Bio 183 Final Prep - NCSU Jacquet

Molecules that bind to GPCRs would most likely be ________________________ (large and hydrophillic/small and hydrophobic)

Large and hydrophillic

Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP? a. A protein b. A nucleotide c. A carbohydrate d. A triglyceride e. Water

b. A nucleotide

Which of the following structures/molecules would least likely be found in/on a bacterium? a. DNA b. A rough endoplasmic reticulum c. A cell wall d. Ribosomes e. Neither A nor C are found in prokaryotes

b. A rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)? a. Glycogen b. Chitin c. Starch d. Cellulose

b. Chitin

In Eukaryotic cells, all ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. a. True b. False

b. False

During wound repair, damaged cells release chemical messengers that stimulate other neighboring cells to proliferate. This type of localized signaling is an example of ______________________________ signaling

paracrine

The average resting membrane potential for neurons is around _____________________________

-70mV

Name 6 enzymes that are directly involved in DNA replication and what they do.

1) Gyrase -- relieves stress of unwinding DNA 2) Helicase -- splits hydrogen bonds that are holding DNA together 3) Primase -- installs RNA primers 4) Polymerase I -- removes RNA primers 5) Polymerase III -- creates the copy of DNA 6) Telomerase -- creates 3' overhang of extra "blank" DNA so there will be no gap in the Poly III copy

In a skin cell from your favorite pet, how many different amino acids would you expect to find?

20

How many major checkpoints would you expect to see in a typical eukaryotic cell cycle?

3

Sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during ____________________________

Anaphase of meiosis II

The purines found in RNA are ___________________________.

Adenine and guanine

When anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) takes place in mammalian muscle cells, which of the following are produced? a. 36-38 ATPs and lactic acid b. 2 ATPs and lactic acid c. 36-38 ATPs and ethanol d. 2 ATPs and citric acid e. 36 ATPs and lactic acid

B. 2 ATPs and lactic acid

The advantage of using Ca2+, cAMP, or a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is a. ATP conservation b. Conservation of energy c. Signal amplification and speed d. Signal redundancy e. Enzyme recycling

C. Signal amplification and speed

When carbohydrates are not available for cellular respiration, cells can still obtain energy from lipids through a process known as _________________________.

Beta Oxidation

The type of cellular division observed in bacteria is known as ____________________.

Binary fission

In cases of inheritance when an offspring shows a phenotype that equally represents the alleles contributed by each parent (as seen in the presence of antigens in red blood cells), the pattern of inheritance is known as _______________________.

Codominance

The protein complexes that hold sister chromatids at their center are known as _____________________

Cohesins

Peptide bonds are created during a chemical reaction known as ____________________________.

Dehydration

Typically, ______________________, is the longest phase of a cell cycle (in healthy cells)

G1 phase

During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which phases?

G1, S, and G2 only

When a neuron's membrane potential goes from rest toward a more negative value, the neuron is said to be __________________________

Hyperpolarized

In what phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase I

The membrane that forms at the end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in plants is known as _________________

Mitotic split

Which molecule gets reduced in the following REDOX reaction: Mg + O --> Mg2+ + O2-

O

During DNA replication, the discontinuous DNA pieces that form on the lagging strand only are known as _____________________________

Okazaki fragments

The type of bond that is created between two amino acids are known as _____________________________.

Peptide bonds

DNA follows a pattern of replication known as ______________________________

Semi-conservative

What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

Synthesis (S-Phase)

What would a test tube of DNA look like after one generation of growth on 14N?

The DNA strand would have floated slightly higher to the top of the tube (slightly above the middle of the tube)

If you crossed true-breeding tall and short plants, and all of your F1 generation displayed a uniform mid-sized phenotype, what could you conclude?

The genes encoding for size in these plants show a pattern of incomplete dominance

What would the DNA band pattern look like if scientists had observed after 2 generations if DNA replication had been dispersive?

There would be two strands of DNA floating close to the top of the tube.

What would the DNA band pattern look like if scientists had observed 1 generation of growth on 14N and DNA replication had been conservative?

There would be two strands of DNA, one right in the middle and one closer to the top of the tube

You are more likely to find a high proportion of phospholipids in the cell membrane of either an Alaskan salmon or a giraffe. Which one and why?

You'd be more likely to find it in an Alaskan salmon because the fish would be solid if it didn't have unsaturated fats. Animals that live in warm environments need more saturated fats than those in cold environments.

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? a. Fructose b. Sucrose c. Lactose d. Cellulose e. Both B and C are monosaccharides

a. Fructose

The proton-motive force generated during oxidative phosphorylation is used to drive the activation of which of the following? a. ATP synthase b. Ubiquinone c. Cytochromes d. NADH dehydrogenase e. Low-energy electrons

a. ATP synthase

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by a. Converting substrates into products in their allosteric site b. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction c. Converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones d. Both B and C are correct

b. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by a. Vacuoles b. Lysosomes c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus

b. Lysosomes

Which of the following is NOT a reason for mitotic cell division? a. Regular tissue regeneration b. Pollen production in flowers c. Fetal growth d. Tissue repair after injury e. Tumor formation

b. Pollen production in flowers

Which of the following factors contribute significantly to high membrane fluidity? a. Long fatty acyl chains on phospholipids b. Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains c. Low temperature d. Presence of leak channels in the membrane

b. Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

The main products of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle) are a. ATP and citric acid b. Citric acid that is used in oxidative phosphorylation c. ATP, NADH, and FADH2 d. Citric acid and NADPH e. Krebs protein and ATP

c. ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called: a. Heterotrophs b. Organotrophs c. Autotrophs d. Chemiotrophs e. Prototrophs

c. Autotrophs

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are required for which of the following processes? a. DNA replication b. DNA transcription c. Cell cycle regulation (check point regulation) d. Sister chromatid separation (during mitosis) e Cellular communication

c. Cell cycle regulation (check point regulation)

The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are a. Photosynthesis and gluconeogenesis b. Oxidative phosphorylation and Citric acid cycle c. Light-Dependent reactions and Calvin cycle d. Light and heavy reactions e. Carbon-fixing and Calvin cycles

c. Light-Dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

The outer structure of Gram positive bacteria is made mainly of a. Polysaccharides b. Cellulose c. Peptidoglycan d. Chitin e. Proteins

c. Peptidoglycan

During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in which of the following? a. The mitochondrial matrix b. The inter-membrane space in mitochondria c. The cytoplasm d. The inner mitochondrial membrane e. In the extracellular environment

c. The cytoplasm

Upon binding of ligand, receptor tyrosine kinases do which of the following? a. They activate nearby G-proteins b. They migrate to the nucleus to activate/repress specific genes c. They dimerize and trigger a cascade of intracellular signal transduction d. They induce cells to go through apoptosis (cell suicide) e. They exchange a GDP for a GTP

c. They dimerize and trigger a cascade of intracellular signal transduction

The mammalian liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristics would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (=liver cells) a. Absence of Golgi apparatus b. Very large nucleus c. Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. Absence of lysosomes e. High concentration of mitochondria

c. Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

During dehydration, the ________________________ group of one amino acid reacts with the ______________________________ group of the other.

carboxyl; amino

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction? a. Delta-G < 0, and free energy is released during the reaction b. Delta-G > 0, and free energy is released during the reaction c. Delta-G < 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy d. Delta-G > 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy e. In the presence of enzymes, both B and D could be endergonic

d. Delta-G > 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy

Steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are known to bind to which of the following? a. Ligand-gated ion channels b. G-protein-coupled receptors c. Receptor tyrosine kinases d. Intracellular receptors e. Voltage-gated ion channels

d. Intracellular receptors

What type of enzyme is usually associated with the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates (i.e. with phosphorylation of substrates)? a. Phosphatase b. Catalase c. Hydroxylase d. Kinase e. Phosphate dehydrogenase

d. Kinase

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following? a. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. Chloroplasts c. The rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Mitochondria e. None of the above

d. Mitochondria

In cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis? a. Acetyl CoA and ATP b. Acetyl CoA and citric acid c. Pyruvate, ATP, and Acetyl CoA d. Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH e. NADPH, FADH2, and ATP

d. Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Which of the following justifies the need for a cyclic electron flow in the thylakoid membrane? a. The Calvin cycle uses more NADPH than ATP b. When oxygen is not available, chloroplasts switch to cyclic electron flow c. When CO2 is not available, chloroplasts make glucose in a cyclic fashion d. The Cavlin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH e. When oxygen is not available, the Calvin cycle has to stop

d. The Cavlin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH

What is the purpose of stomata on the underside of leaves, in green plants? a. They allow the passage of electrons required for photosynthesis b. They allow the movement of water into the leaves when it rains c. They are mainly empty spaces between grana, in chloroplasts d. They allow the movement of CO2 in and O2 out of the leaves e. They allow filtration of the air we breathe

d. They allow the movement of CO2 in and O2 out of the leaves

The fermentation process that leads to the production of ethanol is most likely to take place in a. Bacteria b. C3 plant cells c. Animal muscle cells d. Yeast e. B, C, and D are correct

d. Yeast

The very strong connections that link cells such as human skin cells are known as __________________________________.

desmosomes

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature a protease commonly found in your stomach (at a pH of approximately 2.0)? a. Placing the enzyme in the fridge (around 4 degrees C) b. Placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH = 7.0) c. Placing the enzyme in an environment containing the wrong salt concentration d. Placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C) e. B, C, and D could potentially denature this enzyme

e. B, C, and D could potentially denature this enzyme

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA? a. It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA b. It is virtually identical to all the cells in your body c. It is almost identical to your father's mitochondrial DNA d. In any cell of your body, it is nearly identical to your genomic DNA ( the one found in the nucleus) e. Both A and B are correct

e. Both A and B are correct

Which of the following statement(s) inaccurately describe telomerase activity a. Telomerase activity decreases with every mitotic division b. Telomerase activity is highest during the G1 phase of the cell cycle c. Telomerase activity is typically low in cancer cells d. Telomerase activity increases the length of the 3' overhang e. Both answers B and C inaccurately describe telomerase activity

e. Both answers B and C inaccurately describe telomerase activity

Which of the following is accurate regarding the disaccharide lactose? a. Lactose is a protein, not a disaccharide! b. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose c. Lactose is composed of galactose and fructose d. lactose is a sugar found in milk and some of its derivatives e. Both answers B and D are correct

e. Both answers B and D are correct

Which of the following is true about the flagellae that are found on some bacteria? a. They have a 9+0 arrangement of microtubules b. They have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules c. They contain the protein flagellin d. They can be activated by protons moving down their concentration gradient e. Both answers C and D are correct

e. Both answers C and D are correct

Int he karyotype of a carrot cell, you would expect to see a. More chromosomes than in a human karyotype b. Fewer chromosomes than in a human karyotype c. The same number of chromosomes than in a human karyotype, since carrots are diploid too d. It depends on the stage of the cell cycle during which the comparison is made e. There is no way to tell from the information given

e. There is no way to tell from the information given

Which of the following is false about nucleosomes? a. They are composed of histones arranged in a zig-zag pattern to make a 30nm DNA fiber b. They are made up of DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histones c. They contribute greatly to DNA compaction d. They may be found in euchromatin or heterochromatin e. They are only found in prokaryotes

e. They are only found in prokaryotes

Photorespiration can best be explained by which of the following? a. Photorespiration happens when plants use oxygen in chloroplasts instead of mitochondria b. During periods of drought, plants open their stomata to better absorb water through their leaves c. At night or in the dark, C3 plants store CO2 in the form of organic molecules such as malate d. Some plants utilize light energy to pump oxygen in their leaves e. When temperatures get high, plants close their stomata, and the increased level of O2 in the mesophyll cause rubisco to work as an oxygenase instead of a carboxylase

e. When temperatures get high, plants close their stomata, and the increased level of O2 in the mesophyll cause rubisco to work as an oxygenase instead of a carboxylase

The dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures produced by certain bacteria that allows them to resist environmental stress are called __________________________.

endospores

The general formula that describes cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen -> water, CO2, ATP

The bonds that link the two strands of DNA together are called ______________________

hydrogen bonds

When placed in water, phosopholipids tend to spontaneously arrange themselves in spherical structures known as ___________________________. The center of this structure is _________________________(hydrophobic/hydrophillic).

micelle; hyrophobic

The bond formed between the sugar phosphate backbone of nucleotides is called a _______________________________

phosphodiester

The general formula that describes photosynthesis

water, CO2, heat -> glucose, oxygen