CO2.

Unlike the electrons carried by NADPH, the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are ______.

1. used to generate proton motive force 2. transferred to the electron transport chain 3. used in the process that produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

During the transition step of central metabolism, all of the following occur EXCEPT ______.

2 ATP are generated.

For each glucose molecule degraded, the net yield of glycolysis is ______.

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 6 precursor metabolites

The TCA cycle turns twice for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis. Together, these two turns generate ______.

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 precursor metabolites

In terms of reducing power, what are the products of the TCA cycle?

6 NADH and 2 FADH2

For each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, the intermediate step generates two molecules of acetyl-CoA. If these both feed into the TCA cycle, the resulting two turns of the TCA cycle will generate which of the following?

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 precursor metabolites, and 2 ATP

The TCA cycle incorporates an acetyl group from the transition step and releases two different precursor metabolites, two molecules of _____, and two molecules of _____. (Not counting reducing power)

CO2; ATP

The central metabolic pathway that splits glucose and gradually oxidizes it to form two molecules of pyruvate is

Glycolysis

In respiring bacteria, how does ATP synthase generate ATP?

It uses the energy released from allowing protons to flow back into the cell to add a phosphate group to ADP.

The function of NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2 in a cell is to carry

electrons

Consider how cells obtain energy to make ATP. The chemical that serves as the electron donor is the _____ source, and the one that ultimately accepts those electrons is the _____ electron acceptor.

energy; terminal

Glucose catabolism encompasses two key processes: (1) oxidizing glucose molecules to generate ATP, reducing power, and precursor metabolites; and (2) transferring the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 to the terminal electron acceptor. The second process, transfer of electrons, is accomplished as part of which of the following?

fermentation and cellular respiration