BIO-168 Final Review

________ are soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current. Lipids Enzymes Ions Electrolytes Proteins

Electrolytes

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells. microglia. astrocytes. satellite cells.

Schwann cells

The adrenal medullae secrete medullin. renin. norepinephrine. epinephrine. both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex. cerebellum medulla oblongata thalamus pons cerebrum

thalamus

Osseous tissue is also called cellulite. fat. ligament. cartilage. bone.

bone

Which pH is closest to normal blood pH? pH 2 pH 8 pH 7 pH 4 pH 3

pH 7

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is 2. 3. 6.0. 4.5. 1.0. 12.0.

12.0

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons. 8 4 1 6 2

2

Which scenario(s) exemplifies exemplify the relationship between form and function? Weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart. The "thinning" of bone, which occurs as one ages, may lead to an increased risk of bone fracture. Abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduced ability to carry oxygen. All of the abovelisted responses are correct.

All of the abovelisted responses are correct

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places? portions of the pharynx surface of the epiglottis surface of the tongue All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct

The cerebellum compares intended movement to actual movement. if damaged, leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. receives input from the motor cortex and basal nuclei. functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. All the answers are correct.

All the answers are correct

________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax. Sweat Sudoriferous Ceruminous Mammary Apocrine sweat

Ceruminous

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color. Rods Cones

Cones

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface. Conjunctivitis Cataract Myopia Hyperopia Emmetropia

Conjunctivitis

Which of the following is a characteristic of the dilator pupillae muscles? Contraction of these muscles decreases the diameter of the pupil. Increased light intensity activates the dilator pupillae muscles. These muscles form a series of concentric circles around the pupil. Contraction of these muscles increases the diameter of the pupil.

Contraction of these muscles increases the diameter of the pupil

________ is when a vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane and discharges its contents to the extracellular environment. Entrocytosis Exocytosis Extracytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology? Measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure. Using a dissecting microscope to view the layers of a blood vessel. Dissecting a heart to observe the heart chambers. Observing heart muscle cell structure under a microscope.

Measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure

Which is correct regarding neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic division? It never involves activation of G proteins. Their receptors are located on the surfaces of all postganglionic cells and at neuromuscular junctions of the SNS. Neurotransmitter release always involves muscarinic receptors. Norepinephrine and epinephrine interact with adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine interact with adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane.

________ molecules are compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom. Inorganic Endergonic Complex Organic Exergonic

Organic

________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation. Association Stimulation Integration Perception Reception

Perception

________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints. Interoceptors Proprioceptors Exteroceptors Somatic sensory receptors Special sensory receptors

Proprioceptors

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light. Cones Rods

Rods

________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another. Reticular tissues; ligaments Ligaments; reticular tissues Reticular tissues; tendons Tendons; ligaments Ligaments; tendons

Tendons; ligaments

Which example correctly describes the relationship of form and function at the chemical level? The chemical messengers act only on the cells that release them. Receptors on plasma membranes maintain their shape whether they are bound or unbound to chemical messengers. Cellular receptors exist only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The binding of chemical messengers to receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function.

The binding of chemical messengers to receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function.

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen? XI IX XII VIII X

X

In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called catalysts. enzymes. reactants. products. a metabolic pathway.

a metabolic pathway

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. norepinephrine. epinephrine. GABA. serotonin.

acetylcholine

Cells that store fat are called podocytes. adipocytes. melanocytes. cellulocytes. macrocytes.

adipocytes

The basal nuclei act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary sensory input. adjust and refine learned motor activities. initiate conscious motor activity. exert direct control over lower motor neurons. activate spinal reflexes.

adjust and refine learned motor activities

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to neural tissue. blood. fat. epithelium. bone.

bone

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a covalent bond is formed. a free electron is formed. an ion is formed. an ionic bond is formed. a hydrogen bond is formed.

an ionic bond is formed

During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during telophase. prophase. metaphase. anaphase. interphase.

anaphase

A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position. frontal supine anatomical prone sagittal

anatomical

Ions with a negative charge are called protons. cations. polar molecules. anions. positrons.

anions

The genetically programmed death of cells is called metastasis. mitosis. differentiation. apoptosis. replication.

apoptosis

The smallest stable units of matter are molecules. electrons. protons. atoms. neutrons.

atoms

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the tensor tympani. auditory ossicles. cochlea. stapedius muscle. oval window.

auditory ossicles

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the axolemma. axoplasm. axon hillock. axon terminal. axokaryon.

axolemma

The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is chloride. magnesium. sodium. calcium. potassium.

calcium

Myopia __________. can be treated by placing a diverging lens in front of the eye can be corrected by placing a converging lens in front of the eye is the term for the normal healthy eye occurs if the eyeball is too shallow or the lens is too flat

can be treated by placing a diverging lens in front of the eye

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? abnormal in adults a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts causes flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked normal in newborns causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze

causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. autonomic central efferent afferent peripheral

central

A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n) tRNA. gene. amino acid. codon. anticodon.

codon

The dominant fiber type in most dense connective tissue is actin. connectin. collagen. elastin. myosin.

collagen

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments. collagen, reticular, and elastic. loose, dense, and irregular. polar, cellular, and permeable. cartilage, bone, and collagen.

collagen, reticular, and elastic

The corpus callosum is composed of association fibers. projection fibers. longitudinal fasciculi. arcuate fibers. commissural fibers.

commissural fibers

Which of the following is an effect of parasympathetic activation? constriction of the pupils acceleration of glycogen breakdown in liver cells release of lipids by adipose tissues increased activity in the cardiovascular and respiratory centers of the pons and medulla oblongata

constriction of the pupils

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called ipsilateral. antilateral. contralateral. bilateral. collateral.

contralateral

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the aqueous humor. iris. cornea. vitreous humor. lens.

cornea

Which of the following is improperly paired? myelencephalon — will form the medullar oblongata telencephalon — will form the cerebrum mesencephalon — also called the midbrain diencephalon — becomes the ventricle metencephalon — will form the cerebellum and pons

diencephalon — becomes the ventricle

Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s). cardiovascular urinary digestive lymphatic urinary and cardiovascular

digestive

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? direct long-term functions, such as growth coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities integrate sensory information control peripheral effectors sense the internal and external environments

direct long-term functions, such as growth

The ankle is ______ to the knee. distal medial proximal superficial

distal

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the arachnoid mater. pia mater. epidural space. periosteum. dura mater.

dura mater

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time. MRI electroencephalogram X-ray CT scan electrocardiogram

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Which subatomic particle has the smallest mass and a charge that is labeled "negative"? electron nucleus neutron proton

electron

The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is called facilitated transport. endocytosis. osmosis. an ion exchange pump. active transport.

endocytosis

The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as ectothelium. mesothelium. metothelium. perithelium. endothelium.

endothelium

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus. microglia oligodendrocyte astrocyte neuron ependymal

ependymal

The ________ space separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal. subdural subarachnoid epidural epiarachnoid subpial

epidural

The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of equilibrium. proprioception. nociception. hearing. vision.

equilibrium

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system? functions in emotions, learning, and memory functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brainstem contains cerebral and diencephalic components

functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? oxygen sodium sulfur potassium carbon

oxygen

The sense of taste is also known as equilibrium. olfaction. interoception. proprioception. gustation

gustation

A midsagittal section would pass through the lung. heart. spleen. kidney. leg.

heart

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called homeostasis. adaptability. biology. disease. responsiveness.

homeostasis

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close. color blindness cataracts hyperopia myopia vertigo

hyperopia

"Spikes" form on a dehydrating blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. isotonic hypotonic hypertonic

hypertonic

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called hypotonic. isotonic. hypertonic.

hypotonic

Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution. hypertonic isotonic hypotonic merotonic homotonic

hypotonic

Parkinson's disease is the result of inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. hyperactivity of the limbic system. weak response of the red nuclei of the midbrain. decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons

Parasympathetic stimulation increases heart rate. increases gastric motility. causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. causes sweat glands to secrete. causes the pupils to dilate.

increases gastric mobility

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the organ of Schlemm. perilymph. internal ear. bony labyrinth. membranous endolymph.

internal ear

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called prophase. telophase. interphase. anaphase. metaphase.

interphase

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called ions. isomers. principal elements. isotopes. trace elements.

isotopes

A molecule of ________ contains all the codons needed to produce a particular polypeptide. rRNA tRNA mDNA DNA RNA

mRNA

All of the following is a function of tears except provides oxygen. lubricates the eye. washes away debris. maintains acidic environment. nourishes the cornea and conjunctiva.

maintains acidic environment

The heart is ________ to the lungs. distal posterior medial proximal lateral

medial

The proper distribution of a cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of meiosis. mitosis. cytokinesis. meiokinesis. mitokinesis.

mitosis

All of the following are correct regarding DNA except it contains a double helix. it contains deoxyribose sugar. molecular shape varies with hydrogen bonding along the length of the strand. it stores genetic information. the nitrogenous base is made of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

molecular shape varies with hydrogen bonding along the length of the strand

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred. cataracts color blindness myopia vertigo hyperopia

myopia

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. neutral positive polarized deficit negative

negative

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of negative feedback. positive feedback. diagnostic regulation. fever. nonhomeostatic regulation.

negative feedback

Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue. neural osseous epithelial connective areolar

neural

A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is in equilibrium. neutral. acidic. alkaline. basic.

neutral

Transfer of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol occurs through DNA. exocytosis. endocytosis. tRNA. nuclear pores.

nuclear pores

Which of the following terms refers to the foot? cervical pedal femoral brachial antebrachial

pedal

Which of the following is not one of the six taste sensations? peppery sweet umami salty sour

peppery

Which of the following is not one of the six taste sensations? sweet umami sour salty peppery

peppery

The thoracic cavity contains the pericardial and pleural cavities. pleural cavities. pelvic cavity. pericardial cavity. coelom.

pericardial and pleural cavities

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the perichondrium. pleura. periosteum. pericardium. peritoneum.

peritoneum

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. phrenic sciatic lesser occipital radial ansa cervicalis

phrenic

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the dura mater .subarachnoid space. pia mater. choroid plexus. arachnoid mater.

pia mater

If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. polarized neutral negative deficit positive

positive

All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands except that they produce a strongly hypertonic fluid. produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. are located in recesses in the frontal bones. produce most of the volume of tears. produce lysozyme.

produce a strongly hypertonic fluid

A person lying face down is in the ________ position. posterior anatomical anterior supine prone

prone

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the pupil. conjunctiva. posterior chamber. cornea. anterior chamber.

pupil

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. receptor; control center (integrating center); effector effector; control center (integrating center); receptor receptor; effector; control center (integrating center)effector; receptor; control center (integrating center) control center (integrating center); receptor; effector

receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

The right pleural cavity contains the trachea. heart. left lung and right lung. left lung. right lung.

right lung

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells satellite cells

satellite cells

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. femoral pudendal perineal sciatic brachial

sciatic

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. polio mumps shingles rubella myasthenia gravis

shingles

The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle. multinucleated cardiac voluntary smooth skeletal

smooth

In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions. sodium; potassium potassium; calcium sodium; calcium potassium; sodium calcium; sodium

sodium; potassium

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly somatic motor nuclei. sensory nuclei. sympathetic nuclei. nerve tracts. autonomic motor nuclei.

somatic motor nuclei

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of sympathetic activation. stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin. increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. stimulation of the cardioacceleratory reflex.

stimulation activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus

Which of the following substances would be most acidic? stomach secretions, pH = 1 tomato juice, pH = 4 white wine, pH = 3 urine, pH = 6 lemon juice, pH = 2

stomach secretions, PH=1

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the dura mater. filum terminale. arachnoid mater. pia mater. subarachnoid space.

subarachnoid space

A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position. prone dorsal supine anatomical caudal

supine

The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the synaptic knob. hillock. telodendria. synapse. collateral branch.

synapse

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as telodendria. knobs. collateral branches. synapses. dendrites.

telodendria

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. the backbone of RNA contains ribose. DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines.

the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has twice as many chromosomes as the original cell. half as many chromosomes as the original cell. a different number of chromosomes than the original cell. a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell. the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

Which of the following is not one of the special senses? touch hearing smell balance taste

touch

The process of forming mRNA is called transcription. translation. auscultation. replication. cell division.

transcription

Which sectional plane would separate the thorax from the abdomen? median transverse frontal sagittal

transverse

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system. respiratory endocrine digestive lymphatic urinary

urinary