Bio 131 Chapter 3

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane?

Antiport

The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called

Aquaporin

What are glycoprotein compounds on the cell surface that allow the body to distinguish the body's cells from foreign cells called?

Cell-identity markers

Which group of glycoproteins found on the cell's surface allow the body to recognize the cell as one of its own?

Cell-identity markers

Which three organelles are not surrounded by membranes?

Centrosomes, Centrioles, Ribosomes

The fine thread-like genetic material (the form of DNA) found within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell is called

Chromatin

Which of the following, found on the surface of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain, aid in moving fluids or cells through these structures?

Cilia

The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n) _____

Cotransport

If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called?

Countertransport

What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement?

Cytoskeleton

Voltage-regulated gates respond to changes in what across the plasma membrane?

Electrical potential

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

Endocytosis

An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ______.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis?

Endoplasmic reticulum

A pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear _____

Envelope

Vesicular transport that releases material from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is called

Exocytosis

Cells can spontaneously arise from nonliving matter?

FALSE

The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts.

FALSE

The process of using a carrier to passively transport a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient is known as _____ diffusion.

Facilitated

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

Facilitated diffusion

Which of the following are examples of passive transport?

Facilitated diffusion, Passive diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration,

The rate of diffusion across the cell membrane is ______ at high temperatures than at low temperatures.

Faster

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.

Faster than

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called

Filtration

Which of the following best defines chromatin?

Fine threads of DNA and protein

A whiplike structure that is similar to a cilium but longer is a(n) ______.

Flagellum

Describe Microvilli

Folds of cell membrane; may have actin coreFolds of cell membrane; may have actin core

Most transmembrane proteins are _____ .

Glycoproteins

Which organelle adds carbohydrate groups to proteins produced at the endoplasmic reticulum?

Golgi complex

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

Higher

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as _____ pressure.

Hydrostatic

Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid?

Hydrostatic

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

Hypertonic

Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

Hypotonic

Cells can ______ the rate of osmosis by installing more aquaporins.

Increase

For each type of surface extension, match its role with its name. Microvilli

Increase surface area, as for absorption

Which factor would increase the rate of diffusion?

Increased cell surface area

Which factor would increase the rate of diffusion?

Increased concentration difference

The fluid contained inside a cell is known as _____ fluid.

Intracellular

What is the name of the structure at the end of the long pointer that allows ions to pass through the cell membrane?

Ion channel

As the molecular weight of a substance increases, what happens to its diffusion rate?

It decreases.

Which are examples of channel proteins?

Ligand-gated channels, Leak channels, Gated channels

Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration.

Lower, higher

Which membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles?

Lysosome

The smallest of the cytoskeletal elements are the

Microfilaments

Which elements of the cytoskeleton are about about 6 nm thick and made of actin?

Microfilaments

Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called ______.

Microvilli

The rate of diffusion across the cell membrane is ______ at high temperatures than at low temperatures.

More slowly

for each type of surface extension, match its role with its name. Cilia

Move a substance along a cell surface

Which structure is perforated with pores to allow material to move in and out of the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope

The site of ribosome production in a cell is the

Nucleoli

The organelle which controls cellular activity is the _____ ?

Nucleus

What is the large centrally-located organelle visible with a light microscope called?

Nucleus

Which is an example of a membranous organelle?

Nucleus

Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?

Passive

Which membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton?

Peripheral

Neutrophils engulf bacteria by surrounding them with pseudopods and drawing them into the cell by which process?

Phagocytosis

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated

The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of _____ with associated proteins.

Phospholipid

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily provided by the _____ .

Phospholipids

What drives filtration through a membrane?

Physical pressure

In which process does the plasma membrane dimple (or cave in) and take in droplets of ECF within a vesicle?

Pinocytosis

Which process uses a carrier to move a substance against its concentration gradient using ATP?

Primary active transport

What are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

Primary active transport, Secondary active transport, Facilitated diffusion

For each type of surface extension, match its role with its name. Flagella

Propulsion of cell

The plasma membrane is made up of Phospholpids and which of the folowing?

Protein

In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then taken into the cell within a vesicle?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport ______.

Require ATP

Which of the following are small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.

Ribosomes

The organelle characterized by flat sacs studded with ribosomes is the _____ endoplasmic reticulum.

Rough

Sodium-glucose transporters do not directly use ATP. Their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell. The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport "drives" the transporter, bringing both sodium and glucose into the cell. This is an example of which of the following?

Secondary active transport

The Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell into which structures?

Secretory vesicles

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?

Selectively permeable

Describe Cilia

Short 'hairs' with axoneme coresShort 'hairs' with axoneme cores

Describe Flagellum

Single long structure with an axoneme coreSingle long structure with an axoneme core

Which endoplasmic reticulum has tubular, branched cisternae, and lacks ribosomes?

Smooth

Which endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones?

Smooth

Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

Sodium-potassium pump

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean?

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.

The only functional flagellum in humans is the whiplike tail of _____ cells

Sperm

Which type of carrier moves two solutes through a plasma membrane in the same direction at the same time?

Symport

Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long.

TRUE

Which of the following correctly defines tonicity?

The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

To synthesize proteins

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the _____ of the solution.

Tonicity

What is the protein that extends through the cell membrane called

Transmembrane

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what?

Transport maximum

What is a carrier that carries only one type of solute called?

Uniport

Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?

Vesicular transport

Tissue fluid is also called ______.

interstitial fluid

The Na+-K+ pump moves ______ Na+ ions from the ICF to the ECF while simultaneously moving ______ K+ ions from the ECF into the ICF.

3, 2

About 98% of the plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about _____ are phospholipids.

75%

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A carrier

What do voltage-gated ion channels open in response to?

A change in membrane potential

Which of the following describes primary active transport?

A solute is moved up its concentration gradient using ATP.

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

Carrier-mediated transport

Which factor would increase the rate of diffusion?

Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?

Diffusion

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

Diffusion