Bio 111 Exam 1

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom? 3 7 0 9 1

1

Equal volumes (5 mL) of vinegar from a freshly opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH? 100 mL of freshly squeezed lemon juice 100 mL of pure water 100 mL of freshly brewed coffee 100 mL of tomato juice 100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5 M ammonia

100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5 M ammonia

One liter of a solution of pH 4 has how many more hydrogen ions (H+) than 1 L of a solution of pH 9? 100,000 times more 40,000 times more 16 times more 10,000 times more 4 times more

100,000 times more

Approximately what percentage of human-generated atmospheric CO2 is absorbed by the oceans? 95% 5% 1% 60% 25%

25%

2) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

4

Burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Approximately what proportion of this CO2 remains in the atmosphere, contributing to the trapping of heat close to the Earth's surface? less than 1% 5% 50% 90%

50%

The gecko can climb smooth walls due to one type of bond or interaction, while a spider can walk on water due to a different kind. Identify each type of bond. A.polar covalent, van der Waals B.nonpolar covalent, polar covalent C.strong ionic bond, hydrogen bond D.weak ionic bond, polar covalent E.van der Waals, hydrogen bond

van der Waals, hydrogen bond

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-15 is heavier than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains how many neutrons? 14 7 8 12 6

8

8) How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polysaccharide that is 10 monomers long? A) 11 B) 10 C) 12 D) 9

9

Temperatures depend on local geographic conditions. Why is the temperature much cooler in Los Angeles than in San Bernardino? A.The cool ocean water buffers temperatures by cooling winds moving inland. B.The high specific heat of water helps keep ocean water cooler than land. C.Los Angeles is closer to the ocean than San Bernardino. D.A and B E.A-C

A-C

Which of the following is an example of "unity in diversity"? The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

A single-celled organism isolated from a deep-sea, hot thermal vent was found to have a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. This organism is most likely a member of which of the following domains? Archaea Fungi Protista Eukarya Animalia

Archaea

Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes? Eukarya and Monera Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria and Eukarya Archaea and Monera Bacteria and Protista

Bacteria and Archaea

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of single electrons between atoms. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms to form molecules; ionic bonds are formed between atoms to form compounds. Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms.

9) Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. B) Dehydration reactions split water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers, and hydrolysis reactions remove hydroxyl groups from polymers. C) Dehydration reactions break down polymers, and hydrolysis reactions create monomers. D) Dehydration reactions create monomers, and hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers.

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms? Archaea Fungi Eukarya Plantae Bacteria

Eukarya

Wood ants shoot ________________ as their defense mechanism: .A. Webs B. Water C. Formic Acid D. Poison gas

Formic Acid

Which of the following correctly describes chemical equilibrium? Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products. Reactions stop only when all reactants have been converted to products. The concentrations of the products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants. Forward and reverse reactions have stopped so that the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant.

Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products.

Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form a covalent bond? A.Na and Cl B.C and O C.N and O D.Si and Cl E.H and H

H and H

Which of the following would be regarded as compounds? H2O and O2 O2 and CH4 H2O and CH4, but not O2 H2O, O2, and CH4 CH4 and O2, but not H2O

H2O and CH4, but not O2

Which of the following was Charles Darwin's most significant original contribution to understanding both the unity and diversity of life? He documented examples of organisms that had evolved over time. He suggested that survival depends upon competition. He explained the relationship between genes and evolution. He observed that individuals in a population generally displayed variation for a number of traits. He proposed a mechanism to explain the process of evolution.

He proposed a mechanism to explain the process of evolution.

Charles Darwin proposed that "descent with modification" resulted when organisms of a particular species become adapted to their environment because they possess Heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. Heritable traits that enhance their survival and decrease their reproductive success in the local environment. nNonheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. Nonheritable traits that enhance survival and decrease their reproductive success in the local environment.

Heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

Which of the following is true of a scientific theory? It is a method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. It must demonstrate the effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups. It is only accepted after the person who formulated it has died. It is formulated by many scientists over drinks at a convention. It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope.

It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope.

Water has an unusually high specific heat. This is directly related to which of the following? A.At its boiling point, water changes from liquid to vapor. B.More heat is required to raise the temperature of water. C.Ice floats in liquid water. D.Salt water freezes at a lower temperature than pure water. E.Floating ice can insulate bodies of water.

More heat is required to raise the temperature of water.

Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form an ionic bond? A.Na and Cl B.C and O C.N and O D.Si and Cl E.all of the above

Na and Cl

Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur? Organisms are naturally antagonistic. Males must defend their territories. Organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited. Females must choose among possible mates. All of the above are correct.

Organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited.

Which of the following kingdoms comprises mostly unicellular eukaryotes? A.Monera (Bacteria) B.Protista C.Fungi D.Plantae E.Animalia

Protista

Which of the following is an activity that would not reflect the practice of science? A. Science is typically performed alone in the lab. B. Data are typically collected by teams of students and experienced researchers. C. Scientists typically reexamine conclusions or repeat experiments from other large, famous labs. D. Scientists who work in forests studying ecology often collaborate closely with geneticists who work only in the lab. E. The practice of science results in a discovery that lends new insight, and technology involves how this new insight will be applied to develop a new drug.

Science is typically performed alone in the lab.

In order for a hypothesis to be used in science, which of the following must be true? The hypothesis must be reproducible. The hypothesis must be proven correct. The hypothesis must be popularly accepted. The hypothesis represents established facts. The hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.

The hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen? The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 14. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 7. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 21. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 14. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 21.

The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 7.

Like jackrabbits, elephants have many blood vessels in their ears that help them cool their bodies by radiating heat. Which of the following statements about this radiated energy is accurate? A.The original source of the energy was the sun. B.The energy will be recycled through the ecosystem. C.The radiated energy will be trapped by predators of the elephants. D.More energy is radiated in cold conditions than in hot conditions. E.More energy is radiated at night than during the day.

The original source of the energy was the sun.

10) Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are cis-trans isomers of each other. C) They are both used for energy storage in plants. D) They can both be digested by humans. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.

They are both polymers of glucose

All of the organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem are known as a biological system. a population. a biological community. a biosphere.

a biological community

A group of organisms of a species living together in an environment is referred to as A.a population. B.a community. C.an ecosystem. D.the biosphere.

a population

A DNA molecule is made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate (a functional group), and A.adenine. B.cytosine. C.guanine. D.thymine. E.all of these.

all of these

6) Which of the following is a monomer used to build a biological polymer? A) DNA B) amino acid C) triglyceride D) disaccharide

amino acid

5) Which of the following is a correct monomer/polymer pairing? A) amino acid/polysaccharide B) amino acid/polypeptide C) glycerol/triglyceride D) monosaccharide/polypeptide

amino acid/polypeptide

All of the living things in a particular area along with all of the nonliving aspects of the environment with which organisms interact is known as the biosphere. a biological community. a population. an ecosystem.

an ecosystem

Which of these individuals is likely to be most successful in an evolutionary sense? An organism that lives 100 years and leaves two offspring, both of whom survive to reproduce A female who mates with 20 males and produces one offspring that lives to reproduce A male who mates with 20 females and fathers one offspring A reproductively sterile individual who never falls ill An organism that dies after five days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce

an organism that dies after five days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom? approximately 16 daltons approximately 8 grams approximately 16 grams approximately 8 daltons approximately 24 grams

approximately 16 daltons

Which of the following types of cells lack a nucleus? protists archaea animal plant fungi

archaea

4) Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers, that is, molecules that A) differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds. B) exist in either linear chain or ring forms. C) are mirror images of one another. D) have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons.

are mirror images of one another

Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large-scale to smaller scale? Communities → populations → organisms → ecosystems → biosphere Ecosystems → biosphere → communities → populations → organisms Biosphere → ecosystems → populations→ communities → organisms Biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations → organisms Biosphere → communities → populations → ecosystems → organisms

biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations → organisms

About 20-25% of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen carbon, sodium, hydrogen, nitrogen carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

The actions of an organism are based on activities A.organ B.cell C.tissue D.organ systems

cell

Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight to kinetic energy. carbon dioxide and water. the energy of motion. oxygen. chemical energy.

chemical energy

Which properties of water are most important for the movement of water up the tree? A.cohesion and specific heat B.cohesion and adhesion C.adhesion and specific heat D.adhesion and heat of vaporization E.heat of vaporization and specific heat

cohesion and adhesion

A group of different elements arranged in a set ratio is referred as a(an) A.atom. B.compound. C.organelle. D.cell.

compound

Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with compounds that have nonpolar covalent bonds. compounds that are not soluble in water. oxygen gas (O2) molecules. compounds that have polar covalent bonds. methane gas (CH4) molecules.

compounds that have polar covalent bonds.

3) A carbon atom is most likely to form which of the following bonds with other atoms? A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds D) covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds

7) What is a common chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) decreasing the pH B) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers C) hydrolysis reactions D) dehydration reactions

dehydration reactions

Darwin's finches, collected from the Galápagos Islands, illustrate which of the following? descent with modification ancestors from different regions mutation frequency the accuracy of the fossil record

descent with modification

If you see radioactive isotopes in a laboratory that deals with biological samples, what could you be sure is not the reason for their presence? A.medical imaging B.tracing movements in cells C.dating fossils D.disinfecting wounds E.B and C

disinfecting wounds

Which of the following solutions would require the greatest amount of base to be added to bring the solution to neutral pH? black coffee at pH 5 vinegar at pH 3 household bleach at pH 12 gastric juice at pH 2 tomato juice at pH 4

gastric juice at pH 2

The entire set of genetic information in a cell or an organism is referred as a A.chromosome. B.chromatin. C.gene. D.genome.

genome

Imagine there is a species-specific fishing regulation that mandates only adult fish of this species that are 75 cm or longer may be kept and shorter fish must be released. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you would predict that the average length of the adult fish population will rapidly decline. gradually decline. rapidly increase. gradually increase. remain unchanged.

gradually decline.

12) Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the β glycosidic linkages of starch but not the αglycosidic linkages of cellulose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the βglycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract, but not cellulose-digesting bacteria. D) the monomer of starch is glucose, whereas the monomer of cellulose is glucose modified by the addition of a nitrogen-containing group.

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the βglycosidic linkages of cellulose.

In an aqueous solution, water molecules associate with one another through which of the following? hydrophobic interaction ionic bonds hydrogen bonds polar covalent bonds covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

Water becomes less dense when it freezes due to A.hydrogen bonds. B.polar covalent bonds. C.ionic bonds. D.nonpolar covalent bonds. E.double bonds.

hydrogen bonds

Water has special properties, including high cohesion, high surface tension, and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat. What kind of bond between water molecules gives water these special properties? A.strong ionic bonds B. non-polar covalent bonds C.polar covalent bonds D.hydrogen bonds E.weak ionic bonds

hydrogen bonds

You are asked whether a sample came from a living thing. Chemical analysis shows that it consists mostly of calcium and sulfur, so you say that A.it did, since living things contain calcium and sulfur. B.it did not, since living things contain calcium, but not sulfur. C.it did, since living things usually contain mostly phosphorus. D.it did not, since sulfur is toxic. E.it did not, since living things contain more carbon and oxygen than most other elements.

it did not, since living things contain more carbon and oxygen than most other elements.

The primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is chemical energy. light energy. kinetic energy. thermal energy. ATP

light energy

Which of the following correctly describes the forms by which energy flows through an ecosystem from entry to exit? light → heat → chemical light → chemical → heat chemical → heat → light heat → chemical → heat

light → chemical → heat

If you were a fish in Minnesota, for which property of water would you be most grateful? A.specific heat B.heat of vaporization C.adhesion D.low density when frozen E.odorlessness

low density when frozen

What is the correct order (from small to large) in a living cell or an organism? A.cells, organelles, organ system, community, ecosystems B.molecules, organism, population, communities, biosphere C.molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities D.organelles, cells, population, biosphere, ecosystems E.cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communities

molecules, organism, population, communities, biosphere

Over time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by an emergent property. reductionism. natural selection. the hierarchy of the biological organization of life.

natural selection

The idea that form and function are related is not exemplified by which of the following examples? A.Cells in the intestinal lining of vertebrates have many small projections that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. B.Plants that live in dry areas have large roots for absorbing water. C.Seeds that are dispersed by wind are very light. D.Fish that swim rapidly have bodies that are streamlined. E.none of the above

none of the above

Which is a compound? A.gold B.nitrogen C.carbon D.phosphorus E.none of the above

none of the above

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. polar substances that have an affinity for water. nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules. polar substances that repel water molecules. charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules.

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules.

Two atoms that have the same mass number must have the same atomic number. protons. number of electrons. number of protons + neutrons. chemical properties.

number of protons + neutrons.

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of fungi? producing sugars by photosynthesis living in extreme environments like boiling hot springs obtaining nutrients by ingesting other organisms obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment

obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when the two atoms sharing electrons are different elements. the two atoms sharing electrons are the same element. the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative. one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom. oxygen is one of the two atoms sharing electrons.

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom.

Membrane-enclosed components of cells that carry out specialized functions are organelles. organs. tissues. molecules.

organelles

Complete the analogy: covalent bonds are to ionic bonds as a wooden board is to A.paper. B.egg shells. C.a tree trunk. D.a mosquito. E.a leaf.

paper

In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by polar covalent bonds. nonpolar covalent bonds. ionic bonds. hydrogen bonds. van der Waals interactions.

polar covalent bonds.

All of the individuals of the same species living within a specified area is known as a family. ecosystem. community. population.

population

If you observed an extraterrestrial organism that was mostly composed of water, and you saw that it gradually lost water during warmer weather, you would guess that the function of the water loss was to A.reduce temperature. B.eliminate waste. C.transmit signals. D.reduce weight. E.attract prey.

reduce temperature

Which of the following is not a theme that unifies biology? A.systems biology B.emergent properties C.inductive reasoning D.reductionism E.genomics

reductionism

What do elements with atomic numbers 6, 14, and 22 have in common? A.same number of electrons B.same atomic mass C.same valence and will form the same number of covalent bonds D.all of the above E.none of the above

same valence and will form the same number of covalent bonds

A covalent bond is formed by transfer of an electron from one atom to another. transfer of a proton from one atom to another. sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms. sharing of a pair of protons between two atoms. sharing of a single electron between two atoms.

sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.

1) When carbon forms single covalent bonds with four other atoms, the atoms joined to the carbon form a A) line. B) sphere. C) cube. D) tetrahedron. E) plane.

tetrahedron

All of the living things on Earth along with all of the places where life exists is known as a biological community. a population. the biosphere. an ecosystem.

the biosphere

If the cytoplasm of a cell is at pH 7, and the mitochondrial matrix is at pH 8, this means that the concentration of H+ ions in the cytoplasm is 7/8 the concentration in the mitochondrial matrix. the mitochondrial matrix is more acidic than the cytoplasm. the concentration of H+ ions is tenfold higher in the mitochondrial matrix than in the cytoplasm. the concentration of H+ ions is tenfold higher in the cytoplasm than in the mitochondrial matrix. the concentration of H+ ions in the cytoplasm is 8/7 the concentration in the mitochondrial matrix.

the concentration of H+ ions is tenfold higher in the cytoplasm than in the mitochondrial matrix.

Strong evidence in support of the common ancestry of all life comes from the fact that decomposers include both bacteria and fungi. the universal use of protein catalysts by all cells. the ability of plants to convert light energy to chemical energy. the existence of a nearly universal genetic code.

the existence of a nearly universal genetic code.

The chemical behavior of an atom depends primarily upon which of the following? the number of electron shells contained by the atom the number of protons in the nucleus the total number of electrons contained by the atom the number of electrons in the valence shell the number of neutrons in the nucleus

the number of electrons in the valence shell

11) The biochemical reaction that joins two amino acids to form a dipeptide is accompanied by A) the addition of a nitrogen atom. B) the release of a water molecule. C) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. D) the addition of a water molecule.

the release of a water molecule