Bio 2 Exam 2 quizzes and lecture 9

Gymnosperms

, including conifers--seed vascular land plant

Consider the food chain grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. How much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100%) is available to the hawk?

0.01%

angiosperm monocots descriptions

1 contyldon veins are parallel, vascular bundles usually complexly arranged. fibrous root system. floral parts usually in multiples of 3

four main types of land plants

1. bryophytes--mosses 2. pteriodophyes--ferns and seedles vascular plants 3. gymnosperms--conifers 4. angiosperms--flowing plants (moncots and eudicots)

angiosperm diocots

2 cotyledons, veins are netlife, vascualr bundles usally arranged in ring taproot usually present floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5

the vascualr tissue system consists of?

2 tissues: xylem and pholem

At the conclusion of meiosis in plants, the end products are always....

4 haploid spores

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, A. producers and decomposers. B. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers. C. producers, primary consumers, and decomposers. D. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. E. producers.

A. producers and decomposers

A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin via which of the following? A. pruning shoot tips B. deep watering of the roots C. feeding the plants nutrients D. fertilizing E. treating the plants with auxins

A. pruning shoot tips

Which of the following locations is the reservoir for carbon for the carbon cycle?

All of the below A. fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) B. plant and animal biomass C. sediments and sedimentary rocks D. atmosphere

choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cell versus sclerenchyma cells. A. the cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal. B. The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. C. The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of schlerenchyma cells D. The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made

B. The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.

Which of the following choices includes all of the others in creating global terrestrial climates? A. ocean currents B. differential heating of Earth's surface C. Earth's rotation on its axis D. evaporation of water from ocean surfaces E. global wind patterns

B. differential heating of Earth's surface

a moss should be classified as?

Bryophyte--land plant without vascular tissue and seedless seedless nonvascular plant, land plant

Which of the following statements is false about bulk flow? A. It is driven primarily by pressure potential B. It depends on a difference in pressure potential at the source and sink C. It depends on the force of gravity on a column of water D. It is more effective than diffusion over distances greater than 100 mm E. It may be the result of either positive or negative pressure potential

C

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except A. Companion cells B. vessel elements C. cambium cells D. Sieve cells E. Tracheids

C. cambium cells

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will A. have a higher water potential. B. have a lower water potential. C. have a faster rate of osmosis. D. be flaccid. E. have a faster rate of active transport.

C. have a faster rate of osmosis.

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules? A. covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules B. covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule C. hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule D. hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of a water molecule and cellulose in a vessel cell E. low concentrations of charged solutes in the fluid

C. hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? a. trichomes b. leaves c. secondary xylem d. tubers e. Cortex

C. secondary xylem

All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except A. cuticle B. root hairs C. the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis D. collenchyma E. tracheids and vessels

C. the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? A. 28.5 B. 15.0 C. 0.5 D. 1.5 E. 3.0

D

Which of the following examples of an ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect is most correct? A. A few organisms of a larger population survive a drought and then these survivors emigrate to less arid environments. B. Fish that swim the fastest in running water catch the most prey and more easily escape predation. C. When seeds are not plentiful, trees produce more seeds. D. A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest days of an ice age, and the reproducing survivors of the ice age all have long fur. E. The insects that spend the most time exposed to sunlight have the most mutations.

D. A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest days of an ice age, and the reproducing survivors of the ice age all have long fur.

all of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions EXCEPT A. vessel element-water transport. B. guard cell-regulation of transpiration. C. mesophyll-photosynthesis. D. companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem. E. Esieve-tube member-translocation.

D. companion cell-- probably provide ATP, proteins, and other substances to the sieve-tube elements, whose cytoplasm lacks many structures necessary for cell maintenance.

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, A. the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm. B. the summer wood, bark, and phloem. C. the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem. D. the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark. E. the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.

D. the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.

Active transport involves all of the following except the: A. hydrolysis of ATP. B. pumping of solutes across the membrane. C. specific transport protein in the membrane. D. transport of solute against a concentration gradient. E. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane.

E. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane.

The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except: A. removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. B. moderating the climate of terrestrial biomes. C. being the source of most of Earth's rainfall. D. producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen. E. regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.

E. regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.

a pine tree should be classified as?

Gymnosperms--seed plant, vascular plant, land plant

Approximately 1% of the solar radiation that strikes a plant is converted into the chemical bond energy of sugars. Why is this amount so low?

Only 1% of the wavelengths of visible light are absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.

types of plant cells

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

a fern should be classified as?

Pteridophytes, including ferns and seedless vascular plants. seedless vascular plant, land plant

what is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

Sepals--> petals--> stamens--> carpels

root caps

a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem

gametes

a haploid reproductive cell

sieve tube elements

a living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms. connected end to end, they form sieve tubes

vacules

a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells

vessel elements

a short, wide water conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperm and a few nonflowering vascular plants. dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels

megaspore

a spore from a heterosporus plant species that develops into a female gametophyte

microspore

a spore from a heterosporus plant species that develops into a male gametophyte

root hairs

a tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals

what does a stem consist of?

alternating system of nodes: Internodes an axillary bud a terminal bud

plasmodesmata

an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between cells

stems

an organ consisting of an alternative system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached

roots functions

an organ that anchors the vascular plant, aborbs minerals and water, often stores organic nutrients and carbs

a grass should be classified as?

angiosperm- monocot

companion cells

any of a number of specialized parenchymal cells adjacent to a sieve tube in the phloem of flowering plants, believed to regulate the flow of nutrients through the tube.

stems consist of?

axillary bud, apical bud, and apical dominance

compound leaf?

axillary bud, leaflet, and petiole

the vascualr tissue system function

carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

the dermal tissue system consists of?

consists of epidermis and periderm

xylem transport? make up? contain?

continous columns through stems and leaves. make up woody parts of trees and contain, roots, stems, and leaves

xylem function

conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots, water-conducting cells

one important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that a. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves b. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not c. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem d. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots e. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

d. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are

denitrifying bacteria.

what are the different type of plant cells differentiated by?

differentiated by thickness of plant cell wall

xylem cell

elogated cells that bring h20 and 02 to the plant in order for it to survive

stroma

envelope around the chloroplast with 2 memebranes

A flowering plant with a deleterious mutation in microsporogenesis would most likely?

fail to produce pollen

leaves consist of?

flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

collenvhyma

flexible support, more developed cell wall. polysaccaride cellulose, anterior cell wall is the plasma membrane. full of water. vacule is large. plasma membrane and cell wall are associated with each other When under water stress—the cell wall can't shrink—it's rigid and filled with cellulose—the plasma membrane will shrink and the vacuole will be very small. Can make out cell wall

cortex

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

pith

ground tissue internal to the vascualr tissue

simple leaf

has just an axillary bud and a petiole

apical dominance

helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

gametophyte

in organisms that have alternation of generations the multicellular haploid from that produces haploid gametes by mitosis, they unite and develop sporophytes

Pteridophytes,

including ferns and seedless vascular lantplants-

Angiosperms

including flowering plants, grass (monocots, eudicots)--seed, vascular, land plant

axillary bud

is a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch

root system

is below ground. This system includes roots, tubers (an enlarged, fleshy, underground stem with buds capable of producing new plants) and rhizomes (a horizontal stem that is usually underground and roots grow from it.) Roots anchor the plant in soil so that it doesn't fall over. Root are much like straws through which water and minerals from the soil move upward to the shoot system. Tiny root hairs stick out of the root, helping in the absorption. Roots also store extra food for future use.

a terminal bud

is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

mesophyll

leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. in C3 and CAM plants mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis. in C4 that are between the bundle- sheath cells and epidermis

leaf

main photosynthetic organ of most vacular plants.

what is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells?

maintain the H+ gradient

parenchyma plant cell

metabolism, most generic plant cell, photosyntheitc, make up majority of ground tissue, very thin cell walls, multipurposed cells

bryophotes

moss-nonvascular, land plants

doubly compound leaf?

petiole, axillary bud, leaflet

mesophyll function

photosynthesis

ground tissue consists of?

pith and cortex

plants contain meristems whose major function is to

produce more cells

guard cell function

regulation of transpiration--whether the stoma closes are opens. is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves.

sclerenchyma

rigid--all cell wall, gritty parts of pair. unable to digest and cause rapid movement of fruit through the GI

plant organs

roots, stems and leaves

thylakoids

sacs that are inside the stroma that divide the stroma from the thylakoid space. contains the chlorophyll

chloroplasts

site of photosynethsis in plant cells

stomata

small openings in the leaf that allow for the diffusion of 02, co2, and h20 vapor

companion cells function

specialized parenchyma cell, located in the phloem of flowering plants and closely associated in development and function with a sieve-tube element.

shoot system

the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?

the energy used by autotrophs in respiration

internodes

the stem segments between nodes

ground tissue system are?

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. includes cells specilized for storage, photosynetheis and support

sieve-tube member function

translocation-- movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.

phloem function

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed, sugar-conducting cells

____ is to zylem as ____is to phloem a. Vessel elements, sieve-tube member b. vascular cambium, cork cambium c. Cortex, pith d. apical meristem, vascular cambium e. sclerenchyma cell, collenchyma cell

vessel elements, sieve-tube member

vessel element function

water transport