Bio 131: Exam 1 practice test

The name "Angiosperm" means:

"enclosed seed"

Clearly understand the differences among gametes, spores and seeds. Do mosses, ferns, gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowing plants) produce gametes, spores and/or seeds?

(1) All these four groups of plants produce gametes (eggs and sperms), all of them produce spores, but only gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds. (2) Gametes and spores are haploid whereas seeds are diploid and mixed. (3) Seeds will develop into new sporophytes whereas spores will develop into gametophytes. Gametes (egg and sperm) must meet to finish fertilization and result in a zygote, which will develop into sporophytes. Without fertilization, both sperms and eggs will die. Both seeds and spores can survive for a long time, and can be dispersed over a long distance. (4) Gametes are single cells. Most spores are single cell and some spores have a few cells. Seeds are multiple-cell structure that contains a baby sporophyte with nutritive tissue (i.e., some gametophyte tissues) and protective coat. (5) As for dispersal manners, seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals including insects. Spores are mainly dispersed by wind, sometimes by water.

Haploid

-Human as well as many animals and plant species have haploid cells -one set of chromosomes (e.g., egg cells and sperm cells) -The haploid number (N) is the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell

Diploid

-Most organisms are normally diploid -two sets of chromosomes - one set inherited from each parent in most of their cells

How plants can be reproduced asexually? What are the pros and cons of asexual reproduction?

-asexual production through leaves, roots and stems. See lecture slides for examples. -Pros: (1) one parent is needed and there is almost guarantee that offspring would be born. (2) It takes shorter time and lesser steps to generation offspring. -Cons: (1) the offspring is almost genetically identical to its parent and (2) possesses the same traits as its parent. There is no chance to evolve new traits to deal with changeable environments, and no possibility to create a new species

Gametes

-cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce -In plants and humans, sperms and egg cells are gametes -They cannot survive for long time if fertilization does not occur -In human, gametes are created through meiosis whereas in plants gametes are created through mitosis.

The enclosure of an ovule within an ovary:

-protects the ovule from attack by herbivores or pathogens -allows selectivity for appropriate pollens -protects the ovule against drying

How many sub-groups of plants exist within gymnosperms?

1. conifers 2. cycads 3. ginkgo 4. gnetophyte

What are the major characters of bryophyte?

1. small 2. have embryo 3. gametophyte is dominant generation. it grows independently of the sporophyte. sporophyte generation always permanently attached and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte 4. requires water for fertilization

in flowering plants, one pollen tube (mature male gametophyte) will produce ___ sperm(s) for fertilization

2

Gymnosperms __________. (a). were the first plants not to have swimming sperms and were freed from the need for water to reproduce (b). are divided into two groups, the monocots and the dicots (c). were the first plants to develop vascular tissues (d). were the first plants to develop flowers to attract insects

A

Mosses are best described as: (a). Nonvascular plants that do not produce seeds or flowers (b). Nonvascular plants that produce both seeds and flowers (c). Vascular plants that produce both seeds and flowers (d). Vascular plants that do not produce seeds or flowers

A

Which of the following are the most ancient plants that came into existence about 450 million years ago? (a) bryophytes (b) tracheophytes (c) angiosperms (d) gymnosperms

A

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure with the chromosome number? (a). Archegonia - haploid (b). Spore - diploid (c). Gametophyte - diploid (d). Sporangia - haploid

A

Which of the following does not belong to gymnosperms? (a). palm tree (b). Ginkgo biloba (c). cycads (d). redwood

A

Using plants and human as examples, describe the common and different things between gametes and spores?

A gamete (egg or sperm) is a cell that fuses with another cell (sperm or egg) during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are haploid and contain one set of chromosomes (1N) from either mother or father. Both Human and plants can reproduce sexually, so both of them can produce gametes. However, in human, the gametes are produced by human germline cells (i.e., diploid mother cells that will produce haploid gametes) through meiosis. In contrast, in plants, the gametes are produced through mitosis inside gametangia within haploid gametophytes. Spore is also a reproductive unit, which does not require to be fused with another cell (sperm, egg, or spore). Not like gametes, which will die without fertilization, spores can survive a long time (say, many hundreds of years) and can travel or disperse long, long distance. Like gametes, spores are also haploid. In plants, spores are produced through meiosis from diploid spore mother cell (inside sporangium) within sporophyte. Human dose not produce spores. In plants, spores can germinate and grow into a body of multicellular organism (e.g., leafy stage of mosses) - gametophytes. Here, haploid spores will grow into multiple cells of gametophytes through mitosis because chromosome number in daughter cells keeps the same (not been halved, like meiosis).

Gametophye

A haploid multicellular in the life cyle of plants. It produces haploid gametes. It is produced from mitoses cell division of spores which are produced by meiosis in sporophytes

Monocot

An angiosperm that has only one seed leaf.

Dicot

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves

What are the major innovations of angiosperms that gymnosperms do not have?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms both produce seeds. However, they differ in several life cycle features that better adapt flowering plants to life on land. (1). Flowering plants show further reduction in gametophyte size and complexity. For example, pollen grain has 2 cells in flower plants while it has 4 cells in conifers. For both angiosperms and gymnosperms, pollen grains are immature male gametophyte (microgametophyte). (2). Pollination in flower plants is mainly conducted by animals (insects, birds or mammals), although wind pollination is also very common. In conifers, the pollination is mainly conducted by wind, which sometimes is random and can not guarantee a success of pollination. In contrast, pollination in flower plants is more likely to be successful. (3). The location of the ovule becomes hidden in flower plants. Seeds are located inside a fruit. A fruit is a mature, ripened ovary (or group of ovaries), which protects and contains the seeds. A fruit can protect the seeds and aid the dispersal of the seeds by providing treats to animals. (4). Fertilization in flower plant involves two steps with double-fertilization rather than one step in gymnosperms. What does double-fertilization mean? Both sperms are involved in fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the egg to produce a zygote that will develop into an embryo. The zygote produced from the fusion of haploid egg and sperm is diploid; this restores the chromosome number for the sporophyte generation (diploid). The second sperm fertilizes or fuses with the two polar nuclei, producing the primary endosperm nucleus, which develops into endosperm, a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo. The fusion of the haploid sperms and polar nuclei normally produces triploid endosperms (3N, three sets of chromosomes).

The part of a flowering plant that contains pollen is called the:

Anther

In moss, where does the fertilized egg develop?

Archegonia

Gametes: (a). do not exist in plants. (b). must fuse in pairs to produce a new organism. (c). are produced by cloning. (d). can produce new individuals by themselves.

B

In mosses, spores are ___ (a). diploid cells (b). haploid cells (c). either (a) or (b) (d). neither (a) or (b)

B

Which of the following groups of plants are seedless, vascular plants? (a). mosses (b). ferns (c). gymnosperms (d). angiosperms

B

Fronds are: (a). underground stems. (b). small structures that produce protective fluids during leaf development. (c). the large, compound leaves that characterize true ferns. (d). leaf-like stem outgrowths.

C

Which of the following is NOT true of the scientific method? (a) It recognizes a question (b) It develops a testable hypothesis (c) It can be used to prove a hypothesis after data is gathered which supports that hypothesis (d) It never ends

C

Which of the following is a unique feature of angiosperms? (a). production of seeds (b). xylem and phloem for conduction (c). double fertilization (d). increased gametophyte stage

C

Which will eventually produce a pollen grain? (a). megaspore (b). microsporangium (c). microspore (d). megasporangium

C

Which sub-group of gymnosperm has leaves that look like palm tree or fern frond?

Cycads

Which of the following correctly identifies the sporophyte stage in mosses? (a). Independent and haploid (b). Independent and diploid (c). Dependent and haploid (d). Dependent and diploid

D

Which of the following is not correct about the differences between plant and human life cycles? (a). Plants use mitosis to create gametes (b). Humans use meiosis to create gametes (c). Plants have a multicellular haploid stage (d). Humans have alternation of diploid and haploid generations

D

Which of the following statements is false? (a). The sporophyte generation of a moss is diploid (b). The gametophyte generation of a moss is haploid (c). Moss are tiny plants due to lack of vascular tissues (d). Throughout its lifetime, the gametophyte remains attached to the sporophyte.

D

The dominant life stage for gymnosperms can best be described as:

Diploid sporophyte

Which of the following best describes the dominant life stage in angiosperms? (a). Triploid sporophyte (b). Haploid sporophyte (c). Diploid gametophyte (d). Diploid sporophyte

Diploid sporophyte

Cotyledon

Embryonic, first leaves of a seadling, A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant

Which structure is a result of double fertilization and provides food sources for the developing embryo?

Endosperm

Something that is believed to be true through observation and measurement is known as a _______.

Fact

What structure of the fern is haploid and multicellular?

Gametophyte

Why maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba) is special?

Ginkgo biloba is also a living fossil, because its close relatives can be only found as in fossil records. (1) It originates in China, and it is the only plant with special fan-shape leaves. (2) It is a living fossil that its close relatives only exit as in fossil records (270 million years ago). With its phylum, it has a single class, single order, single family, single genus and single species - Ginkgo biloba. (3) Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. (4) It contains chemicals used for memory and concentration enhancer. (5) It has a superior capability to resist air pollutants, in comparison with many other plants.

What is the dominant life stage for mosses?

Haploid gametophyte

A _________ is an educated guess or working assumption about something.

Hypothesis

Compare the relationship between gametophytes and sporophytes in mosses versus ferns. What are the major differences? Is water important for both mosses and ferns to finish sexual reproduction? Why?

In mosses, sporophytes are on the top of gametophyte. The sporophytes need gametophyte to provide water and nutrients to survive. Without gametophytes, sporophytes can not grow and be mature to produce spores. So, gametophytes are dominant generation in mosses. In ferns, sporophytes are free-living, although in their early developmental stage they depend on gametophytes. Eventually, sporophytes and gametophytes are separated in ferns. Sporophytes can survive much longer than gametophytes. Fern sporophytes are much larger than gametophytes, with vascular tissues and true leaves, roots and stems. Although ferns are increasingly better adapted to the land environment, they still need water to finish fertilization in their gametophytes. Both mosses and ferns have swimming sperms that need water to meet with eggs.

Clearly understand the lifecycle of mosses and ferns, what are the similarities and differences? In comparison with mosses, why do we say ferns are increasingly better adapted to the terrestrial environment?

Like mosses, ferns also show the alternation between diploid (2N) generation and haploid (1N) generation. The gametophyte of fern is called prothallus, which is tiny, heart-shape plant that does not contain vascular tissue. Prothallus can be either uni-sexual or bi-sexual. Different from mosses, the fern sporophytes are free-living, although sporophytes are developed from gametophytes initially. Fern sporophyte has real roots, stems and leaves with vascular tissues. Therefore, it can be huge plant that is capable to live many years. Because of vascular tissues, the separation of gametophyte and sporophyte, and dominant stage of fern sporophytes, ferns are increasingly better adapted to the land environment.

Which structure is responsible for producing the female gametes?

Megagametophyte

Is a complete flower a perfect flower? Is a perfect flower a complete flower? Why? What is their relationship with hermaphrodite?

Not all flowers contain the 4 parts: Sepal, Petal, Stamen and Carpel. The flowers that contain all 4 parts are known as complete flowers. Otherwise, they are incomplete flowers. The flowers that contain both stamen and carpel are known as perfect flowers. Otherwise, they are imperfect flowers. A complete flower must be a perfect flower. But, a perfect flower is not necessarily a complete flower.

As a part of a flower, __ is often scented and attracts insects.

Petal

Understand the life cycle of pine, as illustrated by the lecture slides and the video that we watched during the lecture. Compared with mosses and ferns, why do we say that conifers are better adapted to land or terrestrial environments?

See your class notes and videos for the answers. Here are some key points: (1) Conifers use seeds for dispersal, which contains embryonic sporophyte with seed coat protection and nutrients that help germination. Mosses and ferns use spores for dispersal, not advantageous at all, because spores will develop into gametophytes, which will need fertilization when gametophytes are mature to generate sporophytes. Also read the answers for the question 03. (2) Non-vascular gametophyte is further reduced and simplified in conifers. In gymnosperms, gametophyte is further reduced in size and not obvious as in mosses and ferns. For example, in conifers, female gametophyte is inside the ovule, not visible outside at all. Male gametophyte in pine is represented as the tiny pollen grain. Now, gametophyte develops on the sporophyte. It relies on sporophyte. This is very different from ferns and mosses. Fertilization does not need water any more in conifers. How? The pollen tube will be developed to facilitate fertilization.

Are fern gametophytes always bisexual? How can some ferns facilitate cross fertilization? What is the self fertilization in ferns? What is the downside of the self fertilization?

Some fern gametophytes are bisexual, which means that they can produce both antheridia (sperms) and archegonia (eggs). Self fertilization means that the egg and sperm from the same plant body fuse and finish fertilization. Cross fertilization means that the egg and sperm from different plant individuals fuse and finish fertilization. As shown in the video, a bi-sexual fern gametophyte has different mature timing for its archegonia (first) and antheridia (late). The gametophyte with mature eggs can release chemicals to limit the growth of archegonia development of neighboring fern gametophytes while facilitating their growth of antheridia development. In such way, some ferns have the capability to promote cross fertilization and avoid self fertilization. The downside of the self fertilization is that the new offspring did not obtain new genes from a new parent (either mother or father)

Spores develop on the underside of the fern frond in structures called

Sori

Which term best describes a group of sporangia located on the underside of some fern leaves?

Sori

Double fertilization

The joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte) with the two male gametes. Pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the carpel and extends down toward the ovary through the style. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell and the other combines with the two polar nucler

Conceptual framework which is based on many observations, and is used to explain observations and predict knew ones is known as _______.

Theory

___ develop on the upper surface of each scale of a female cone in pine.

Two ovules

Angiosperms can transfer their pollen and seeds via water, wind, and animals. Gymnosperms however, rely primarily on ____ to transfer their pollen and seeds.

Wind

Which of the following is not true of a scientific theory? (a). It may be based in speculation. (b). It is credible. (c). It is widely accepted. (d). It is verified.

a

The female pine gametophyte develops from __________.

a haploid megaspore

Fruit

a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, mainly one or more ovaries

Microsporangium

a sporangium that bears microspores

Megaspores

a spore that gives rise to a female gametophyte

A pine tree is __________.

a sporophyte

The sperm cells of bryophytes such as moss are made in sacs called:

antheridia

The egg cells of bryophytes are developed in the structures called:

archegonia

Angiosperms are best described as: (a). Vascular plants that produce naked seeds (b). Seedless nonvascular plants (c). Flowering vascular plants (d). Seedless vascular plants

c

The ___ is a cap of gametophyte tissue in moss that protects the sporangium

calyptra

In mosses, ___ is a spore-producing structure (sporangium), capable of splitting open along slits and releasing spores

capsule

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. This success is due to all of the following except (a). animal pollination (b). reduced gametophytes (c). fruits enclosing seeds (d). swimming sperm cell with flagella

d

In comparison with gymnosperm, which of the following is not a novel feature of the angiosperm life cycle? (a). reduction in gametophyte size and complexity (b). ovule location becomes hidden and seed dispersal improved by enclosure within fruit (c). a two-step fertilization (d). production of seeds

d

The most conspicuous part of the fern life cycle is the

diploid sporophyte

the flower plant before producing flowers is

diploid sporophyte

the seed in the angiosperm life cycle develops into a

diploid sporophyte

Both monocot and dicot plants have two cotyledons. t or f

false

angiosperms have naked seeds. t or f?

false

in both plants and humans, gametes are produced through meiosis. t or f

false

A megaspore grows into the

female gametophyte

Zygote

fertilized egg -diploid

Eukaryotes

having cell nucleus

___ flowers typically have bright, showy petals and fragrant aromas and are rich in nectar.

insect-pollinated

In pine, male and female cones develop on the

mature sporophyte

in humans, gametes are generated through

meiosis

spores are generated through _____

meiosis

If a diploid cell contains 8 chromosomes, ____ results in 4 daughter cells, each of them contains ___ chromosomes

meiosis, 4

in humans, a zygote develops into an embryo through

mitosis

in moss, _____ creates gametes

mitosis

Understand the major differences between Monocots and Dicots

monocot has one cotyledon dicot has two

The name gymnosperm is derived from the Greek words meaning

naked seed

in flower plants, ______ develops into fruits and _______ develops into seeds

ovary, ovule

Flower

plant organ for sexual reproduction in angiosperms

The group of individuals from the same species forms ___.

population

Angiosperms and gymnosperms share the characteristic of:

production of seeds

In ferns, the heart-shaped, bisexual gametophyte is called

prothallius

farmers use ______ to reproduce asparagus for food (vegetable). this is an example of ________ reproduction

rhizome, asexual

The leaf-like structure that protects the budding flower is called the:

sepal

______ is used for dispersal of ferns

spores

What diploid cells go through meiosis in order to produce spores?

sporocytes

The dominant part of the angiosperm life cycle is the

sporophyte

The young pine tree before producing cones is sporophyte or gametophyte?

sporophyte

In ferns, the sporophyte phase of the life cycle is self-sustaining and long-lived. This means that ferns are

sporophyte dominant

_______ does not belong to female part of flower a. stigma b. style c. ovary d. stamen

stamen

In pine trees, the immature male gametophyte is ______.

the pollen grain

In pine trees, the mature male gametophyte is __________.

the pollen tube with its included nuclei

The major limitation of the bryophytes such as moss is that:

they require free water in order to reproduce sexually

one cell going through mitosis will result in

two cells

what is important for ferns to finish fertilization?

water

what is important for mosses to finish fertilization?

water

For a moss to reproduce sexually, it requires ___

water to transport sperms to eggs

What is important for conifers to finish fertilization?

wind

Fertilized eggs are called

zygotes