BIO 201 Chapter 9

In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification, and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse.

True

True or False: Joints containing an interosseous membrane are examples of fibrous joints.

True

Which structure attaches a muscle to bone and helps stabilize a synovial joint?

Tendon

Gomphoses

The attachment of a tooth to its socket, held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament

Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint

The largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body; primarily a hinge joint

Syndesmoses

A fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers

Bursa

A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin (cushions muscle, helps tendons slide over joints, and enhance mechanical effect of muscles)

Synchondroses

A joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage

Synovial Joint (Diarthrosis)

A joint that moves freely; the joint cavity contains synovial fluid

Joint and Lever System

A lever is any elongated rigid object Fulcrum: the fixed point around which a lever pivots Effort arm: the portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort Resistance arm: the portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of resistance

Axis of Rotation

An imaginary line around which rotation occurs

Bony Joint (Synostosis)

An immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone (fibrous or cartilaginous joints)

Which of the following examples represent a bony joint, or synostosis?

An infant is born with right and left mandibular bones, but they soon fuse into a single bone

Protraction

Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

An articulation, or joint, is defined as ___________.

Any point where two bones meet

Joint (Articulation)

Any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface

A person studying movement in the body, but focusing specifically on joint structure, function, and disease, would be studying ________.

Arthrology

What is the science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction called?

Arthrology

Identify the two terms that describe a point where two bones meet.

Articulation Joint

Symphyses

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Which joint classifications are used to describe how the bone ends of a joint are held together?

Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

Synchondroses and symphyses are types of what kind of joint?

Cartilaginous

The pubic symphysis is an example of which type of joint?

Cartilaginous

What holds the bones together in a fibrous joint?

Collagen fibers

Ligament

Connects bone to bone (similar to tendon)

In a symphysis, bones are held together by which of the following?

Fibrocartilage

What is movement of the foot upwards, as when walking on your heels, called?

Dorsiflexion

Movements of the Foot

Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion

Tendon (Synovial) Sheaths

Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot

Which movement straightens a joint, returning it to zero position?

Extension

True or false: The anatomical name of a joint is determined by the manner in which the bone ends are connected at the joint.

False

Based on structure, the sagittal suture is what type of joint?

Fibrous

Correctly classify the shown joint as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.

Fibrous

Movements of Head and Trunk

Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of vertebral column

Hyperextension

Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

The glenohumeral joint is where the ______ of the scapula meets the humerus.

Glenoid cavity

The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes which of the following?

How the bone ends are held together within the joint

What is a synchondrosis held together by?

Hyaline cartilage

Sutures

Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other; occur nowhere else (serrate, lap, plane)

Which describes the edges of a serrate suture?

Interlocking

A point where two bones meet is called a(n) ______.

Joint

Fibrous joints with shorter fibers between the bones are going to be ______ movable than fibrous joints with longer fibers.

Less

What is a syndesmosis held together by?

Long collagen fibers

Depression

Lowers a body part in the same plane

Articular Disc

Meniscus; a fibrocartilage structure found between the bones of some synovial joints; provides padding or smooths movements between the bones; strongly unites the bones together

Correctly identify the following parts of a synovial joint.

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Syndesmoses are ______ moveable than sutures or gomphoses.

More

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips (reposition to return to zero position)

Flexion

Movement that decreases joint angle usually in the sagittal plane (hinge joints)

Elevation

Movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Extension

Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

Pronation

Movement that turns the palm down

Supination

Movement that turns the palm up

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Degrees of Freedom

Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes Biaxial: movement in two planes Monoaxial: movement in one plane

What does kinesiology study?

Musculoskeletal movement

Circumduction

One end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

Where are sutures found?

Only in the skull

Which describes the edges of a lap (squamous) suture?

Overlapping

A ______ suture lacks overlapping edges.

Plane

Which suture has straight edges that do not overlap?

Plane

Retraction

Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Movements of the Mandible

Protraction, retraction, lateral excursion, medial excursion

Movements of the Hand and Digits

Radial flexion, ulnar flexion, abduction of fingers, palmar abduction of thumb, opposition of thumb

Hyperabducted

Raise you arm high enough to cross over the back of head

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

Ratio of the output force exerted by a machine to the input force applied to the machine

Classify the following images into the types of joints they represent.

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Classify the following images into the types of synovial joints they represent.

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Click and drag each description to the synovial joint type it describes.

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Common Joint Disorders

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Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position to describe the accessory structures of a synovial joint.

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A suture in which the bone edges are beveled and overlap is a ______ suture.

Squamous or lap

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis

Synarthrotic fibrous joints between the bones of the skull are called ________.

Sutures

List the types of cartilaginous joints.

Symphyses Synchondroses

What is another term for a fibrous joint?

Synarthrosis

The epiphyseal plate in a growing bone is an example of what type of joint?

Synchondrosis

What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called?

Synchondrosis

Joints with an interosseous membrane are examples of which type of fibrous joint?

Syndesmoses

Range of Motion (ROM)

The degrees through which a joint can move

Humeroulnar and Humeroradial (Elbow) Joint

The humeroulnar joint where the trochlea of the humerus joins the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the humeroradial joint where the capitulum of the humerus meets the head of the radius

Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

The humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Which joints are synostoses?

The joining of left and right halves of the mandible The closure of an epiphyseal plate

Choose the statement that correctly pairs the type of cartilaginous joint with its example.

The joint between the bodies of two vertebrae is an example of a symphysis joint

Coxal (Hip) Joint

The point where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone

Zero Position

The position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position

Arthrology

The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

Kinesiology

The study of musculoskeletal movement

Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthrosis)

Two bones are linked by cartilage (synchondroses and symphyses)

Type of Levers

1) First class: one with the fulcrum in the middle (EFR) such as a seesaw (atlanto-occipital joint of the neck) 2) Second class: has the resistance in the middle (FRE) such as wheelbarrow (femur pivots hip joint) 3) Third class: the effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance (REF) such as paddling a canoe (forearm when you flex elbow)

Synovial Joint Classes

1. Ball and socket: only multiaxial joints in the body where one bone fits into a cuplike socket of the other (shoulder and hip joints) 2. Condylar (ellipsoid): oval convex surface on one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other (radiocarpal joint of the wrist) 3. Saddle: concave surface in one direction and convex in another; back and forth, side to side (sternoclavicular joint) 4. Plane (gliding): bone surfaces flat, adjacent bones slide over one another (articular processes of the vertebrae) 5. Hinge: essentially monoaxial that move freely in one plane (elbow, knee, finger, and toe joints) 6. Pivot: monoaxial joints where the bone spins on its longitudinal axis (atlantoaxial joint between first two vertebrae and radioulnar joint of the elbow)

Rotation

A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis Medial (internal) rotation and lateral (external) rotation

Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis)

A point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (sutures, gomphoses, syndemoses)

Tendon

A strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone (stabilizes a joint)

Synovial Joint Structure

Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints Joint (articular) cavity: separates articular surfaces and contains synovial fluid Synovial fluid: secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints, removes waste, and nourishes articular cartilage Joint (articular) capsule: connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid Fibrous capsule: continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones Synovial membrane: the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

Temporomandibular (Jaw) Joint

Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone Lateral ligament: prevents posterior displacement of the mandible Sphenomandibular ligament: extends from the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible

How are individual joints typically named?

Based on the names of the bones involved in the joint

Correctly identify the factor(s) that limit a joint's range of motion.

Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. Well-exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation. Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces. When extending the elbow, it is the shape of the olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus that limit its range of motion.

What is a joint in which a hard object, such as a tooth, is held in a bone cavity called?

Gomphosis

Choose the accurate statement(s) regarding the types of fibrous joints. Check all that apply.

In syndesmoses joints, the fibers are longer, and the attached bones are more movable In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement Sutures are immobile, or only slightly mobile, fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

Talocrural (Ankle) Joint

Includes two articulations—a medial joint between the tibia and talus and a lateral joint between the fibula and talus, both enclosed in one joint capsule

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position to describe the typical anatomy of a synovial joint.

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Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position.

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Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position. Then, place each sentence in order of mobility beginning with the least mobile.

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Correctly label the following components of cartilaginous joints.

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Drag each description into the appropriate position to identify the three different types of fibrous joints.

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Drag each label into the appropriate joint classification.

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Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify how each theoretical condition would alter body function.

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Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the degrees of freedom for each joint.

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Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify which joint is being described.

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Drag each term into the appropriate position to identify several examples of joint movement.

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Place a single word into each sentence to describe several movements of joints.

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Place a single word into each sentence to describe the axes of rotation.

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Read the following descriptions of synovial joints, then click and drag them into the correct box to identify which type of synovial joint each represents.

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A suture in which the bone edges are interlocked together, appearing as a wavy line, is a _______ suture.

Serrate

What type of joint is found between the costal cartilage of rib one and the sternum?

Synchondrosis

A _______ is a type of mobile fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a band of long collagen fibers.

Syndesmosis

A bony, immovable joint is called a(n) _______.

Synostosis

Ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint results in the formation of a _______ joint.

Synostosis

The fusion of the right and left mandible into a single mandible bone during fetal development is an example of the formation of what kind of joint?

Synostosis

Which of the following is produced by embryonic bones fusing seamlessly into one adult bone?

Synostosis

True or false: Bony joints are formed by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints.

True

Hyperadducted

When you stand with your ankles crossed, cross your fingers, or hyperadduct the shoulder to stand with your elbows straight and your hands clasped below your waist