BIO 122 Quiz 10 Fluid, Electrolyte, pH
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to a) buffer stomach acid. b) increase ventilation. c) limit blood pH changes. d) buffer the urine.
c
When pure water is consumed, a) the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. b) the volume of the intracellular fluid decreases. c) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. d) the volume of the extracellular fluid decreases.
c
A red blood cell in an isotonic solution will: a. have no concentration change, therefore no change in cell size. b. cease all forms of transport. c. shrink. d. expand.
a
A solution that resists large changes in pH is a: a. buffer solution b. molar solution c. concentrated solution d. saturated solution
a
A solution with a H+ concentration of 1 x 10-6 is: a. an acid b. a base c. neutral d. isotonic
a
A substance that has a sour taste and a pH of 3 is most likely a(n): a. acid. b. base. c. neutral substance. d. buffer.
a
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. a) intracellular b) intercellular c) extracellular d) interstitial e) vital
a
Hyperventilation will ________ pH. a) raise (increase) b) lower (decrease)
a
Hypoventilation leads to a) respiratory acidosis. b) respiratory alkalosis. c) metabolic acidosis. d) metabolic alkalosis.
a
In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. a) 60 b) 90 c) 40 d) 10 e) 80
a
In order to maintain fluid balance in the body, there must be: a. an electrolyte balance b. continual edema c. plasma membrane permeability to proteins d. greater fluid intake than output per day
a
Movement of water by osmosis from one fluid compartment to another will have an effect on the electrolyte concentrations in the compartments. a. True b. False, because water movements and electrolyte concentrations are not related. c. False, because membranes are impermeable to water. d. False, because electrolyte concentrations cannot change.
a
Normally, intracellular and extracellular fluids are isotonic to each other. true false
a
Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed a) fluid shift. b) fluid compartmentalization. c) dehydration. d) buffering.
a
The ________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. a) The respiratory system b) The kidneys c) Buffer systems d) Tissue cells
a
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and a) chloride. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) hydrogen. e) phosphorus.
a
The predominant cation in the extracellular fluid that functions in fluid balance is: a. sodium. b. potassium. c. calcium. d. magnesium.
a
When the H+ concentration of a solution decreases, the pH of that solution: a. increases b. decreases c. will not change d. will always be 7.0
a
When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results. a) acidemia b) alkalemia
a
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b) consequence of prolonged vomiting c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD d) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
a
Which of the following ions helps prevent large changes in blood pH is? a. HCO3- b. Fe+2 (iron) c. Mg+2 d. Cl-
a
Acidosis occurs when the blood pH: a. exceeds 7.45. b. drops below 7.35. c. is between 7.35 and 7.45. d. exceeds 8.45.
b
Alkalosis: a. is a normal condition found in body fluids b. may occur after prolonged vomiting due to loss of stomach acid c. occurs where there is an over production of acids in the body tissues d. occurs when the blood pH reaches 7.0
b
All of the following factors cause potassium excretion except a) potassium concentrations rise in the ECF. b) decreased pH of extracellular fluid. c) stimulation by aldosterone. d) increased pH of extracellular fluid.
b
An increase of Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluids would lead to: a. loss of Na+ from cells. b. water moving by osmosis from cells into the extracellular fluids. c. gain of Na+by cells. d. no change in the distribution of water between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
b
Cholera causes devastating diarrhea. This will lead to: a. edema b. loss of water and electrolytes c. sweating d. hypotonic hydration
b
Compared to intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid has which of the following? a. higher Na+ and K+ concentrations. b. higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations. c. lower Na+ but greater K+ concentrations. d. higher protein concentration.
b
Compared to intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid has which of the following? a. higher Na+ and K+ concentrations. b. higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations. c. lower Na+ but greater K+ concentrations. d. higher protein concentration.
b
Consuming a meal high in salt will a) drastically decreases the osmolarity of the blood. b) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. c) decrease thirst. d) cause hypotension. e) decrease renin secretion.
b
Distilled water is injected into a blood vessel. In response to this, the red blood cells surrounded by the water would: a. shrink b. swell c. show no change in size d. lose large amounts of electrolytes to the surrounding fluid
b
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by a) sweating. b) the kidneys. c) the liver. d) the feces. e) buffers.
b
Fluid and electrolyte balance in the body: a. has little relationship to the overall body metabolism b. is an important part of homeostasis c. becomes important only in severe cases of dehydration d. is regulated mostly by the lungs
b
If a large amount of water were added to the interstitial fluid, what would most likely occur? a. Electrolytes would become more concentrated in the interstitial fluid. b. Water would move into the cells. c. The cells would lose water. d. Electrolyte concentration would increase inside the cells.
b
If you drank 2 liters of isotonic fluid, which of the following statements would be correct? a. The fluid volume of all body fluid spaces (plasma, interstitial, and intracellular) would decrease. b. The plasma volume would increase. c. One would need to be concerned about possible hypovolemia. d. The solute concentration of the plasma would increase.
b
In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. a) 60 b) 50 c) 40 d) 70 e) 80
b
In the image above, the letter "X" represents which fluid? a. intracellular b. interstitial c. blood plasma d. subcellular
b
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by a) ADH. b) aldosterone. c) parathormone. d) atrial natriuretic peptides. e) glucocorticoids.
b
The numbers on the pH scale: a. Are equal to the OH- concentration b. Are derived from the H+ concentration c. Are equal to the H+ concentration d. Range from 1 - 16 with a midpoint of 8
b
The principal cation in cytoplasm is a) sodium. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) magnesium. e) chloride.
b
The solute concentration inside of cell A is 0.9%. The solute concentration outside of cell A is 2.5%. The solution outside of the cell is ______________ to the solution inside the cell. a. isotonic b. hypertonic c. hypotonic d. intracellular
b
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. a) acidosis b) alkalosis
b
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, a) the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls. b) osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. c) both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute. d) there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid. e) None of the answers is correct.
b
Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid? a) plasma protein buffers b) the phosphate buffer system c) amino acid buffers d) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
b
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b) consequence of prolonged vomiting c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD d) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
b
Which of the following electrolytes contributes most to intracellular osmotic pressure? a. phosphorus b. potassium c. chloride d. calcium
b
Which of the following is NOT true of the pH scale? a. The pH values are derived from H+ concentration. b. The pH scale ranges from 1 - 12. c. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale. d. The pH scale is a standardized means of expressing the H+ concentration of a solution.
b
Which of the following statements are true? a. Water moves through membranes by active transport in response to changes in electrolyte concentrations. b. Water moves passively through membranes due to changes in electrolyte concentrations. c. A semipermeable membrane is impermeable to water and electrolytes. d. In osmosis, water moves through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.
b
Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? a) ADH b) aldosterone c) extracellular fluid d) natriuretic peptides e) epinephrine
b
A membrane that allows some, but not all, substances to cross it is best described as: a. nonpermeable b. permeable c. semipermeable d. impermeable
c
A pH range of 7.35 - 7.45 is normal for the: a. stomach b. small intestine c. blood d. urine
c
An increase in sodium concentration in the interstitial fluid would lead to a(an): a. increase in intracellular fluid volume. b. increase in the intracellular sodium concentration. c. increase in interstitial fluid volume. d. decrease in the interstitial fluid volume.
c
Antidiuretic hormone a) inhibits water intake. b) inhibits water conservation. c) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
c
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the a) intracellular fluid. b) plasma membrane. c) extracellular fluid. d) solid components. e) cytosol.
c
If a cell is placed in a large volume of hypotonic solution, which of the following statements would be correct? a. The concentration of the solution around the cell is greater than the concentration of the solution inside the cell. b. The concentration of the solution inside the cell is less than the concentration of the solution around the cell. c. The cell will swell. d. The net movement of water will be out of the cell.
c
Intracellular fluid is found only within a) blood vessels. b) lymph. c) the cells of the body. d) the interstitial space. e) the cerebrospinal fluid.
c
Na+ and Cl- are to interstitial fluid as K+ and HPO4-2 are to: a. plasma b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. blood
c
Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L. a) 1.5 b) 1.5-3.0 c) 3.5-5.0 d) 5.5-7 e) 135
c
The concentration of Na+ is higher inside the cells than it is outside the cells. a. True b. False, because it is not found in either location. c. False, because it is constantly pumped out of the cell by active transport. d. False, because it has the same concentration in both places.
c
The fluid inside a cell is referred to as: a. extracellular. b. interstitial. c. intracellular. d. plasma.
c
The main difference in the chemical composition of plasma and interstitial fluid is that: a. each contains different electrolytes. b. K+ is the major cation in plasma, but Na+ is the major one in interstitial fluid. c. plasma contains considerably more proteins. d. plasma does not contain electrolytes.
c
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b) consequence of prolonged vomiting c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema d) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
c
Which of the following electrolytes is a major extracellular fluid anion and functions in water balance? a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. phosphate
c
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks a) respiratory acidosis. b) respiratory alkalosis. c) metabolic acidosis. d) metabolic alkalosis.
d
A solution that will not change in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base is called a: a. dilute solution b. normal solution c. molar solution d. buffer solution
d
Aldosterone a) is secreted in response to decreased blood volume. b) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. c) helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
d
Maintaining a constant volume of fluid in the interstitial compartment is an example of: a. hyponatremia. b. tight junction. c. hypervolemia. d. homeostasis.
d
Patients who have prolonged fluid and electrolyte losses require replacement of extracellular fluid. Replacement therapy is best accomplished with a solution containing: a. sodium ions b. chloride ions c. calcium ions d. both a and b
d
Patients who have prolonged fluid and electrolyte losses require replacement of extracellular fluid. Replacement therapy is best accomplished with a solution containing: a. sodium ions b. chloride ions c. calcium ions d. both a and b
d
Prolonged vomiting can result in a) respiratory acidosis. b) respiratory alkalosis. c) metabolic acidosis. d) metabolic alkalosis.
d
Secretion of potassium into the urine is a) increased by aldosterone. b) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. c) reduced when the exchange pump binds H+. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
d
Substantial loss of bodily fluids, such as occurs in severe diarrhea, could lead to: a. hypovolemia. b. hypervolemia. c. loss of electrolytes. d. both a and c.
d
The normal blood pH range is a) 6.95-7.00. b) 7.15-7.25. c) 7.25-7.35. d) 7.35-7.45. e) 7.45-7.55.
d
Water is considered one of the most important substances in the body because it: a. is the main component of all body fluids b. is essential for digestion, circulation, and regulation of body temperature c. dissolves many substances d. all the above are correct e. only A and B are correct
d
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys a) excrete more hydrogen ions. b) reabsorb bicarbonate ions. c) excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. d) excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
d
Which of the following compounds would have a pH less than 7.0? a. NaOH b. NaCl c. baking soda d. H2CO3
d
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the pH scale? a. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. b. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale. c. The pH scale is a standard means of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of any solution. d. The pH scale is always equal to the H+ concentration of the solution.
d
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the pH scale? a. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. b. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale. c. The pH scale is a standard means of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of any solution. d. The pH scale is always equal to the H+ concentration of the solution.
d
Which statement is true: a. K+(potassium) is the major cation found in the interstitial fluids b. HCO3- (bicarbonate) is the major anion found in the interstitial fluids c. HCO3- (bicarbonate) is the major anion found in the intracellular fluids d. K+ (potassium) is the major cation found in the intracellular fluids
d
With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is a) the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. b) sweat gland secretions. c) the skeleton. d) the kidneys. e) the liver.
d
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) a) electrolyte. b) acid. c) alkali. d) compensation. e) buffer.
e
Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension? a) ADH b) aldosterone c) PTH d) acetylcholine e) natriuretic peptides
e
________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion. a) water balance b) exchange pump c) leak channel d) fixed acid e) buffer system
e
