bio 2 chapter 25

Retention of juvenile body features into sexual maturity is referred to as the presence of __________.

paedomorphosis

Single-celled prokaryotes had the Earth to themselves for approximately __________.

1.5 billion years

The early atmosphere may not have been as reducing as originally postulated by Haldane, Oparin, Miller, and Urey. In light of current thinking about the composition of the early atmosphere, what is regarded as a likely place for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules to have occurred?

Near volcanoes

What were the two major "problems" that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could move into terrestrial habitats?

Reproduction and prevention of dehydration

What evidence most strongly suggests that an impact by an asteroid or meteorite may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?

Sedimentary rocks contain a layer of iridium, a mineral uncommon on Earth.

Which of the following is the correct ordering of divisions of the geologic record from largest to smallest?

eon, era, period, epoch

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the history of Earth's biological diversity?

The majority of species that ever lived are now extinct.

What was one ecological change that occurred following the Permian mass extinction?

The percentage of marine predators increased.

In the species selection model, __________ is to macroevolution as __________ is to microevolution.

differential speciation success; differential reproductive success

If the wings of extant flying birds originally arose as thermoregulatory devices in ancestral reptiles, then the bird wings could be accurately described as __________.

exaptations

Fossilized stromatolites __________.

resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays

The Miller and Urey abiotic synthesis experiment (and subsequent, similar experiments) showed that __________.

simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth's history

Which of the following would not have been a consequence of tectonic plate movements bringing previously separated landmasses together in the formation of the supercontinent of Pangaea about 250 million years ago?

Allopatric speciation increased.

Although they originated around 180 million years ago, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation starting approximately 65 million years ago. Why?

Between 180 and 65 million years ago, mammals were outcompeted by the well-established dinosaurs.

The original atmosphere of Earth had little oxygen. What was the likely first source of oxygen that led to an oxygen atmosphere?

Cyanobacteria

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception.

Genetic drift

Why is the four-stage hypothesis for the abiotic origin of life useful?

It leads to predictions that can be tested.

The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is __________.

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

Why is RNA, rather than DNA, thought to have been the first genetic material?

RNA can also function as a catalyst.

Which of the following is not a unique anatomical feature of mammals that can be recognized in the fossil record?

Temporal fenestra

Which of the following is a true statement about the current status of Earth's biodiversity?

The current rate of extinctions is as high as 1,000 times the typical rate seen in the fossil record.

What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?

They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes; their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes

Prior to the Cambrian explosion, all large animals had what characteristic in common?

They were all soft-bodied.

You are watching a movie in which one of the characters excitedly claims to have found human remains in Asia dated at 10 million years old. The date was obtained by carbon-14 dating. What is your reaction?

This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years.

Which of the following is an internal structure that appears in eukaryotic cells and is also present in more ancient prokaryotic cells?

Vesicles

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of __________.

a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts

The fossil record is __________.

biased in favor of species that existed for a long time

The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in a fossil can be used to determine the age of the fossil because __________.

carbon-14, unlike carbon-12, decays at a continuous rate after the death of an organism

Macroevolution differs from microevolution in that macroevolution __________.

includes broad evolutionary changes above the species level

The amphibians, reptiles, and mammals comprise which group?

tetrapods