bio 116 exam 4

Owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5,000 J of animal material. The owl loses 2,300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2,500 J for cellular respiration. What is the production efficiency of this owl?

7.4%

Which statement regarding the June solstice is true?

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.

Which of the following statements about photoreception is true?

The retinal molecule changes shape when it absorbs light.

Why are experiments that involve transplanting species seldom conducted today?

The transplanted species are often disruptive to their new communities.

True or false? The "blind spot" in vertebrate eyes is a region of the retina that contains no photoreceptors.

True

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.

astrocytespromote blood flow and regulate ion concentrations

Pyrethroid insecticides prevent the voltage-gated sodium channels of insects from inactivating. Neurons that were exposed to pyrethroids would ________.

not repolarize during an action potential

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The mortality rate of Albertosaurus dinosaurs aged between 25% and 50% of their maximum life span was far greater than the mortality rate of dinosaurs that reached 75% of their maximum life span.

not supported

During gastrulation in frogs, a rod of mesoderm under the dorsal surface forms the _____.

notochord

A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____.

dendrites

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the _____.

olfactory bulb

The posterior portion of the neural tube will develop into the frog's _____.

spinal cord

According to the graph, which modern animal has a relatively constant mortality rate throughout its life span?

starling

The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____.

substrate at the bottom of the body of water

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____.

synapse

Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within _____.

synaptic terminals

The eight climographs show yearly temperature (line graph and left vertical axis) and precipitation (bar graph and right vertical axis) averages for each month for some locations on Earth. Which climograph shows the climate for location 3?

E

Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?

Equator

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography predicts that large islands close to the mainland will have more species than small islands that are distant from the mainland. Which of the following factors does not contribute to that prediction?

Evolution occurs more rapidly on large islands, thereby increasing species diversity.

Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)?

Gastrula

Which one of the following is most likely to be a hot spot of biodiversity for birds?

Central America

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it.

Nitrification is indicated by the letter(s) _____.

B

Consider two old-growth forests: One is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?

logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

What does the orange graph line represent?

logistic growth

Which of the following conditions favors "big-bang" reproduction?

low rates of offspring survival

Sensory transduction in the auditory system is much like transduction of _____.

mechanosensory stimuli

Contact of a sea urchin egg with signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief _____.

membrane depolarization

Use the figure to answer the following question. The figure represents the dynamics of ________.

metapopulations

What does the right y-axis represent?

resources, with quantity decreasing from bottom to top

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with _____.

resting and digesting

The goal of restoration ecology is to ________.

return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state

Use the following figure to answer the question. Considering its total area covered, which ecosystem type represented in the figure has a very low level of economic impact on Earth's ecosystem?

rock, sand, and ice

Generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns are caused by ________.

solar radiation that warms moist air masses near the equator, which then cool and release precipitation as they rise, and then, at high altitude, move north or south of the tropics and sink back to the surface as dry air masses

Which of the following groups can be quaternary consumers in this food web?

sperm whales

The space between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a(n) _____.

synaptic cleft

What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?

synaptic terminal

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by ________.

the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the inactivation of sodium channels

Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when _____.

they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?

tropical rain forest

One plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that ________.

tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

tundra

Which of the following is an important feature of most terrestrial biomes?

vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

Keystone species are those species _____

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

What causes the falling phase of the action potential? Select the best answer.

Inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels and the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels Submit

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction. Which of the following would be most likely to help?

Induce tropomyosin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin.

Which of the following statements does not describe a vertebrate eye?

It contains many light-sensing columns called ommatidia

Resting neurons are most permeable to which of the following ions?

K+.

Which statement accurately describes Earth on February 21, a date that falls between the December solstice and the March equinox?

Locations in the Southern Hemisphere experience more than 12 hours of daylight.

How would you classify the genetic basis for most behavioral traits in the animal kingdom?

Many genes typically code for one behavior

Which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity?

Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances.

According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization, which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C) population would negatively impact its prey (P) population, but not vice versa?

P ← C

Which of the following statements describes a proximate cause?

People sleep at night because a molecule that accumulates during the day has an effect on the sleep centers of the brain.

Which of the following statements is supported by the trophic relationships shown in the diagram?

Squids eat fishes.

Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which statement best explains survivorship curve B?

Survivorship can only decrease; therefore, this curve could not happen in nature.

Based on the climograph, what mainly differentiates temperate grassland from temperate broadleaf forest?

Temperate broadleaf forests receive more precipitation.

Suppose that humans increase their consumption of Antarctic fishes, causing a significant reduction in the size of fish populations. What would be the most likely effect of a reduction in the size of Antarctic fish populations? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

The carnivorous plankton population would increase. The sperm whale population would decrease. The elephant seal population would decrease.

Five different baleen whale species are endangered and may go extinct. What would be the most likely effect of removing all baleen whales from this food web?

The krill population would increase.

Select the correct statement(s) about the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels from its source in autotrophs. Select all that apply.

The length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.

Methyl jasmonate is a plant-derived compound that blocks mosquito carbon dioxide receptors. What would you expect to happen if you applied this compound to your skin and then exposed yourself to a swarm of mosquitos?

The mosquitos would lack an important piece of sensory information for finding a host, and so would be less likely to bite you.

What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier?

The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

What behavior is observed if the voltage across a neuronal membrane is set to -20 mV?

The sodium channel opens, and Na+ ions flow in.

Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?

Water pollution.

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the _____.

cerebral cortex

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with _____.

decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

Generally speaking, deserts are located in places where air masses are usually ________.

descending

During gastrulation in frogs, cells from the animal pole spread over the embryo and form the _____.

ectoderm

A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix.

estuary

True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.

false

Which of the following graphs illustrates the population growth curve starting with a single bacterium growing in a flask of ideal medium at optimum temperature over a two-hour period? Assume resources do not become limiting over this time frame.

fast curve up at end )

During exponential growth, a population always ________.

grows at its maximum per capita rate

Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its category?

hair cell: mechanoreceptor

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____.

high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________.

hyperpolarization of the neuron

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? Select all that apply.

-As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. -When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.

Examine the climograph for some major North American biomes. Which two factors influence the distribution of organisms, as shown in this climograph?

Annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation

Based on the data in the figures, which of the following statements is accurate?

Area 1 could be called a tropical wet/rain forest.

Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true?

As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

Which part of the eye is the opening through which light initially passes?

Pupil

What kind of island has the highest rate of extinction?

a small island

In a population of 1,000 elephants, how many individuals would survive for 50% of the species' maximum life span?

about 100

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.

increases

One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve _____.

molecular and structural changes at synapses

"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs, or in some cases fish as their primary food sources. . . . conotoxins from Australian species of Conus . . . have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.) This particular conotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptors that are located ________.

on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell

Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries are correct? I) Life history is r-selected. II) The population has undergone the demographic transition. III) The survivorship curve is Type III. IV) Age distribution is relatively uniform.

only II and IV

What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone?

zooplankton

Part C - Analyzing energy flowPart complete Which of the following statements about energy flow are true? Select the four statements that are true.

-If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter. -Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature. -Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels. -In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy.

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

10

Use the following figure to answer the question. On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents nitrite (NO2)?

3

Assimilation is indicated by the letter(s) _____.

A

Which of the following is associated with the small-population approach to species conservation?

All of the choices above are associated with the small-population approach to species conservation.

What are the cells created by cleavage called?

Blastomeres

The energy that flows through most ecosystems comes from the sun. Primary producers convert a fraction of the sun's energy into chemical energy, which can be used by consumers. Food webs describe how energy flows between trophic levels in an ecosystem, and a trophic pyramid represents the amount of energy available at each trophic level. Part A - Identifying trophic levels in a food web Use the following diagram of a food web to sort the items below. Drag each label to the appropriate bin. If an organism is both a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer, drag it to the "both secondary and tertiary consumer" bin.

Detritus: -rotting log -dead animal Primary producer: -living maple leaves Primary consumer or decomposer: -cricket -fungus -maggots Secondary consumer: -millipede -earthworm Both secondary and tertiary consumer: -alligator lizard -robin

In an embryonic vertebrate, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a thickened area at the tip of the bud. The cells of the AER secrete protein signals that promote limb-bud outgrowth, and removing the AER blocks growth of the limb along the proximal-distal axis. How would the forelimb of an embryo develop if the AER was removed early or late in limb development?

Early removal of the AER would prevent the formation of many distal structures, whereas late removal of the AER would prevent the formation of a few distal structures.

A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.

axon

Several hours after fertilization, cleavage results in the formation of a hollow ball of cells called a _____.

blastula

The enlarged anterior portion of the neural tube will develop into a frog's _____.

brain

_____ are secondary consumers.

carnivores

A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____.

cell body

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the _____.

cytoskeleton

True or false? Early animal development progresses through distinct stages: first the production of the zygote through fertilization, then cleavage, then the formation of the gastrula, and then the formation of the blastula.

false

A parasitic fungus, Geomyces destructans, has decimated millions of bats in the United States since it was first observed in upstate New York in 2006. The disease has been named white-nose syndrome because of the white fungal hyphae that cover the bat upon infection. It is believed that this fungus was introduced from Europe by tourists entering into caves with hibernating bat populations. Which prediction most likely reflects changes that will occur in natural communities as a result of massive bat mortality?

increased flying insect populations

Part C - Experimental results: How reef height affects oyster populationsPart complete Shulte's team collected oyster density data from all nine reef complexes and calculated mean densities for each reef type. The results are shown here: Analyze the graph and complete the sentences below. Match each key term to the appropriate description. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. x axis, y axis 2. yellow bars, blue bars, red bars 3. not shown in graph 4. 1,000 5. 4 6. 170

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

5-10

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria is(are) indicated by the letter(s) _____.

D and E

Which of the following are the three germ layers contained in the gastrula?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

A child is born without a fully developed pancreas. He is normal in all other respects, and thus doctors believe that the problem most likely began early in development. During which of the following processes did the original error most likely occur?

Endoderm formation

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be accurate?

Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.

Use the following figure to answer the question. After looking at the experiment in the figure, what can be concluded about productivity in marine ecosystems?

Iron can be a limiting nutrient in productivity.

What happens to a cell during the process of differentiation?

It undergoes a change toward a more specialized form or function.

Loss of biodiversity matters not only with regard to mammals or other vertebrates, but also microbes. Why are microbes worthy of discovery and protection from extinction?

Microbes may produce unique proteins useful in genetic research.

In animal development, which of the following best describes the process of cleavage?

Mitosis

Which one of these is a nitrite?

NO2-

Which one of these is a nitrate?

NO3-

Which of the following equations is correct?

NPP = GPP − R

Which channel is mainly responsible for the resting potential of a neuron?

Potassium leak channel.

Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates?

The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

Embryonic induction, the influence of one group of cells on another group of cells, plays a critical role in embryonic development. In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold transplanted a piece of tissue that influences the formation of the notochord and neural tube, from the dorsal lip of an amphibian embryo to the ventral side of another amphibian embryo. If embryonic induction occurred, which of the following observations justifies the claim of embryonic induction?

The transplanted tissue induced the formation of a second notochord and neural tube on the ventral side of the developing embryo.

Use the following information to answer the question.In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1) from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)Treatments: A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein Based on the description of the experiment, which of the treatments would be considered a "control" treatment for S. purpuratus sperm binding?

Treatment B

Part B - Experimental technique: Choosing an appropriate sampling protocolPart complete Shulte's team built nine reef complexes spread out over 87 acres in the Great Wicomico River area of the Chesapeake Bay. Each reef complex included all three reef types (high-relief, low-relief, and unrestored). Suppose that you want to recreate Shulte's study in the Great Wicomico River and make nine reef complexes as shown above. You would need to collect data on oyster density, but due to time and monetary constraints it would be impossible for you to sample oyster populations on each reef type in every complex. Which of these sampling protocols would you use to obtain the most representative data of oyster growth on the three reef types?

Use a random sampling approach to select sites on different reef types from several of the reef complexes.

Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

ammonium ... nitrites

The _____ eventually develops into the sea urchin's digestive tract.

archenteron

The notochord functions as a core around which mesodermal cells form the frog's _____.

backbone

During gastrulation, invagination occurs at the _____.

blastopore

The main purpose of movement corridors is to ________.

connect two otherwise isolated populations

The producers in aquatic ecosystems include organisms in which of the following groups?

cyanobacteria, algae, plants

As cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres _____.

decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases

Use the following figure to answer the question. In the figure, what could the jagged arrow leaving microorganisms and other detritivores represent?

energy lost from a worm during cellular respiration

The estimated density or number of individuals needed for a species to maintain or increase its numbers in a region is the _____.

minimum viable population (MVP)

As cleavage continues, a zygote forms into a solid multicellular ball called a(n) _____.

morula

Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

nitrates to nitrogen gas

_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.

nitrogen fixation

An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.

node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier

If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane fails to divide the gray crescent, then _____.

only the daughter cell with the gray crescent will develop normally

The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of _____.

the lip of the blastopore in the frog

In sea urchins, the process of fertilization produces a(n) _____.

zygote

A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts.

-70

In testing the optimal foraging model, it was assumed that changing the height of the drop only changed the total energy required. What factors--other than the total energy required--could be affected by drop height? Select all that apply.

-A higher drop height might make it harder to see where an unbroken whelk ends up after bouncing off the rocks. -A crow using a very high drop height might not be able to guard as effectively against scavengers that try to seize the broken whelk. -Winds that alter drop angle might vary with height

In cross-fostering studies, the young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species. In broad terms, what do researchers learn from such studies? Select all that apply.

-Changes in the behavior of cross-fostered young provide information about how the social and physical environment influences behavior. -Cross-fostering studies provide information about the relative importance of nature and nurture in the development of a trait.

Which of the following may result from resource partitioning? Select all that apply.

-Competing species may partition time, feeding at different times of day. -A population may have a smaller realized niche when it coexists with a competitor

Identify the correct statement(s) about sensory receptors. Select all that apply.

-Foods taste spicy when they activate the same sensory receptors that high temperatures activate. -Mechanoreceptors detect sound

Part B - Calculating trophic efficiencyPart complete Calculate the trophic efficiency from each trophic level to the next for the pyramid of productivity (biomass pyramid) shown below. Express your answers numerically as percents, but do not add percent symbols (%). Enter your three answers separated by commas in the order a, b, c

15.0,11.0,12.0

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation.

In ecological terms, disturbance is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms and altering resource availability. Which of the following statements about the effects of disturbance is correct?

Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community

What are rain shadows?

Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.

True or false? Cone cells are color photoreceptors that use different retinal molecules to absorb different wavelengths of light.

False

True or false? The potential energy of a membrane potential comes solely from the difference in electrical charge across the membrane.

False

Which part of the eye contains the densest concentration of cone cells?

Fovea

Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask. Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?

Graph A

A pair of coyotes colonized a large island where rodents (their prey) were abundant. At first the number of coyotes increased. But as the coyote population increased, competition for prey also increased and the coyote population grew more slowly. In some years, weather conditions killed many of the rodents, causing some coyotes to starve. In other years, weather conditions were favorable for the rodent poulation, allowing the coyotes to thrive, reproduce, and raise many pups. Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?

Graph B

Graphs A, B, and C represent three different patterns of population growth. Refer to these graphs as you read about the populations in the following questions. A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources. Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?

Graph C

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this behavior was random or in response to another signal?

Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the behaviors with the signals.

Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in ________. I) mammals II) cnidarians III) Planaria IV) sea stars

I and III

The fru gene in fruit flies ________. I) is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes II) can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors III) programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors

I, II, III

Neurotransmitters can affect postsynaptic cells by ________. I) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells II) causing molecular changes in the cells III) altering ion channel proteins IV) altering the permeability of the cells

I, II, III, and IV

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness) can be caused by damage to the _____. I) axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brain II) hair cells (the sensory receptors) in the cochlea III) tympanic membrane, or eardrum

I, II, and III

Researchers observed that the crows only gather and drop the largest whelks. Why might crows favor larger whelks?

Large whelks might offer more calories than small whelks.

Which part of the eye bends light to focus it on the retina?

Lens

The simultaneous arrival of graded depolarization and a graded hyperpolarization of equal but opposite magnitude at a particular location on the dendritic membrane is likely to _____.

cancel each other out, making it appear as if there was no change in membrane potential

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The maximum life span of Albertosaurus was about 100 years.

cannot be determined from this graph Submit

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the _____.

cartilaginous fishes, including sharks

Which of the following is an example of a commensalism?

cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison

An ectodermal thickening above the frog's notochord forms a _____.

neural plate

Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information where ________.

neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors

The _____ is(are) formed when the neural folds join and a portion of the neural plate sinks beneath the embryo's surface.

neural tube

The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____.

neuron

"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs, or in some cases fish as their primary food sources. . . . conotoxins from Australian species of Conus . . . have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.) What is the adaptive value of this toxin? I) It would cause muscle spasms in the prey. II) It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey. III) It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of the prey.

only II

The transmission first triggers the _____.

opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color?

opsins

Feeding behavior with a high intake to expenditure ratio is called _____

optimal foraging

In vertebrates, the ectoderm gives rise to the _____.

outer layer of skin

Brown-headed cowbirds utilize fragmented forests effectively by ________.

parasitizing the nests of forest birds and feeding on open-field insects

Use the following figure to answer the question. Examine the figure and consider this hypothesis: Plant biomass increases with species richness. Functional groups are categories of plants each containing numerous species, such as grasses and wildflowers, or trees and shrubs. In looking at the data in the figure, how would you relate it to this hypothesis? The hypothesis is ________.

partially supported

What is shown on the x-axis?

percentage of the maximum life span of a species

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by _____.

performing a round dance

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by _____.

periods of daylight and darkness

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

temperature and rainfall

The visual information used by honeybees includes these elements that are not apparent to humans.

the ability to distinguish ultraviolet radiation and 300 flashes of light per second

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?

the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars

What is the cortical reaction?

the formation of a fertilization envelope that bars additional sperm from entry into the egg

Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome?

the presence of algae

What does the top red graph line represent?

the rate at which new species immigrate to an island that is close to the mainland

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling within an ecosystem?

the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

What information is presented on the y-axis?

the rate of immigration or extinction

At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane?

the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron

Approximately how many female offspring are produced by 3-4 year old female ground squirrels?

148

Part C - Behavior in Egyptian vulturesPart complete Scientists have made the following observations:Egyptian vultures use rocks to break open ostrich eggs, which they then eat.A vulture may search as far as 50 m away from an ostrich egg for an appropriate rock (which is generally egg-shaped) to use to break the egg. The vulture then throws the rock at the egg until the egg cracks.This same rock-throwing behavior also occurs in young captive-hatched birds that have not been exposed to rock-throwing adults. However, these naive vultures had to learn that the ostrich eggs were a source of food. Some scientists theorize that this behavior developed from the tactic of throwing smaller eggs to break them open. Ostrich eggs, however, are too big to pick up and throw, so perhaps the rock-throwing technique evolved in the vultures. This could explain why vultures choose rocks that are egg-shaped, rather than ones that are jagged or irregular. Based on the scientists' observations and your knowledge of animal behavior, which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

-In Egyptian vultures, eating ostrich eggs is a learned behavior. -Rock-throwing in vultures is an innate behavior. -Questioning whether the rock-throwing behavior arose from egg-throwing relates to ultimate causation. -Examining the anatomical mechanism that enables -Egyptian vultures to throw rocks relates to proximate causation.

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? Select all that apply.

-The birth rate equals the death rate. -The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied. -The population growth rate equals zero

Part C - Organogenesis in a frog embryoPart complete Tissue and organ formation begins during the process of organogenesis. Which five of the following statements are true about organogenesis in a frog embryo?

-The notochord does not persist in adult frogs. -The neural tube forms from ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system. -Somites form along the length of the notochord and neural tube. -The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the frog's digestive tract. -Some somite cells migrate to other locations in the developing embryo.

What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply.

-The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season. -The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes. -The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches.

As you saw in Part C, the body sizes of sympatric and allopatric P. cinereus and P. hoffmani are consistent with a hypothesis of character displacement resulting from interspecific competition. What additional information would strengthen the argument that character displacement is in fact responsible for body size evolution in these salamanders? Which of the following observations would support the hypothesis that Plethodon salamanders did indeed experience character displacement for body size? Select all that apply.

-The resources used by both species of salamanders are available in limited supply. -The sympatric salamander populations evolved their present body sizes after they became sympatric. -Body size is a heritable trait in salamanders. -In sympatric populations, smaller P. cinereus adults survive better and reproduce more.

Part B - The peripheral nervous systemPart complete The peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmits information to and from the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a role in regulating an animal's movements and internal environment. Determine which of the following statements about the PNS are true. Select the four statements that are true.

-The sympathetic division of the PNS prepares the body for physical exertion in stressful situations. -Neurons in the parasympathetic division release neurotransmitters that act on receptors that slow heart rate. -Stimulating the organs of digestion is a parasympathetic response. -Parasympathetic nerves are associated with the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord, whereas sympathetic nerves are associated with the thoracic and lumbar regions.

Aquatic biomes can be distinguished by chemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen content and salinity and by physical characteristics such as water flow. Which five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true?

-Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean. -Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. -Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. -A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary. -Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover.

Part C - Human impacts on the carbon cyclePart complete In The Carbon Cycle animation, you learned that, globally, the return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through cellular respiration closely balances its removal from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Does this mean that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are stable? No. Unfortunately, humans are disrupting this balance. When we burn fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline, we take carbon that was stored underground for millions of years and release it into the atmosphere. Our extensive use of fossil fuels is raising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Why is this important? Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in Earth's atmosphere. Increased carbon dioxide levels result in global warming. This graph shows how carbon dioxide levels (blue) have risen in the last 50 years. During the same period, average global temperatures (red) have also risen. (The up-and-down fluctuations in the blue line result from normal seasonal shifts in photosynthesis.) Which of the activities listed below could help limit global warming by slowing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? Select all that apply.

-replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy -limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose -choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work

Which trophic levels do fishes occupy in this food web? Select all that apply.

-secondary consumers -tertiary consumers -quaternary consumers

Perform the same calculation for each of the Belding's ground squirrel cohorts in order to answer the following question. Which cohort of female Belding's ground squirrels produces the most female young?

1-2 year olds

Part A - Reviewing animal bioenergeticsPart complete The figure below at left shows that food must be digested and absorbed before an animal can use the energy in it. In this activity, you will review the basic principles of animal bioenergetics and see how they are borne out in the specific example of a caterpillar. Note that in experimental studies, it is difficult to separate out all the types of energy use and heat loss shown in the figure on the left. In the caterpillar example, "cellular respiration" is used to describe all energy use or loss other than biosynthesis and loss in feces. In the caterpillar example, energy was measured in joules (J). Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. feces, not assimilated 2. 50 3. assimilated 4. cellular respiration 5. 67 6. biomass 7. 33 8. heat 9. biosynthesis

A hypothetical bat species (species 1) lives in a city. Another hypothetical bat species (species 2) established a population in the same city after a number of individuals escaped from a zoo. In isolation, each species prefers to roost in buildings that are three or more stories tall. After species 2 became established in the city, species 1 began roosting only in buildings less than three stories tall, whereas species 2 roosted in buildings three or more stories tall. Observers determined that the bright streetlights at ground level had previously deterred most bats from roosting in shorter buildings. Over many generations of existing in the same city with species 2, species 1 showed changes in eye size and retina structure. Complete the following statements about the two bat species. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. fundamental niche 2. interspecific competition 3. competitive exclusion 4. realized niche 5. resource partitioning 6. -/- 7. character displacement

To test the egg-viability hypothesis, researchers set out to determine whether its predictions were borne out. Predictions of the egg-viability hypothesis include:Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes).Prediction #2:: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season).Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin).Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin).Citizen scientists monitored bluebird nestboxes throughout the breeding season and reported details such as date, location, number of eggs, number of hatchlings, and number of unhatched eggs. The three graphs below show the data they collected. Drag the terms to the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences.

1. increases, support 2. decreases, support 3. both the largest and the smallest, do not support 4. laid earliest

The figure shows an example of character displacement in the Galápagos ground finches Geospiza fuliginosa (small ground finch) and Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch). The character, or trait, being displaced in this example is beak depth. Beak depth correlates with diet, so that finches with similar beak sizes eat similar food. The first two graphs show beak sizes in allopatric, or geographically separate, populations of G. fuliginosa and G. fortis. The bottom graph shows beak sizes in sympatric populations, where the two species occur together. When character displacement has occurred, the traits of sympatric populations diverge more than the traits of allopatric populations. In other words, there is more overlap in the beak size of the allopatric finch populations (top two graphs) than in the sympatric finch populations (bottom graph). Fill in the sentences below, which explain how character displacement evolved in the finch populations on Santa María and San Cristóbal islands. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. los hermanos, daphne 2. interspecific competition 3. less 4. deeper beaks 5. shallower beaks 6. directional 7. reduces

Part C - Predicting movement through an artificial non-gated K+ channelPart complete Suppose that an artificial non-gated K+ channel could be inserted into the plasma membrane of an axon at resting potential (membrane potential = -70 mV). Assume that the axon has not recently produced an action potential. What would happen when an artificial K+ channel is inserted into an axon membrane at resting potential? Answer questions 1-4 by selecting only from the three answer choices to the left of each question. Drag the correct answer to the right of each question.

1. out of the cell 2. promote 3. impede 4. cause a hyper-polarization

All living things need carbon, the element that forms the framework of all organic molecules. Carbon atoms cycle between Earth's biotic (living) components such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, and its abiotic (nonliving) components such as the atmosphere, rocks, and oceans. Before beginning this tutorial, watch The Carbon Cycle animation. Pay particular attention to how carbon moves from Earth's atmosphere into living organisms how carbon moves from one living organism to another living organism how carbon returns to the atmosphere Part A - Biogeochemical cyclesPart complete The carbon cycle is one of many biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Can you identify the main features of a biogeochemical cycle and show how the carbon cycle exhibits these features? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used

1. reservoirs 2. living organisms 3. Earth 4. the atmosphere 5. photosynthesis 6. cellular respiration

Part A - Behavior and causationPart complete Scientists classify behaviors as either innate or learned, depending on whether the behavior has been influenced by previous experiences. They also attempt to determine both the proximate causes and ultimate causes of the behaviors they study. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. ultimate causation 2. learned behavior 3. innate behavior 4. innate behavior 5. learned behavior 6. ultimate causation 7. innate behavior 8. proximate causation

Part B - Gastrulation in a frog embryoPart complete Gastrulation is the stage of embryonic development following cleavage. During gastrulation, cell division slows dramatically, and cells are rearranged in a precise way, forming three germ layers. The diagram below illustrates gastrulation in a frog embryo, represented in cross section. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram. Use only pink labels for pink targets. Not all labels will be used.

A. blastocoel B. primitive gut (archenteron) C. ectoderm D. mesoderm E. endoderm F. blastopore G. yolk plug H. blastopore forms I. primitive gut begins to form J. three germ layers in place

Which term describes an electrical signal generated by neurons?

Action potential.

Use the graphs to answer the question. Archeological, fossil, and geological data provide information on the Mayan populations and their environment in Mexico, in the Caribbean state of Yucatán. The graphs depict population size, percentage of the land that was forested, and the amount of soil erosion. Based on the figure, what can you conclude about the history of land use in the southern Yucatán?

As Mayan population increased, deforestation increased, probably leading to increased soil erosion.

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the question. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer?

B

Use the graph to answer the following question.

Based on the figure, which of the following statements correctly interprets the data?

Why is an action potential an all-or-none response to stimuli?

Because voltage-gated ion channels open when membrane potential passes a particular level

Select the correct statement(s) about the genetics of behavior. Select all that apply.

Behaviors with a genetic component can evolve through natural selection. Submit

Which of the following statements describes an ultimate cause?

Birds have hollow bones because hollow bones increased the fitness of their ancestors by allowing them to run faster and capture prey more efficiently.

The plasma membrane of a neuron has voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. What is the effect of membrane depolarization on these channels?

Membrane depolarization first opens sodium channels and then opens potassium channels.

Which term describes the difference in electrical charge across a membrane?

Membrane potential.

Which of the following studies would shed light on the mechanism of spread of H5N1 virus from Asia to North America?

Perform cloacal or saliva smears of migrating waterfowl to monitor whether any infected birds show up in Alaska.

Based on the food web diagram, label the following statements as true or false. Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement.

Phytoplankton are primary consumers. False Squids are secondary consumers. True Squids are tertiary consumers. True Leopard seals are quaternary consumers. True

In the digger wasp experiment, it was shown that the wasp used the arrangement of a ring of pinecones to navigate back to the nest. Which experiment would test if the wasp can use any arrangement of objects in the environment to find her nest, rather than only a "ring" shape?

Place a triangle of pinecones around the nest while the wasp is inside. After she leaves the nest, move the triangle to the side of the nest and see if she returns to the arrangement of pinecones instead of the nest. Repeat for other shapes.

Use the figure to answer the following question. The figure proposes a combination of a top-down and bottom-up model (a hypothesis) to describe the variable effects of biological control herbivores on the fitness (growth and reproduction) of an invasive, non-native plant, spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe). These herbivores include multiple insects that were first studied in the plant's native home range in eastern Europe, where the plant is not dominant in grassland communities and does not pose a problem to land managers and conservationists. Many insects there were found to consume the plant's tissues, including stems, leaves, and seeds, and some were very host specific and were not found to attack plants other than C. stoebe. Several insects were subsequently transported and released in an attempt to reduce densities of this non-native and problematic weed in the United States. The y-axis shows C. stoebe plant fitness, and the x-axis represents the intensity of herbivory by the insects, from low to high. As the vertical shaded bar is moved along the x-axis, the ultimate effect of herbivory (now A, B, and C) on plant fitness can change based on its intensity and also may depend on the other factors. The horizontal dashed line represents no predicted change in fitness under the effects of varying intensity of herbivory, plant competition, and soil resources available to the plant (such as nitrogen or water), while the three solid lines represent other possible outcomes.(D.G. Knochel and T.R. Seastedt. 2011. Reconciling contradictory findings of herbivore impacts on spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) growth and reproduction. Ecological Applications 20(7):1903-1912.What is the model's prediction for C. stoebe plant fitness when growing under high soil resource conditions?

Plant fitness decreases only if the intensity of herbivory is very high.

Use the graph to answer the following question. In the figure, curves A-D depict per capita rate increases (r). Which of the following best explains the difference between the shapes of these curves?

Population growth within each curve gets steeper as time passes because growth depends on both per capita rates of increase and current population size.

Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell?

Sahara Desert in Africa

What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?

Schwann cells

This graph shows the effect of removal of urchins and limpets (alone and together) on seaweed cover. Select the statement that accurately describes the results shown in this graph.

Sea urchins have a much greater effect than limpets in limiting seaweed cover

Use the figure to answer the following question.Which part of the brain, if damaged, would lead to a decrease in the release of brain derived hormones, such as oxytocin?

both A and D

Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?

Temperature and moisture.

It turns out that the probability of a whelk breaking is the same for a whelk dropped for the first time as for an unbroken whelk dropped several times previously. If the probability of breaking instead increased with each additional drop, what change might you predict in the crows' behavior?

The crows would fly to lower heights in subsequent drops.

In an embryonic vertebrate, the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is a block of tissue located on the posterior side of a limb bud. The ZPA provides information about the anterior-posterior axis of the limb. Cells nearest the ZPA form the most posterior of digits (like our little finger); cells farthest from the ZPA form the most anterior digits (like our thumb). How would a vertebrate forelimb bud develop if it had two zones of polarizing activities, one on the posterior side and one on the anterior side of the bud?

The forelimb bud would develop with extra digits, in a mirror image arrangement to the normal digits.

At what time of year is the intensity of solar radiation striking each of Earth's hemispheres weakest?

The intensity of solar radiation is weakest in the Southern Hemisphere in June and in the Northern Hemisphere in December.

How does the average number of drops required to break open a whelk depend on platform height?

The number of drops required decreases with increasing drop height.

Which channel maintains the concentration gradients of ions across a neuronal membrane?

The sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ ions out and K+ ions in.

At 50% of maximum life span, how does the survivorship of Albertosaurus compare to the survivorship of the crocodile?

The survivorship of Albertosaurus is about 100 times greater than that of the crocodile.

A person able to hear only low-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear?

There is a loss of hair cell function in the area closest to the oval window.

What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period of rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation?

There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures.

Graylag goslings imprint on a nearby object that moves away from them during a sensitive period in the first few hours after they hatch, and follow the object steadfastly from that time on. What is the adaptive value of this behavior?

This behavior is likely to increase gosling survival.

Look at total flight height (represented by the green bars). Remember that total flight height was calculated by multiplying the drop height by the average number of drops required. How would you describe the relationship between total flight height and drop height?

Total flight height is higher at the lowest and highest drop heights than at the mid-range drop heights

Some arctic tundra ecosystems receive as little precipitation as deserts but have much more dense vegetation. What climatic factor might explain this difference?

Tundra is much cooler than deserts, so less water evaporates during the growing season and the tundra stays more moist

The three-layered embryo is the _____.

gastrula

In Australia, researchers tested the hypothesis that sea urchin abundance limits kelp distribution. Select the evidence that offers the best support for this hypothesis.

When sea urchins were removed from experimental plots, kelp cover increased.

What would happen to the seasons if Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees?

Winters and summers would be more severe.

Total flight height can be considered to be a measure of the total energy required to break open a whelk. Compare the graph of total flight height for the platform drops to the drop height preferred by crows. Are the data consistent with the hypothesis of optimal foraging?

Yes, because the height preferred by crows roughly coincides with the lowest total flight height.

The number of species on an island is at equilibrium when the rate of immigration is equal to the rate of extinction. This is shown on the graph by the points where each green and red line cross. What kind of island is likely to have the highest number of species?

a large island close to the mainland

Sensory adaptation is apparent when _____.

a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlier in the day

If excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are produced nearly simultaneously through two different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron, the EPSPs can also add together creating ________.

a spatial summation

Part B - Pyramid of net productionPart complete The flow of energy through an animal is directly related to the flow of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem. Energy flow through trophic levels is shown using a diagram called the pyramid of net production, where net production is the amount of energy that is converted to new biomass at each trophic level. The figure below shows an idealized pyramid of net production in an imaginary ecosystem. In this ecosystem, primary producers convert 1% of the sunlight energy available to them to net production. Then, 10% of the net production of primary producers is transferred to the net production of primary consumers -- that is, the trophic efficiency is 10%. Similarly, 10% of the net production of primary consumers is transferred to the net production of secondary consumers, and so on. What does a pyramid of net production look like in a real ecosystem, and what are the trophic efficiencies? The pyramid below represents the data collected from H. T. Odum's work on the Silver Springs ecosystem in north-central Florida. (Note that Odum used the units kilocalories [kcal] instead of joules [J].) Drag the labels to the pyramid to indicate the trophic efficiency from each trophic level to the next.

a. 12% b. 5% c. 17% d. 0.5%

Part B - Carbon cycle reservoirs and processesPart complete The carbon cycle describes the cycling of carbon between Earth's biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) reservoirs. Identify the major reservoirs and processes in the carbon cycle by labeling the diagram below. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the carbon cycle.First, drag the blue labels to the blue targets to identify the reservoirs in the carbon cycle.Then drag the pink labels to the pink targets to identify the processes in the carbon cycle.

a. CO2 in atmosphere b. photosynthesis on land c. photosynthesis in ocean d. cellular respiration e. plants f. burning fossil fuels g. consumers h. decomposers

Part B - Ion movements at resting potentialPart complete The diagram below shows the five main transport proteins that control the distribution of Na+ and K+ ions across the plasma membrane of an axon. Assume that the membrane is at resting potential---the membrane potential of the axon remains constant at about -70 mV. Drag the arrows onto the diagram to show the direction of Na+ (gray arrows) and K+ (red arrows) movement through each transport protein at resting potential. If no ions move through a transport protein at resting potential, leave that target blank.

a. blank b. blank c. NA up, K down d. K up e. Na down

Part A - Neuron structurePart complete Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the neurons below. Use targets of Group 1 to indicate the components of neurons. Use targets of Group 2 to indicate the locations of gated ion channels.

a. cell body b. myelin sheath c. synaptic terminal d. axon hillock e. nucleus f. location of voltage-gated channels g. location of ligand-gated channels h. axon I. dendrite

Part C - Structure and function of the human brainPart complete The central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain, which is one of the most complex organs in animals. On the diagram below, label the parts of the human brain and identify one function of each part of the brain. 1. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram, following these steps. 2. Drag blue labels onto the blue targets to identify the structures of the brain. Drag pink labels onto the pink targets under each structure to identify one function of that part of the brain.

a. cerebrum b. diencephalon c. working a crossword puzzle d. sending signals from the senses to the appropriate brain region e. communicating b/w left and right cerebral hemispheres f. brainstem g. cerebellum h. regulating a person's resting heart rate I. maintaining balance while walking

The figure looks at the three modes of selection in a mouse population with a range of fur color phenotypes. Different modes of selection are seen under different sets of environmental conditions, and each mode has a different effect on the population. (Note that the white arrows indicate phenotypes that are selected against -- phenotypes that are less successful in surviving and reproducing -- in each mode of selection.) Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table below. Drag only blue labels to blue targets, pink labels to pink targets, and white labels to white targets.

a. dark fur b. more individuals with darker fur c. dark rocks and light rocks d. dark fur and light fur e. rocks of intermediate color f. more individuals with intermediate fur color

Earth is not filled to the brim with elephants, or ants, or ferns, or geckos. What prevents a population from growing forever? Many different factors limit population growth. Some of these factors are density-dependent, and others are density-independent. Drag a label under each graph to indicate whether it shows density-dependent population regulation or density-independent population regulation. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. density-dependent birth rate b. density-dependent death rate c. density dependent birth rate d. density independent death rate

Populations can grow in many different ways, but two patterns that are frequently seen in nature are shown in these graphs. Investigate the differences between these two types of population growth by completing the table below. Drag the labels onto the table to identify the characteristics of each type of population growth. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. exponential growth b. logistic growth c. abundant resources d. limited resources e. faster as population size increases f. slows as population size increases g. no limit to population size h. carrying capacity I. Isabela island geckos j. daphne major geckos

Zones in lakes and oceans are delineated by depth, distance from shore, or light penetration. Different zones have different physical and chemical characteristics, such as temperature and salinity. Label the diagrams of zonation in lakes and oceans. Drag the labels to their correct targets on the diagrams below. Use the pink labels for the pink targets and the blue labels for the blue targets.

a. freshwater plants may be rooted here b. littoral zone c. limnetic zone d. alternately dry and submerged e. extends to edge of continental shelf f. generally low nutrient levels g. light penetrates here h. no photosynthesis occurs here I. benthic zone

Part C - How does animal bioenergetics help explain the net production pyramid?Part complete As you just learned, in real ecosystems, trophic efficiencies usually vary from about 5% to about 20%. As a result, net production diagrams for ecosystems have a pyramid shape. Two key factors explain why trophic efficiencies are relatively low, and thus why net production diagrams are shaped like pyramids.First, not all the organisms at one trophic level are eaten by organisms at the next trophic level. For example, not every plant is eaten by herbivores, and not every herbivore is eaten by carnivores.Second, because of the bioenergetics of animals, not all the food an animal eats is converted to new biomass. As you learned in Part A, significant amounts of energy are lost in feces, used in cellular respiration, and lost to the environment as heat.Suppose you could change some of these variables in an experimental ecosystem. How would the pyramid of net production change? Remember that in a typical ecosystem, the shape of the pyramid is similar to the one in Part B, and a maximum of 4-5 trophic levels are supported. Under the following conditions, predict whether the pyramid would be more steep: , or less steep: . Would more trophic levels or fewer trophic levels be supported? Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table. Use pink labels for pink targets and blue labels for blue targets. Labels may be used more than once.

a. more steep b. more trophic levels c. less steep d. fewer trophic levels e. more steep f. more trophic levels g. less steep h. fewer trophic levels

D. C. Adams and F. J. Rohlf observed character displacement in two species of salamanders on the east coast of the United States - Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hoffmani. Their data on body size in the two species appear below. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table to describe natural selection due to interspecific competition in each population. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition b. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition c. directional selection for smaller body size d. directional selection for larger body size

Part D - Experimental application: How oysters can change the effects of nutrient pollutionPart complete The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication.If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart.

a. nutrients drastically increase... b. large amounts of dead... c. the microbial decomposer pop. increases... d. insufficient oxygen... e. increased oyster pop... f. the microbial decomposer pop. remains stable &...

Interspecific interactions can be categorized by whether each species in the interaction benefits, is harmed, or is neither helped nor harmed. Competition is a -/- interaction, meaning that it has a negative effect on both species. Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are types of interspecific interactions in which at least one species benefits. Three examples of symbiosis are epiphytic orchids and trees, hookworms and humans, and rumen bacteria and cows. Epiphytic orchids are plants that live on the branches or trunks of trees. The trees supply the orchids with space, and the orchids (which are autotrophs) do not appear to affect the tree. Human hookworms live in human intestines and eat blood. Rumen bacteria allow for digestion of cellulose in the cow's diet; in turn, the bacteria are supplied with nutrients. Categorize mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism as either +/-, +/0, or +/+. Also select the correct definition and example for each interaction. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table. Use blue labels for the blue targets, pink labels for the pink targets, and white labels for the white targets.

a. parasitism b. one species benefits by harming another c. hookworms and humans d. commensalism e. one species benefits; the other is unaffected f. epiphytic orchids and trees g. mutualism h. both species benefit I. rumen bacteria and cows

In many temperate lakes, thermal energy from sunlight causes changes in the temperature of surface waters. These changes initiate a turnover, a mixing of waters that occurs in spring and fall. Determine the correct order of events involved in seasonal turnover. Drag the labels onto the flowchart of seasonal turnover. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. surface water warms to 4°C and sinks b. water mixes, bringing oxygen to bottom and nutrients to the surface c. warm surface water is separated from cooler bottom water by thermocline d. surface water cools to 4°C and sinks e. water mixes, bringing oxygen to the bottom and nutrients to the surface

Using the table, determine which age class year would cause the largest decline in the resulting population growth, if it were wiped out by disease.

age class year 1

Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

an action potential reaching the end of the axon

On what kind of island would new species be most likely to arrive?

an island that is close to the mainland

Look closely at the scale on the y-axis. What number would be represented by the point midway between the tick mark labeled 10 and the tick mark labeled 100?

approximately 32

At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs _____.

are still surrounded by follicular cells

For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that _____.

at each step, energy is lost from the system

An action potential moves along a(n) _____.

axon

The longest food chain in this food web includes nine groups of organisms. Which of the following groups is included in that food chain?

birds

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?

birth rate

Part A - Overview of the vertebrate nervous systemPart complete The vertebrate nervous system can be organized into two main systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which of the following terms and phrases describe structures or actions of the CNS? Which describe structures or actions of the PNS? Drag each word or phrase to the appropriate bin. If the word or phrase applies to both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, drag it to the "both CNS and PNS" bin.

central nervous system: -processes information received from sense organs -brain and spinal cord -initiates signals tomuscles and organs peripheral nervous system: -afferent and efferent neurons -carries sensory information toward the spinal cord -carries signals to muscles and organs -cranial nerves and spinal nerves both CNS and PNS: -reflexes -enables voluntary locomotion

Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of _____.

classical conditioning

After fertilization, embryonic development progresses through three stages: cleavage, during which the zygote develops into a blastula through extensive cell division; gastrulation, during which three tissue layers are established by the dramatic rearrangement of cells, forming a gastrula; organogenesis, during which the rudiments of organs develop. The details of embryonic development vary by species, but the developmental sequence is consistent. Embryonic development has been studied extensively in a few species, including sea urchins, frogs, and chickens. All the images in this tutorial are based on frog development. Part A - Differentiating between cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesisPart complete Determine which terms, phrases, and images describe each phase of development. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.

cleavage: -blastula -cytoplasm partitioned into many cells -picture without the layers gastrulation: -embryonic germlayers form -blastopore -gastrula -colorful picture organogenesis: -neural tube -organs begin to develop from germ layers -somites

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

coniferous forest

Use the graph to answer the following question. In the figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs, of which a regular number die each year on a logarithmic scale?

curve B

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?

desert

In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are _____.

excited and inhibited, respectively

In an egg cell treated with a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the _____.

fertilization envelope would not be formed

Part A - Experimental design: Identifying variablesPart complete Shulte chose several areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay as his experimental sites. At each site, he constructed artificial reefs of two different heights. He also left portions of each site unrestored to serve as points of comparison. Oysters were allowed to colonize the reefs and the unrestored bay bottom safe from harvesting. His hypothesis was that oysters would survive better in the plankton-rich upper waters -- away from the smothering sediments and hypoxic waters of the bay bottom. Drag the labels to the diagram to identify the components of Shulte's experiment. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

high-relief reef: -treatment low-relief reef: -treatment unrestored by bottom: -control 1. reef type is the: independent variable 2. adult oyster density is a(n): dependent variable 3. Spat density is a(n): dependent variable

Why does the U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially established a zero population growth (ZPG)?

immigration

Part B - Types of learningPart complete Learned behaviors are influenced by an animal's experiences or environment. Some types of behaviors that involve learning are imprinting, spatial learning, conditioning, and cognition. Sort the statements into the appropriate bins depending on which type of learning they describe.

imprinting: -A hawk raised by humans will not mate with another hawk. -Geese follow the first moving stimulus they see after hatching. spatial learning: -Grey squirrels can relocate buried food. -An octopus can navigate in a new tank after a24-hour learning period. -A rat can navigate amaze by using landmarks. conditioning: -A dolphin associates the sound of a clicker with a food reward. -A pigeon is trained to push a lever for a food reward. cognition: -A chimpanzee teaches sign language to another chimpanzee. -Capuchins can modify a stick to obtain candy. -A captive orca discover show to use fish to lure seagulls.

Which of the following criteria have to be met for a species to qualify as invasive?

introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

Wernicke's area _____.

is active when speech is heard and comprehended

The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because _____.

its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles

In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit primary productivity?

light availability

The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes.

marine

Predation is an interspecific interaction in which one species benefits by eating another. Potential prey organisms have various adaptations that allow them to avoid or escape predators. The following examples demonstrate either mimicry, camouflage, mechanical defense, chemical defense, or schooling. Sort the examples based on the type of predator avoidance they demonstrate. Drag each example to the appropriate bin.

mimicry: -viceroy and monarchbutterflies (bothunpalatable) look alike -hornet moth (harmless)resembles paperwasp (venomous) camouflage: -an octopus assumesthe color and textureof the seafloor mechanical defense: -rosebush thorns -snails have shells -sea urchin spines chemical defense: -skunk scent -jimsonweed toxins schooling/fllocking: -flock of snow geese

The umami receptor in the sense of taste detects _____.

monosodium glutamate

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

mutualism

In some circumstances, grasses that initially lose tissues from being consumed by animals such as elk or cattle regrow more than they would have otherwise, and benefit from the moderate levels of grazing. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction?

mutualism

Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster than those not so insulated.

myelin sheath

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on _____.

myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state

Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population

negative feedback

You observe a large black bird with a shiny black crest engaging in courtship behavior with a little brown bird. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that this is an example of _____.

polygamy

According to the logistic growth equation, dNdt=rN(K−N)KdNdt=rN(K−N)K, ________.

population growth is zero when N equals K Submit

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, _____.

producers and decomposers

Why was the evolution of the extraembryonic membranes crucial for colonization of land by the vertebrates? Extraembryonic membranes ________.

provide an aqueous environment for embryo development

One-way synaptic transmission occurs because ________.

receptors for neurotransmitters are mostly found on the postsynaptic membrane

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?

red squirrels, who actively defend territories

A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas.

sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Researchers next focused on the one prediction that was not supported by their data -- Prediction #3. That prediction said that hatching failure would be higher in large clutches because the earlier eggs would have to wait longer for incubation to begin. However, the data showed a U-shaped curve with a equally high probability of hatching failure at both small and large clutch sizes.The researchers developed a hypothesis to explain this result -- small three-egg clutches were laid more often by lower-quality females. (Lower-quality females might produce lower-quality eggs or be less skilled at incubating their eggs, resulting in a higher probability of hatching failure.)How can researchers test the hypothesis that lower-quality females produce smaller clutches? Researchers can assess the quality of an Eastern bluebird female by her plumage. Specifically, it is known that high-quality bluebird females have more ornamented blue plumage.What data should the researchers collect and graph, and what result would support their hypothesis? Drag the labels to the targets of Group 1 in the graph below to indicate what data researchers should plot on the x- and y- axes. Then select the graph line that would support their hypothesis.

x-axis: female plumage ornamentation y-axis: clutch size graph: increasing from left to right (/)