Bio 150a midterm 2 The DIVERSITY OF LIFE!

Photoautotrophs

CO2 (autotrophes) + Light (Phototrophs)

Perhaps!

Can algae provide renewable source of energy?

yes

Can bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall?

Trypanosoma

Causes African sleeping sickness. Found in blood.

Chemoautotrophs

Chemical + CO2

Yes. Lots of them we do not understand. however if they are taken out then they often do not function properly

Do protists have organelles?

NOPE

Do we know the exact number of species on the planet?

Protists

Eukariotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi

Brown algae, fungi & animals, red & green algae

Multicellular organisms that developed 3 times in evolution

Look at slide its 4

Mushroom, puffball, shelf fungi

protist fungi (thought to be true fungi because of appearance but are quite different)

Oomycetes, and slime molds

Photoheterotrophs

Organic compound + Chemical

Chemoheterotrophs

Organic compounds + chemical

Plasmodium computer cursive, or under lined if hand written

Plasmodium the GENUS and it cuases malaria

Euglena

Protist that are mixotrops (therefore they can switch from hetrotrophic to autotrophic)

Autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs

Protists are characterized in how they get their food as

Mitochondria and Chloroplast has its own DNA, It Mitochondria or chloroplast is removed then when the cell tries to replicate it cannot make it's own

Support of endosymbiosis hypothesis

Fertilization

The fusion of an egg and sperm

The cellular slime mold is an aggregate of several cells and the plasmodium of a plasmodial slime mold is only one cell with several nuculi

The major cellular difference between a plasmodium of a slasmodial slime mold and slug like aggregate of a cellular slime mold

cell wall

The shape of the bacteria is determined by the....

DNA, ribisomes, plasmamebrane, cytoplasm

What are the essential components for all living cells?

The genetic varatioation is multipulied. Fungi do this in the summer if it is good weather.

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction? When do you pick woch way

30%

____ of known fungi are parasites or pathogens mostly in or on plants

80%

_____ of pant diseases caused by fungi

10% to 50%

_____ to ______ of crops are lost to fungal infections

Protists

____________ constitute multiple kingdoms

capsule

a jelly like coating on the outside of cells. also helps attach to surfaces on bacteria

Monotropa uniflora

a plant which cannot undergo photosynthesis, servives by a fungus giving sugers which the fungus gets from a tree that it is connected to

mycorrhizae

a smart farmer would inoculate their seeds with

Stripe

acts as the algae's stem

Blade

allows algae to absorbed light

red & green algae

archaeplastids

yes

can fungi be predatory?

cheater cells

cells that will only reproduce and not risk drying up to become a stem

Brown algae

chromalveolates

gram staining

dying a sample of bacteria to see if they have a thick cell wall (gram-positive and a dark stain) or a thinner cell wal (peptidoglycan layer) and an outer membrane making it a gram-negative (the crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing light purple rather then dark)

plasmids

extra chromosomal DNA (which often have antibiotic resistant genes) which can exchange and transfer from one bacteria to another

gymnamoebas

free living amobozans

Gymnamoebas

free living amoeba

candida albicans (also called a yeast infection)

fungal infection that causes vaginal infections

mycosis

fungal infections in animals and humans are called

animals, plants

fungi are related closer to ___________ than ___________

Mycorrhizae

fungi that are in plant roots and help their survival by absorbing minierals (phosphate and potassium) which the plant can use, it releases growth factors, releases antibiotics into the surrounding soil, and it increases the root surface area which allows the roots to absorb more water and the fungus get the sugar that the fungus produces

mutualists

fungi that benifit the organism they interact with

Fumbriae

hair like structures that help cells (bacteria) attach to things

true fungi

has cell wall has chitin

an energy source and a carbon source

homeostasis requires

1

how many chromosomes do bacteria have?

Oomycetes (water moldes)

important decomposes in marine environments

Protisis! (phyto-Plankton)

in marine enviroments what are the nutriaint basis (producers)

nasty effects of protists

in plants Damaging crop production ie. the patato famine In humans: Plasmodium that causes malaria release of toxins in coastal areas ie. the red tide

decomposing bio hazerdous waste

industrial applications of fungi

Red algae

is the source of careogenen (found in icecream and chocolate milk, and toothpaste), as well as Nori ( on sushi), and Agar (which is used to grow samples in petre dishes) is multicellular

pioneer

lichen are _________ species because they are the basis for life in many ecosystems, and often the first species that can survive in an area

indicator

lichen are __________ species because they are very sensitive to pollution

extreme, solid rock

lichen can survive in ________ conditions and can grow on _________ _________

Algae and fungus

lichen is made of ________ and ___________ but the symbosis is so complete we consider lichen a species of it's on (there are 17,000 named species)

Biofilms

many species live in surface-coating colonies with metabolic cooperation

uni

most protists are ___cellular

coccidioidomycosis

mycosis (fungal infection) that causes tuverculosis like symptoms in lungs

cheater cells

non-cheater cells avoid to aggragate with

Hyphae

one cell think fungi can grow 1km a day

entamoebas

paracitic amobozans

slime molds

plasmodial and cellular

physarum

plasmodial slime mold

Ciliates

protists who use cilia, ie. paramecium and plasmodium

Mushrooms

reproductive part of fungi

Hyphae

ring like structures that a fungi can develop

spherical, rod, cork-screw

shapes of bacteria

Food canning

the _________________ industry has to kill endospores of clostridium botulinum using heat and pressure

Mycelium

the mass of all the hyphae, (is what you think when you think of fungi) is usually haploid

Secondary Enosymbiosis

the theory that protsits have taken up more organelles that can from a vast amount of prokaryotes

50

there are ___ known fungal species parasitic to humans and animals

1.5 million, 5,20,75

total number of named species with a name is about ________ : of which _% are prokaryotes & protists _% are plans & fungi, and are _% animals.

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

3 domains

Protists (with 20 different sub kingdoms), Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

4 main kingdoms

Brown algae is in a different super group. All algae (even green) are considered to be protists

Are algea grouped together with land plants?

Singles, Colonies, pairs, biofilms

How bacteria live

Sometimes

How often do archaea have Introns

Rarely

How often do bacteria have Introns?

Brown Algae (or kelp)

Important feeding ground and hiding place from marine life uses photosynthesis is NOT a plant

Glomeromyciese

Lives inside plant cell in a symbiotic relationship

+ and -

2 types of mycelia that can reproduce

Plasmodium not cursive or underlined

1. can be several cm big but is only one cell! (a super cell and it has several nuclei) 2.so there is cytoplasmic streaming so that the entire cell gets nutrients 3. the eat by growing around their food, engulfing it and digesting it or PHAGOCYTOSIS 4. To reproduce they make fruiting bodies called SPORANGIUM which produce spores

metabolic cooperation

A waste product for one species may be a nutrient source for another and therefore the co-exist

6,000

About how many bacteria has a scientific name?

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotropes (thats all of them!)

All species of bacteria or archea can be catorgorized by how they get energy as...

basidiomycetes

Fungi decomposers of wood are called

Basidiomycetes or club fungi

Fungi that can only reproduce sexually

plasmogamy

Fusion of the cytoplasm is fungi sexual reproduction

Polysaccharide matrix

Gooey sticky surgery substrate that holds biofilms togeather

Amoebozans

Slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas

Green algae

undergoes alternation of generations could be a possible energery source there is some debate weather it is a plant or protist (but we consider it a protist)

Diatomes

unicellular algae and has a "glass" (silicone) membrane important to climate change because they are a huge carbon pump (or carbon sink) Also found in tooth paste

Fungi & animals

unikonts

endospore

when conditions for the cell are hostile the cell creates an __________________ which are resistant and dormant for centuries.

Ergots

why, wheat, barley can be infected by ergots if humans consume it it has hallucinogenic effects you can make LSD from extracting it's lysergic acid can have medical uses