Bio 201 Final Exam
Which of the following are effectors? A)Receptors B)Stimuli C)Reflexes D)Glands E)Sense organs
D)Glands
What occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane? A)Sodium ions are entering the cells B)Sodium ions are leaving the cell C)Potassium ions are entering the cell D)Potassium ions are leaving the cell E)Both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell
D)Potassium ions are leaving the cell
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? A)If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion. B)The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold. C)The signal grows weaker with distance. D)It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus. E)No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
E)No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons? A)The synaptic knobs B)The axons C)The axon collaterals D)The somas E)The dendrites
E)The dendrites
About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are __________ neurons. A)sensory B)motor C)afferent D)efferent E)association
E)association
If photons of light break down cyanolabe in a photoreceptor cone, the resultant action potentials will be perceived in the occipital lobe as a) Red b) Blue c) Green d) Yellow e) none of the above
b) Blue
All hollow organs we've discussed in class are line with a closed, wet membrane. a) True b) False
b) False
A physiological tissue is best described as a) a group of cells called an organ b) a group of cells performing a specific function c) a soft paper substance used to blow your nose d) two of the above e) none of the above
b) a group of cells performing a specific function
The functional unit of bone is called the: a) chondrocyte b) osteocyte c) osteon d) fibrocyte e) none of the
c) osteon
Which of the following statements is false? a) The organelles are contained within the plasma membrane. b) The cytosol refers to the liquid portion within the plasma membrane. c) The nucleus is a membrane bound compartment that contains DNA. d) The mitochondria is a membrane bound organelle that is the site of some ATP production. e) All of the above are true
e) All of the above are true
The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit? A) Convergent B) Divergent C) Reverberating D) Parallel after-discharge
A) Convergent
Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell's metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cylase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor A) E, D, C, A, B B) E, D, A, C, B C) D, E, C, A, B E) D, E, A, C, B
A) E, D, C, A, B
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment? A) Excitability B) Conductivity C) Secretion D) Permeability
A) Excitability
Where does saltatory conduction occur? A) From node to node in myelinated fibers B) From node to node in unmyelinated fibers C) Down the entire length of a myelinated fiber D) Down the entire length of an unmyelinated fiber
A) From node to node in myelinated fibers
Which body system(s) is(are) dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli? A) Nervous and endocrine B) Nervous C) Endocrine D) Nervous, endocrine, and integumentary
A) Nervous and endocrine
While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system? A) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood. B) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells. C) The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood. D) The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells.
A) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
The opening of __________ gates produces an __________. A) chloride; IPSP B) sodium; IPSP C) calcium; IPSP D) potassium; EPSP E) calcium and sodium; IPSP
A) chloride; IPSP
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? A) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B) Noradrenaline C) Epinephrine D) Acetylcholine E) Norepinephrine
A) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Nerves are __________ of the nervous system. A)organs B)tissues C)organ systems D)organelles E)cells
A)organs
Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO). What is the function of this enzyme? A) It binds to chloride gates. B) It breaks down monoamines. C) It blocks sodium channels. D) It converts ATP to cyclic AMP. E) It degrades acetylcholine.
B) It breaks down monoamines.
Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS? A)Oligodendrocytes B)Schwann cells C)Satellite cells D)Nodes of Ranvier E)Ependymal cells
B)Schwann cells
A cholinergic synapse uses __________ as its neurotransmitter. A)monoamine B)acetylcholine C)epinephrine D)norepinephrine E)catecholamine
B)acetylcholine
Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus. A)stabile B)graded C)self propagating D)excitatory E)inhibitory
B)graded
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following? A) Depolarization of the cell membrane B) Repolarization of the cell membrane C) Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane D) No change in the cell membrane potential E) No change of the threshold
C) Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________. A) temporal summation B) neural summation C) spatial summation D) neuronal coding E) recruitment
C) spatial summation
The opening of ______ gates on a soma would produce an ______. a) CI-;IPSP b) Na+; IPSP c) Ca++; IPSP d) K+; EPSP e) Ca++ and Na+; IPSP
a) CI-;IPSP
Cell A has a glucose concentration of 0.1M, while cell B has a glucose concentration of 1M. Which cell has the highest osmotic pressure, and which direction will water move through a semipermeable membrane? a) Cell B; from A to B b) Cell A; from B to A c) Cell A; from A to B d) Cell B; from B to A e) none of the above are correct
a) Cell B; from A to B
You react to an odor by vomiting. This information was processed in the ________ of the _________. a) Temporal Lobe; Cerebral Cortex b) Thalamus; Cerebellum c) Reticulo-spinal tract; nervous system d) Frontal Lobe; Cerebellum e) None of the above
a) Temporal Lobe; Cerebral Cortex
Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein activation and packaging? a) The golgi complex b) the ribosome c) the mitochondria d) the nucleus e) none of the above
a) The golgi complex
3rd order neuron are found in the sensory nervous system and not the motor nervous systems a) True b) False
a) True
A synapse is always a connection between two neurons a) True b) False
a) True
In thermoregulation involving the integument, increased blood flow to the dermal layer precedes sweat gland excretion. a) True b) False
a) True
Sensory transduction is the conversion of one type of energy to another type of energy a) True b) False
a) True
If a postsynaptic cell receives 2 EPSPs from 2 separate pre-synaptic neurons at a rate of 10 action potentials per second and 4 IPSPs (from 4 separate pre-synaptic neurons) at the rate of 10 action potentials per second, the resulting summation of these potentials will result in: a) a change in the resting potential (RMP) toward a more negative value b) a change in the resting potential toward a more positive value c) no change in RMP d) an action potential e) not enough information to answer this question
a) a change in the resting potential (RMP) toward a more negative value
Which of the following muscles would produce the most force? a) a muscle with 100 slow fibers each with a diameter of 40um b) a muscle with 50 fast fibers each with a diameter of 50 um c) both muscles would produce the same amount of force d) not enough information to answer this question
a) a muscle with 100 slow fibers each with a diameter of 40um
The smallest amount of muscle tissue that can be activate to produce force would are a) a single motor unit b) a single muscle fiber c) all muscle fibers activated at the lowest frequency of stimulation d) a whole muscle e) none of the above
a) a single motor unit
The neurotransmitter ________ is released by _____ ganglionic neurons of the ________. a) acetylcholine; pre; sympathetic nervous system b) norepinephrine; post; parasympathetic nervous system c) norepinephrine; pre; sympathetic nervous system d) acetylecholine; pre; somatic nervous system e) two of the above
a) acetylcholine; pre; sympathetic nervous system
In the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia containing the post ganglionic soma is located a) adjacent to the spinal cord b) in the central nervous system c) near the effector organ d) in the spino-cerebellar tract e) none of the above
a) adjacent to the spinal cord
In the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia containing the post ganglionic soma is located a) adjacent to the spinal cord b) in the central nervous system c) near or on the effector organ d) in the spina-cerebellar tract e) none of the above
a) adjacent to the spinal cord
The voltage gates that trigger first are located a) at the trigger zone b) on the somas and dendrites of a neuron c) on the somas and dendrites of the neuroglia cells d) all along the axon e) at the end plates
a) at the trigger zone
If blood pressure suddenly increases, what CNS nucleus provides the stimulus to slow the heart rate? a) cardio-inhibitory center b) amygdala c) parasympathetic d) thalamus e) none of the above
a) cardio-inhibitory center
Temporal summation describes: a) changing the frequency of action potentials leading to a postsynaptic cell b) changing the number of active neurons leading to a postsynaptic cell c) increasing the action potentials leading to the trigger zone d) decreasing the action potentials leading to the trigger zone e) two of the above
a) changing the frequency of action potentials leading to a postsynaptic cell
The neuromuscular junction uses what type of receptor? a) cholinergic nicotinic b) cholinergic muscarinic c) alpha adrenergic d) beta adrenergic
a) cholinergic nicotinic
The protein in the matrix of hyaline cartilage would be a) collagen b) elastin c) hydroxyapatite d) osteoblasts and osteocytes e) none of the above
a) collagen
You can recite the names of the 12 cranial nerves. This is __________ memory. a) declarative b) procedural c) short term d) none of the above
a) declarative
Biological macromolecules are commonly made by the process of : a) dehydration synthesis b) hydrolysis c) glycogenolysis d) two of these e) none of these
a) dehydration synthesis
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) are associated with which of the following? a) depolarization of the cell membrane b) repolarization of the cell membrane c) hyperpolarization of the cell membrane d) no change in the cell membrane potential e) no change of the threshold
a) depolarization of the cell membrane
An action potential generates local currents that tend to _______ the membrane immediately adjacent to the action potential. a) depolarize b) repolarize c) hyperpolarize d) stabilize e) neutralize
a) depolarize
Identify the following movements as a) eccentric, b) isometric, c) concentric, or d) passive stretch (answers may be used more than once or not at all) Contraction of the biceps to hand a text book to a friend
a) eccentric
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual axon in the PNS is called the _______. a) endoneurium b) epineurium c) perimysium d) endomysium
a) endoneurium
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment? a) excitability b) conductivity c) secretion d) permeability e) none of the above
a) excitability
Does a muscle fiber action potential summate or does the muscle force summate? a) force b) action potential c) both
a) force
The reaction responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is termed: a) glycogenolysis b) glycogenesis c) photosynthesis d) glycolysis e) none of the above
a) glycogenolysis
Which of the following are structures associated with the olfactory system? a) granule cell b) organ of corti c) lacrimal glands d) tensor tympani e)none of the above
a) granule cell
Which of the following conditions result in muscle fatigue? a) high lactate production b) high glycogen production c) high temperature d) all of the above
a) high lactate production
Which of the following conditions results in muscle fatigue? a) high lactate production b) high glycogen production c) high temperature d) all of the above
a) high lactate production
A patient has an abnormally high level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in his blood. His diet and sun exposure are considered healthy and normal. If untreated, this condition will result in a) increased blood calcium levels and weaker bone structure b) decreased blood calcium levels and weaker bone structure c) increased calcium excretion from the kidneys d) decreased production of calcitriol e) two of the above
a) increased blood calcium levels and weaker bone structure
Parathyroid hormone a) increases osteoclast activity b) lowers blood Ca++ levels c) increases osteoblast activity d) two of the above e) none of the above
a) increases osteoclast activity
Energy has no shape or mass, but is best defined by a) its' effects on matter measured as work b) sunlight c) glycolysis d) a and c e) all of the above
a) its' effects on matter measured as work
If a person is too hot, a negative feedback loop involving ______ glands will help re-stablish homeostasis of body temperature. a) merocrine b) ceruminous c) sebaceous d) apocrine e) two of these
a) merocrine
The quickest reflex arcs are composed of two neurons, thus forming ______ reflex arcs a) monosynaptic b) autonomic c) ipsilateral d) contralateral e) polysynaptic
a) monosynaptic
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a _______ and a bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a ________. a) nerve; tract b) tract; nerve c) ganglia; nucleus d) nucleus, ganglia e) ganglia; nerve
a) nerve; tract
Matching: Choose the BEST answer. Answers may be used more than once or not at all a) oligodendrocyte b) microglia c) astrocyte d) neuron e) answer not listed This cell produces myelin in the CNS
a) oligodendrocyte
This hormone targets the osteocytes, osteoblasts and the kidney a) parathyroid hormone b) calcitriol c) calcitonin d) vitamin D e) none of the above
a) parathyroid hormone
You can juggle 3 objects while walking. This is _______ memory. a) procedural b) declarative c) short term d) none of the above
a) procedural
Sebaceous glands a) produce a substance called sebum that is rich in protein and fatty acids b) are apocrine glands c) are only found in the arm pits and the groin region d) delivers its' secretions by exocytosis e) two of the above
a) produce a substance called sebum that is rich in protein and fatty acids
Aerobic respiration: a) requires oxygen b) takes place in the cytosol c) is an anabolic process d) two of the above e) all of the above
a) requires oxygen
Post tetanic potentiation a) results in short term memory b) is due to synthesis of Ca++ in the synaptic knob c) permanently alters the membrane channels, gates, and synapses d) all of the above e) none of the above
a) results in short term memory
An action potential causes calcium ions to diffuse from the ____ into the _______. a) sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasm b) sarcoplasm; sarcoplasmic reticulum c) sarcoplasm; sarcolemma d) sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcolemma e) sarcolemma; sarcoplasm
a) sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasm
Active potential travel the slowest conduction velocities in a) small diametered unmyelinated axon b) large diameter myelinated axons c) short, small diameter axons d) large diameter unmyelinated axons e) conduction velocity is the same in all axons
a) small diametered unmyelinated axon
The resting membrane potential is re-established after all voltage gates are closed by the a) sodium-potassium pumps b) EPSP local potentials c) IPSP local potentials d) action potentials e) none of the above
a) sodium-potassium pumps
The fastest rate of mitosis (cell division) happens in the ________ of the epithelium. a) stratum basale b) stratum corneum c) stratum lucida d) stratum granulosum
a) stratum basale
What happens as a result of Ca++ ion flow at a presynaptic terminal? a) synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine b) acetylcholine is passively transported from the presynaptic neuron c) acetylcholine is actively transported tot the postsynaptic neuron d) ligand-gated sodium channels open e) sodium ions diffuse into the cell
a) synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine
This reflex uses a somatic pathway a) tendon tap reflex b) iris reflex c) baroreceptor reflex d) two of the above e) none of the above
a) tendon tap reflex
2. If H+ concentration inside a cell increases above normal, a) the cell would become acidic b) the cell would become alkaline c) the cell would perform normally
a) the cell would become acidic
The information from any sensory modality will be carried back to the brain when specific receptors are triggered. This information is carried along the same pathway every time the receptor is stimulated. What do we call this pathway? a) the labeled line b) an efferent pathway c) a post ganglionic neuron d) the information super highway e) two of the above
a) the labeled line
Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when a) the osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure b) the osmotic pressure is greater than the filtration pressure c) the osmotic pressure is less than the filtration pressure d) none of the above
a) the osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure
Blue eyes and brown eyes are the result of: a) the thickness of the layer of pigment in the vascular tunic b) a gene for blue color and a gene for brown color c) light reflected off the choroid layer of the eye d) two of the above e) none of the above
a) the thickness of the layer of pigment in the vascular tunic
A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a _________ and a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ______________. a) tract; nerve b) nerve; tract c) ganglia; nucleus d) nucleus, ganglia e) ganglia; nerve
a) tract; nerve
Calcitriol is made from a) vitamin D b) calcitonin c) hydroxyapatite d) estrogen e) none of these
a) vitamin D
The secretions of an osteoclast include__________ and function to _________. a)hydrogen ions, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen b)neutrons, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen c)protons, calcium carbonate; strengthen bone d)hydroxyapatite; strengthen bone e)two of the above
a)hydrogen ions, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen
All of the support cells of the CNS and PNS a)neuroglia b)oligodendrocyte c)astrocyte d)acetylcholinesterase e)answer not listed
a)neuroglia
Histamine is a substance secreted by _________ that functions to ____________. a) connective tissue; thermoregulate the body heat b) a mast cell; vasodilate blood vessels c) a fibroblast; thin the blood d) an osteoclast; resorb or digest bone matrix e) none of the above
b) a mast cell; vasodilate blood vessels
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes _____. a) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion b) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer c) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules d) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature e) manufacture vitamin D
b) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Which of the following circumstances would cause a muscle fiber to produce lattice acid? a) activity which requires recruitment of oxidative (slow) motor unit and fibers b) activity which requires recruitment of glycolytic (fast) motor units and fibers c) both activities would yield the same amount of lactate d) neither activity would yield any lactate
b) activity which requires recruitment of glycolytic (fast) motor units and fibers
The post ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system used this type of receptor at the heart. a) nicotinic b) adrenergic c) muscarinic d) cholinergic
b) adrenergic
Before an amino acid can be used as an energy source, the ___________ must be removed from the molecule. a) carboxyl group b) amino group c) reactive group d) all of the above e) none of the above
b) amino group
Counter transport is another method of cellular transport which uses a membrane protein called ________ to move substances such as _______ in and out of a cell. a) a symport; Na+ b) an antiport; Na+ and Ca++ c) an enzyme; Fe++ d) an airport; oxygen e) none of the above
b) an antiport; Na+ and Ca++
In the tertiary protein conformation, the hydrophilic portions of the protein a) are directed towards the interior of the protein b) are directed towards the exterior of the protein c) do not reacted with water d) a and b e) a and c
b) are directed towards the exterior of the protein
The brain and the cerebrospinal fluid have similar densities which allows the brain to a) float like a cork b) be suspended in the CSF c) sink like a rock
b) be suspended in the CSF
Which of the following compounds stimulates sodium voltage gates? a) nicotine b) caffeine c) carbohydrates d) all of the above e) none of the above
b) caffeine
The second-largest region of the brain is the _____, whose function is to __________. a) pons; relay signals from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. b) cerebellum; coordinate skeletal muscles. c ) thalamus; relay sensory input to processing centers in the cerebrum. d) hypothalamus; controls body temperature and food intake. e) none of the above
b) cerebellum; coordinate skeletal muscles.
Ependymal cells secrete ________ to nourish and cushion the ______. a) synovial fluid; knee joint b) cerebro spinal fluid; CNS c) cerebro spinal fluid; PNS d) serous fluid; pleural space e) none of the above are correct
b) cerebro spinal fluid; CNS
Ependymal cells secrete _________ to nourish and cushion the __________. a) synovial fluid; knee joint b) cerebro spinal fluid; CNS c) cerebro spinal fluid; PNS d) serous fluid; pleural space e) none of the above are correct
b) cerebro spinal fluid; CNS
Sensory transduction in the olfactory system begins when _________ stimulate(s) the __________. a) odorants; rods and cones b) chemicals; first order neurons c) sound waves; hair cells d) odorants; taste buds e) action potentials; olfactory cortex
b) chemicals; first order neurons
What type of current flows through the axon plasma membrane during the steep phase of REpolarization? a) chiefly a sodium current b) chiefly a potassium current c) chiefly a calcium current d) equal currents of sodium and potassium e) equal currents of calcium and
b) chiefly a potassium current
What type of current flows through the axon plasma membrane during the steep phase of REpolarization? a) chiefly a sodium current b) chiefly a potassium current c) chiefly a calcium current d) equal currents of sodium and potassium e) equal currents of calcium and potassium
b) chiefly a potassium current
If action potentials from the vasomotor center increase their frequency, the diameter of a blood vessel will ___________ which will __________ the pressure inside the vessel. a) increase; decrease b) decrease; increase c) decrease; decrease d) increase; increase
b) decrease; increase
A chemical reaction that joins two organic monomers together into a dimer and produces water as a by-product is called ___________. a) hydrolysis b) dehydration synthesis c) glycolysis d) a and b e) b and c
b) dehydration synthesis
Assembly of the amino acids into the primary confirmation rewires this reaction a) hydrolysis b) dehydration synthesis c) exchange reaction d) none of the above
b) dehydration synthesis
answers may be used more than once or not at all. a) osteocyte b) desmosome c) organ d) pleura e) answer not listed A protein designed to physically hold two cells together.
b) desmosome
Because of_________, one neuron in the brain can cause thousands of muscle fibers to contract a) converging circuits b) diverging circuits c) spatial summation d) temporal summation e) none of the above
b) diverging circuits
Folds of this meningeal layer form a wall between the cerebral hemispheres a) pia mater b) dura mater c) arachnoid mater
b) dura mater
Somatic reflexes are faster than autonomic reflexes for all of the following reasons except a) effector pathways in the autonomic system involve more neurons and synapses b) effector organs in the somatic system are closer to the spinal cord c) some axons in the autonomic system are unmyelinated d) axons in the somatic pathway are myelinated e) all of the above are true
b) effector organs in the somatic system are closer to the spinal cord
The _________ neurons are designed to send action potentials to organs such as glands and muscles, while the ________ neurons are designed to detect stimuli. a) afferent; association b) efferent, afferent c) afferent; efferent d) association; efferent e) motor; sensory
b) efferent, afferent
In this type of osteogenesis, cartilage is replaced by a bony matrix a) ossification b) endochondral c) intramembranous d) calcification e) none of the above
b) endochondral
All glands that release their products by way of ducts, rather than directly into the bloodstream, are called _________ glands. a) endocrine b) exocrine c) paracrine d) apocrine e) holocrine
b) exocrine
A Matrix is composed of ________. a) cells and fibers b) fibers and ground substance c) ground substance and cells d) all organic compounds e) all of the above
b) fibers and ground substance
A Matrix is composed of ________. a) cells and fibers b) fibers and ground substance c) ground substance and cells d) all organic compounds e) all of the above
b) fibers and ground substance
A neuron will store glucose as glycogen using this reaction a) glycogenolysis b) glycogenesis c) gluconeogenesis d) glycolysis e) none of the above
b) glycogenesis
The cellular reaction responsible for production of glycogen from glucose monomers is called: a) glycogenolysis b) glycogenesis c) photosynthesis d) glycogenolysis e) none of the above
b) glycogenesis
The formation of glucose monomers from glycogen in an osteocyte is termed a) glycogenesis b) glycogenolysis c) glucosegenesis d) glycolysis e) none of the above
b) glycogenolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic, is called ___________, and takes place in the _________. a) fermentation; cytosol b) glycolysis; cytosol c) citric acid cycle; mitochondrial matrix d) electron transport; mitochondrial inner membrane e) pyruvate oxidation; mitochondrial inner membrane
b) glycolysis; cytosol
Local potentials are _______, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus. a) stable b) graded c) self propagating d) excitatory e) inhibitory
b) graded
During hearing, which of the following is the last to vibrate? a) basilar membrane b) hair cells c) tympanic membrane d) oval window e) stapes
b) hair cells
Loss of memory would most likely be related to a lesion in the a) cerebellum b) hippocampus c) medulla d) pituitary gland e) pons
b) hippocampus
The energy for protein synthesis comes from a) mitochondria b) hydrolysis of ATP c) sunshine d) breaking the covalent bonds of H20 e) none of the above
b) hydrolysis of ATP
Which of the following are catabolic reactions? a) synthesis of ATP b) hydrolysis of a polypeptide c) gluconeogenesis d) glucogenesis e) none of the above are catabolic
b) hydrolysis of a polypeptide
Which of the following are catabolic reactions? a) synthesis of ATP b) hydrolysis of a polypeptide c) gluconeogenesis d) glucogenesis e) none of the above are catabolic
b) hydrolysis of a polypeptide
The ___ contains nuclei that regulate body temperature, hunger, and fluid osmolarity a) thalamus b) hypothalamus c) midbrain d) pons e) medulla oblongata
b) hypothalamus
When ATP is hydrolysed during muscle contraction, the energy released is stored a) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum b) in the head of the myosin molecule c) in the actin molecule d) in the sarcolemma e) none of the above
b) in the head of the myosin molecule
The rate myosin cross-bridge can attach to actin, move the actin, break, and reattach to actin a) is dependent on the amount of glucose b) is closely related to the type of myosin present c) is closely related to fiber diameter d) a and b e) b and c
b) is closely related to the type of myosin present
Identify the following movements as a) eccentric, b) isometric, c) concentric, or d) passive stretch (answers may be used more than once or not at all) Attempting to lift a school bus or dump truck
b) isometric
The term for shortening a muscle at a constant tension is: a) isometric contraction b) isotonic contraction c) isokinetic contraction d) tetanus
b) isotonic contraction
The term transcytosis is best described as a) movement of substances into a cell by endocytosis. b) movement of vesicles through a cell's membranes. c) merging of vesicle bound substances with lysosomes within the cell. d) b and c. e) none of the above best describes transcytosis.
b) movement of vesicles through a cell's membranes.
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ________ and a bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a ________ a) tract; nerve b) nerve; tract c) ganglia; nucleus d) nucleus; ganglia e) ganglia; nerve
b) nerve; tract
This class of lipid molecule is used primarily as a fuel source a) carbohydrate b) neutral fat c) cholesterol d) phospholipid e) amino acid
b) neutral fat
At the distal end of the neuron, action potentials have the same voltage they had at the trigger zone. That means they are a) saltatory b) non decremental c) refractory d) irreversible e) self-propagating
b) non decremental
At the distal end of the neuron, action potentials have the same voltage they had at the trigger zone. That means they are a) saltatory b) nondecremental c) refractory d) irreversible e) self-propagating
b) nondecremental
Olfactory epithelium is located a) on the roof of the mouth b) on the roof of the nasal cavity c) in the olfactory bulb d) two of the above e) all of the above
b) on the roof of the nasal cavity
Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the ______ and exit by way of the ________. a) fovea centralis; optic nerve b) optic disk: optic nerve c) lens; ganglion cells d) macula lutea; optic tract e) optic disk; optic tract
b) optic disk: optic nerve
How is water transported through the plasma membrane? a) filtration b) osmosis c) simple diffusion d) facilitated diffusion
b) osmosis
The _____________ cell secretes acid phosphatase to _____________ a) osteoclast; lower the pH near the matrix of bone b) osteoclast; digest the protein collagen c) osteocyte; digest the hydroxyapatite d) osteoblast; promote osteogenesis e) none of the above
b) osteoclast; digest the protein collagen
Some features of epithelial tissue include a) low rate of mitosis b) polar cells (one side exposed, one side anchored) c) most abundant type of tissue d) loosely bound together e) two of the above
b) polar cells (one side exposed, one side anchored)
You can juggle 3 objects while walking. This is _________ memory. a) declarative b) procedural c) short term d) none of the above
b) procedural
Melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin which is composed of colored ____________ molecules a) lipid b) protein c) carbohydrate d) two of the above e) all of the above
b) protein
The distance from one Z disc to the next is called the ____ and it _____ during an eccentric contraction. a) sacromere; shortens b) sarcomere; lengthens c) sarcoplasm; shortens d) sarcoplasmic reticulum; stays the same e) motor unit; lengthens
b) sarcomere; lengthens
Exocytosis is a term best described by: a) phagocytosis b) secretion c) absorption d) mitosis e) none of the above
b) secretion
Information conducted to the central nervous system from a burned finger utilizes the _______ tract. a) cortico-spinal b) spino-thalamic c) vestibulo-spinal d) two of the above e) none of the above
b) spino-thalamic
______ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ________ epithelium is rare. a) simple columnar; stratified columnar b) stratified squamous; stratified columnar c) pseudostratified; stratified squamous d) simple cuboidal e) stratified squamous; simple squamous
b) stratified squamous; stratified columnar
A good location to find smooth muscle would be a) the heart b) surrounding the digestive tract c) all serous membranes d) two of the above e) none of the above
b) surrounding the digestive tract
Spatial summation of muscle tissue is a term that describes a) the frequency of action potential to a given set of muscle fibers b) the recruitment of additional motor units in order to increase force production c) how headed potential are added to reach threshold d) a and b e) b and c
b) the recruitment of additional motor units in order to increase force production
This elastic filament within the sarcomere is one of the largest proteins known to science a) tropomyosin b) titin c) troponin d) ADP e) gigantin
b) titin
The skeletal system provides all of the following function except? a) to protect the viscera b) to eliminate toxins from the body c) to produce blood d) to store and release minerals e) pH balance
b) to eliminate toxins from the body
The skeletal system provides all of the following functions except a) to protect the viscera b) to eliminate toxins from the body c) to produce blood d) to store and please minerals e) pH balance
b) to eliminate toxins from the body
When a neuron summates enough EPSP's to reach threshold: a) voltage regulated sodium gates close b) voltage regulated sodium gates open c) a neurotransmitter is released d) none of the above e) trick question, the EPSP's do not depolarize a cell to threshold.
b) voltage regulated sodium gates open
A neuron can store glucose monomers by converting them into a polymer. This reaction is called: a) glycogenolysis b)glycogenesis c) photosynthesis d) glycolysis e) none of the above
b)glycogenesis
The CNS counterpart to the Schwann cell a)neuroglia b)oligodendrocyte c)astrocyte d)acetylcholinesterase e)answer not listed
b)oligodendrocyte
Place the following in the proper order: 1. cross bridge cycling 2. Ach release 3. Ca++ reuptake 4. Sarcolemma action potential 5. Acetylcholinesterase destroys Ach a) 1,2,3,4,5 b) 5,3,2,4,1 c) 2,4,1,5,3 d) 2,4,5,1,3 e) 4,2,1,5,3
c) 2,4,1,5,3
Place the following in the proper order: 1. cross bridge cycling 2. Ach release 3. Ca++ reuptake 4. Sarcolemma action potential 5. Acetylcholinesterase destroys Ach a) 1,2,3,4,5 b) 5,3,2,4,1 c) 2,4,1,5,3 d) 2,4,5,1,3 e) 4,2,1,5,3
c) 2,4,1,5,3
A neuron is firing action potentials at its maximum rate of 250 per second. What is the duration of its absolute refractory period? a) 10 msec b) 20 msec c) 4 msec d) 40 msec e) 2 msec
c) 4 msec
Which of the following DO NOT influence the rate of diffusion through a membrane? a) solute concentration b) membrane permeability c) ATP concentration d) membrane surface area e) all of them influence the rate
c) ATP concentration
The general formula for a carbohydrate is a) CHO b) C2HO c) CH2O d) CHN2 e) none of the above
c) CH2O
Cell A has a glucose concentration of 1.0M, while cell B has a glucose concentration of 0.75M. Which cell has the highest pressure, and which direction will water move through a semipermeable membrane? a) Cell A; from A to B b) Cell B; from B to A c) Cell A; from B to A d) Cell B; from A to B e) none of the above are correct
c) Cell A; from B to A
What activates acid phosphatase? a) another enzyme b) sodium ions pumped by the osteoclast c) a change in pH from neutral to acidic d) two of the above e) all of the above
c) a change in pH from neutral to acidic
What is the product of transcription? a) a newly synthesized main acid b) a newly synthesized polypeptide c) a newly synthesized nucleic acid d) a protein e) two of the above
c) a newly synthesized nucleic acid
The process of ________ would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis. a) osmosis b) diffusion c) active transport d) facilitated diffusion e) all of the above
c) active transport
The secratory cell known as the osteoclast uses what transport mechanism to move hydrogen ions from the interstitium to the bone matrix? a) simple diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) osmosis e) none of the above
c) active transport
Osmoreceptors, and Photoreceptors carry _____ information towards the ________ nervous system. a) afferent; peripheral b) efferent; central c) afferent; central d) efferent; peripheral
c) afferent; central
Which of the following statements is NOT true about all enzymes? a) all enzymes are proteins. b) all lower the activation energy of reactions. c) all operate at the same optimum pH. d) all often require a coenzyme/cofactor to work effectively. e) none of the above are true
c) all operate at the same optimum pH.
Interneurons: a) are specialized to detect stimuli (heat, light, pressure) b) carry signals to the CNS (brain and cord) c) are contained entirely within the CNS d) carry signals from the CNS to glands and muscles
c) are contained entirely within the CNS
Matching: Choose the BEST answer. Answers may be used more than once or not at all a) oligodendrocyte b) microglia c) astrocyte d) neuron e) answer not listed This cell nourishes neurons and protects the brain from harmful chemicals
c) astrocyte
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the ________ nervous system and is motor or sensory? a) somatic; motor b) autonomic; sensory c) autonomic; motor d) somatic; sensory e) none of the above
c) autonomic; moto
A_______ gate must open to effectively release _________ to transmit an action potential across a synapse? a) potassium chemical gate; an ion b) sodium chemical gate; a neurotransmitter c) calcium voltage gate; a neurotransmitter d) calcium chemical gate; a vesicle e) none of the above
c) calcium voltage gate; a neurotransmitter
Identify the following movements as a) eccentric, b) isometric, c) concentric, or d) passive stretch (answers may be used more than once or not at all) Contraction of the biceps to close the elbow joint
c) concentric
The most relevant free energy in the human body is the energy stored in a) free radicals with an off number of electrons b) ions c) covalent bonds of organic molecules d) hydrogen bonds e) two of the above
c) covalent bonds of organic molecules
The process of bleaching rhodopsin will a) depolarize the rod b) increase the release of glutamate from the cone c) depolarize the bi-polar cell d) a and b e) b and c
c) depolarize the bi-polar cell
Nutrients reach the epidermis through the process of ________. a) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis c) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis d) active transport e) filtration
c) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Nutrients reach the epidermis through the process of ________. a) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis c) diffusion through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis d) active transport e) filtration
c) diffusion through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Which of the following are classified as protein macromolecules? a) cholesterol b) carbohydrates c) enzymes d) two of the above e) all of the above
c) enzymes
You are chewing a piece of gum and grab one end of it and pull it out of your mouth. You create a nice, bright pink string of gum that runs from your hand to your lips. Which property of the gum have you just demonstrated? a) excitability b) recoil c) extensibility d) elasticity e) contractility
c) extensibility
The fluid on the outside of the cell is called a) the cytosol b) the cytoplasm c) extracellular fluid d) intracellular fluid e) none of the above
c) extracellular fluid
Phones Gage suffered from the effects of an iron bar that blasted through this area of his CNS a) cerebellum b) medulla c) frontal cortex d) pons e) hippocampus
c) frontal cortex
All of the body's reproductive cells, called _______, usually have 23 chromosomes and are thus called ______ cells. a) aromatic cells; haploid b) germ cells; diploid c) germ cells; haploid d) somatic cells; diploid
c) germ cells; haploid
This reaction is necessary if circulating glucose is unavailable to a neuron: a) photosynthesis b) glycogenesis c) gluconeogenesis d) glycolysis e) none of the above
c) gluconeogenesis
Which of the following is (are) hydrophillic? a) lipids b) O2 c) glucose d) cholesterol e) two of the above
c) glucose
The osteoblast converts glycogen to glucose monomers in this reaction a) gluconeogenesis b) glycogenesis c) glycogenolysis d) glycolysis e) none of the above
c) glycogenolysis
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _______, which is replaced by bone. a) embryonic mesenchyme b) fibrous membranes c) hyaline cartilage d) transitional epithelium e) fibrocartilage
c) hyaline cartilage
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _______, which is replaced by bone. a) embryonic mesenchyme b) fibrous membranes c) hyaline cartilage d) traditional epithelium e) fibrocartilage
c) hyaline cartilage
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is ________, which is replaced by bone. a) embryonic mesenchyme b) fibrous membranes c) hyaline cartilage d) transitional epithelium e) fibrocartilage
c) hyaline cartilage
This type of cartilage covers the epiphysis of endochondral bones. a) hydrocartilage b) elastic cartilage c) hyaline cartilage d) fibrocartilage
c) hyaline cartilage
The secretory cell known as the osteoclast uses active transport to move ________ from the interstitium to the resorption bay? a) hydrogen atoms b) electrons c) hydrogen ions d) chlorine atoms e) both c and d
c) hydrogen ions
Chemical digestion is a process of ________which breaks polymers down into monomers. a) anabolism b) dehydration c) hydrolysis d) glycolysis e) polymerization
c) hydrolysis
Chemical digestion is a process of ________which breaks polymers down into monomers. a) anabolism b) dehydration c) hydrolysis d) glycolysis e) polymerization
c) hydrolysis
At its peak, an action potential causes the ________. a) neuron cell membrane to become unable to alter its charge b) outside of the neuron cell membrane to become positively charged compared to the inside c) inside of the neuron cell membrane to become positively charged compared to the outside d) inside of the neuron cell membrane to become negatively charged compared to the outside e) inside of the neuron cell membrane to become neutrally charged compared to the outside
c) inside of the neuron cell membrane to become positively charged compared to the outside
Hair is composed primarily of negatively charged a) collagen b) dense regular connective tissue c) keratin d) densely packed hair e) cartilage
c) keratin
Which of the following is NOT an example of the kind of information obtained from a sensory receptor? a) bitter b) brightness of light c) membrane potential d) how long a note is held e) left hand
c) membrane potential
Depolarization of the pre-synaptic end plate (knob): a) opens Ca++ chemical gates on the pre-synaptic membrane b) opens Na+ voltage gates on the post-synaptic membrane c) opens Ca++ voltage gates on the pre-synaptic membrane d) opens K+ voltage gates on the post-synaptic membrane e)none of the above
c) opens Ca++ voltage gates on the pre-synaptic membrane
answers may be used more than once or not at all. a) osteocyte b) desmosome c) organ d) pleura e) answer not listed Composed of at least two tissue types, but usually all four.
c) organ
How is water transported through the plasma membrane? a) active transport b) filtration c) osmosis d) simple diffusion e) facilitated diffusion
c) osmosis
The smallest functional unit of bone is called the: a) chondrocyte b) osteocyte c) osteon d) fibrocyte e) none of the above
c) osteon
Intra-membranous bone formation occurs in which of the following? a) tibia b) femur c) parietal bones d) b and c e) none of the above
c) parietal bones
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) a) results in short term memory b) is due to presence of Ca++ in the synaptic knob c) permanently alters the membrane channels, gates, and synapses d) all of the above e) none of the above
c) permanently alters the membrane channels, gates, and synapses
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): a) results in short term memory b) is due to presence of Ca++ in the synaptic knob c) permanently alters the membrane channels, gates, and synapses d) all of the above e) none of the above
c) permanently alters the membrane channels, gates, and synapses
_________ are the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane a) protein channels b) carbohydrates c) phospholipids d) cholesterol e) glycolipids
c) phospholipids
The time to peak tension ( contraction time) of a muscle twitch contraction coincides with a) calcium pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum b) depolarization of the action potential c) release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d) two of the above e) all of the above
c) release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A neurotransmitter crosses the synapse by what transport process? a) facilitated diffusion b) active transport c) simple diffusion d) osmosis e) endocytosis
c) simple diffusion
A neurotransmitter crosses the synapse by what transport process? a) facilitated diffusion b) active transport c) simple diffusion d) osmosis e) endocytosis
c) simple diffusion
The smallest amount of muscle tissue that can be activated by a neuron to produce force would be a a) single sarcomere b) single muscle c) single motor unit d) single myofiber e) none of the above
c) single motor unit
Targets (effectors) of the somatic nervous system include which of the following? a) cardiac muscle b) exocrine gland c) skeletal muscle d) two of the above e) all of the above
c) skeletal muscle
Which of the following is/are not true function(s) or properties of the cerebrospinal fluid? a) cardiac muscle contractions influence the flow of CSF b) CSF effectively reduces the weight of the brain c) supplies oxygen to the brain tissue d) two of the above are false e) a,b,and c are true
c) supplies oxygen to the brain tissue
Which of the following cells is a sensory cell of the epidermis? a) keratinocyte b) fibroblast c) tactile cell d) melanocyte e) dendritic cell
c) tactile cell
The formation of a polypetide into a folded, twisted, complex 3D shape is called its a) lipid structure b) secondary structure c) tertiary structure d) low energy structure e) denatured structure
c) tertiary structure
This nucleus is found in the diencephalon and receives virtually all afferent input a) hypothalamus b) basal nuclei c) thalamus d) cerebellum e) none of the above
c) thalamus
Mast cells and macrophage cells are located in __________ for ____________. a) muscle tissue; contraction b) connective tissue; support c) the dermis; immune responses d) epidermis; UV protection e) integument; thermoregulation
c) the dermis; immune responses
The electrical signals that communicate vibration, pain and limb position travel through the spinal cord in a) the corticospinal tract b) the spinocerebellar tracts c) the fasiculus d) the spinothalamic tract e) the vestibulospinal tracts
c) the fasiculus
Hypocalcemia will cause the following changes in neuron function a) the neuron cannot produce a local potential b) the neuron cannot produce an action potential c) the neuron cannot release a neurotransmitter d) two of the above e) all of the above
c) the neuron cannot release a neurotransmitter
If a neuron's sodium-potassium pump suddenly stopped pumping, the result would be: a) inability of the sodium ligand (chemical) gates to open b) inability of the potassium ligand gates to open c) the resting potential would eventually reach a value of 0.0 millivolts d) all of the above e) none of the above
c) the resting potential would eventually reach a value of 0.0 millivolts
A neuron fires an action potential when it's membrane reaches a) the resting potential b) 0=mV c) the threshold potential d) the action potential e) the repolarization
c) the threshold potential
Norepinephrine can bind a) to a nicotinic receptor b) to a cholinergic receptor c) to an adrenergic receptor d) two of the above e) none of the above
c) to an adrenergic recepto
The medulla oblongata contains this nucleus a) basal nuclie b) hypothalamus c) vasomotor center d) hippocampus e) midbrain
c) vasomotor center
Part of the blood brain barrier a)neuroglia b)oligodendrocyte c)astrocyte d)acetylcholinesterase e)answer not listed
c)astrocyte
Which of the following would not be listed under homeostatic control? a) body temperature b) cell fluid osmolarity c) blood pressure d) % of oxygen in inhaled (room) air e) two of the above
d) % of oxygen in inhaled (room) air
A neuron is firing action potentials at its maximum rate of 25 per second. What is the duration of its absolute refractory period? a) 10 msec b) 20 msec c) 4 msec d) 40 msec e) 2 msec
d) 40 msec
Cell A has a glucose concentration of 0.5M, while cell B has a glucose concentration of 0.1M. Which cell has the highest osmotic pressure, and which direction will water move through a semipermeable membrane? a) Cell B; from A to B b) Cell B; from B to A c) Cell A; from A to B d) Cell A; from B to A e) none of the above are correct
d) Cell A; from B to A
Retinal a) is one component of the visual pigments b) is made from vitamin A c) is only found in rods d) a and b e) all of the above
d) a and b
The refractory period a) limits the rate the neuron can depolarize b) has an absolute and a relative portion c) occurs when IPSP's reach threshold d) a and b e) all of the above
d) a and b
Which of the following are steps in bone healing or remodeling? a) hematoma formation b) hard callus formation c) photosynthesis d) a and b e) all of the above
d) a and b
Everything living has all of the following characteristics except a) responsiveness b) reproduction c) composed of macromolecules d) all of the above
d) all of the above
In the equation I=V/R (Ohm's law) as it applies to a neuron: a) V= potential across a bi-lipid membrane b) R= membrane permeability c) I= flow of ions d) all of the above e) b and c
d) all of the above
These glands are found in the axillary region of the body and become active at puberty. a) merocrine b) ceruminous c) sebaceous d) apocrine e) two of these
d) apocrine
In carbohydrate catabolism a) glucose is converted to glycogen b) glucose is broken down to pyruvate c) ATP is generated d) b and c e) all of the above
d) b and c
The ionic form of chlorine (Cl), atomic number 17 a) has lost an electron b) has 18 electrons c) has 17 protons d) b and c e) none of the above
d) b and c
Which of the following are not composed of proteins (amino acids)? a) channels and pumps b) triglycerides c) disaccharides d) b and c e) all of the above
d) b and c
Which of the following require "active" transport process? a) simple diffusion b) movement of sodium ions from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration c) exocytosis d) b and c e) none of the above
d) b and c
The ground substance of the matrix of cartilage is a) the protein elastin b) the protein collagen c) hydroxyapatite d) chondroitin sulfate e) none of the above
d) chondroitin sulfate
The ground substance of the matrix of cartilage is a) the protein elastin b) the protein collagen c) hydroxyapatite d) chondroitin sulfate e) none of the above
d) chondroitin sulfate
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands. a) areolar b) simple acinar c) simple coiled tubular d) compound acinar e) compound tubuloacinar
d) compound acinar
Action potential that control your hand muscles while writing travel though the ______ tract. a) spinothalamic b) spinocerebellar c) fasiculus d) corticospinal e) two of the above
d) corticospinal
Which of the following are effectors? a) receptors b) stimuli c) reflexes d) glands e) sense organs
d) glands
The secretions of an osteoblast include__________ and function to _________. a) hydrogen ions, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen b) neutrons, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen c) protons, calcium carbonate; strengthen bone d) hydroxyapatite; strengthen bone e) two of the above
d) hydroxyapatite; strengthen bone
If the membrane potential for a neuron becomes more electro- negative than it was at rest, the neuron is said to be ________ and is _________ excitable. a) depolarized; more b) hyperpolarized; more c) depolarized; less d) hyperpolarized; less e) none of the above
d) hyperpolarized; less
After nervous stimulation to a skeletal muscle has ceased, the calcium a) is destroyed by acetylcholinesterase b) bind to the tropomyosin c) is pumped to the outside of the cell d) is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum e) two of the above
d) is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
During the relative refractory period: a) if a neuron reaches threshold, nothing happens. b) no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential c) Ca++ enters the soma through voltage gates d) it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with a stronger local potential e) the voltage gates are in their refractory state (state 3)
d) it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with a stronger local potential
This membrane lines passageways that open to the external environment. a) serous b) endothelium c) synovial d) mucous e) lamina propria
d) mucous
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two types of cells, neurons and _______. a) fibroblast b) chondrocyte c) osteocytes d) neuroglia e) neurocytes
d) neuroglia
Matching: Choose the BEST answer. Answers may be used more than once or not at all a) oligodendrocyte b) microglia c) astrocyte d) neuron e) answer not listed This cell acts as a macrophage in the CNS
d) neuron
Matching: Choose the BEST answer. Answers may be used more than once or not at all a) oligodendrocyte b) microglia c) astrocyte d) neuron e) answer not listed This cell is capable of producing an action potential.
d) neuron
Transcription occurs in the _______ while most translation occurs in the _________. a) cytoplasm; nucleus b) nucleolus; rough endoplasmic reticulum c) nucleolus; cytoplasm d) nucleus; cytoplasm e) nucleus; nucleolus
d) nucleus; cytoplasm
Visual input is processed in the _______ lobe of the ________. a) temporal lobe; cerebral cortex b) sensory lobe; cerebellum c) parietal lobe; cerebral cortex d) occipital; cerebral cortex e) frontal; parietal cortex
d) occipital; cerebral cortex
Which of the following statements is true? Metabolic pathways ____________. a) occur in a precise, stepwise series of chemical reactions b) are controlled by enzyme activity c) only assemble molecules from atoms d) only a and b are true e) all of the above are true
d) only a and b are true
A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the _______, whereas the yellow marrow cavity is lined with the ______. a) epiphysis; diaphysis b) diaphysis; epiphysis c) compact bone; spongy bone d) periosteum; endosteum e) endosteum; periosteum
d) periosteum; endosteum
All of the following are examples of the major elements contributing to body mass except: a) hydrogen b) carbon c) nitrogen d) phosphate e) oxygen
d) phosphate
This class of lipid molecule is used primarily for cell membranes. a) carbohydrate b) glycogen c) triglyceride d) phospholipid e) main acid
d) phospholipid
answers may be used more than once or not at all. a) osteocyte b) desmosome c) organ d) pleura e) answer not listed A serous membrane found in the thoracic cavity.
d) pleura
Differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in a) number of keratinocytes b) number of melanocytes c) quantity of hemoglobin in the blood d) quantity of melanin produced
d) quantity of melanin produced
A typical protein channel may be composed of as many as 6-8 different polypeptide chains or subunits. This protein is described as having a a) primary structure b) secondary structure c) tertiary structure d) quaternary structure
d) quaternary structure
The dorsal root ganglia contains somas from ______ neuron. a) parasympathetic b) sympathetic c) cerebellar d) sensory e) none of the above
d) sensory
This organelle stores calcium in skeletal muscle cells and synthesizes steroid hormone in ovarian cells a) rough endoplasmic reticulum b) mitochondria c) nucleus d) smooth endoplasmic reticulum e) golgi complex
d) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
All of these neurons release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter except ________. a) specific CNS neuronal endings b) somatic motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction c) specific autonomic neuronal endings, may be either excitatory or inhibitory d) specific fibers innervating smooth muscle of blood vessels e) all of these release acetylcholine
d) specific fibers innervating smooth muscle of blood vessels
The higher the frequency of a sound, a) the louder it sounds b) the harder it is to hear c) the slower it travels through air d) the higher it's pitch e) all of the above
d) the higher it's pitch
Before a muscle fiber can contract ATP must bind to a) a Z-disk b) troponin c) tropomyosin d) the myosin head e) none of the above
d) the myosin head
A synapse connects a neuron a) to any other cell b) to a muscle cell c) to a gland d) to another neuron e) all of the above
d) to another neuron
Trusses and arches, which hep form an internal scaffolding network, are found in _________. a) bone marrow b) children only c) adults only d) trabecular bone e) compact bone
d) trabecular bone
A glass of pure water (liquid phase) is composed of which type(s) of bond(s)? a) hydrogen b) covalent c) ionic d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
A good location to find smooth muscle would be a) surrounding the digestive tract b) connected to a hair follicle c) the diaphragm d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
A photon a) has no mass, no charge, and is stable b) is the smallest "packet" of energy that can excite a rod cell c) performs sensory transduction in the gustatory system d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
ATP for muscle contraction is initially resupplied by a) creatine phosphate b) myokinase c) glucose d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
An example of an electrolyte is (are): a) a salt b) a sodium ion c) an acid d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
Calcitriol (vitamin D) formation is stimulated by ______ a) parathyroid hormone b) UV light c) high blood calcium d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
Dark Current refers to a) open sodium gates in a photoreceptor b) flow of sodium ions into a rod or cone in the absence of light c) how a photon breaks down rhodopsin to depolarize a photoreceptor d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
Gustatory receptors a) are chemoreceptors b) are also called taste buds c) are the only 1st order cells that are true neurons d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
Hypocalcemia results in an increase in the following hormones a) parathyroid hormnone b) calcitriol c) calcitonin d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
Which of the following influence the conformation of a protein, for instance, an enzyme? a) concentration of ATP b) temperature c) pH d) two of the above e) all of the above
d) two of the above
________ is fat (lipid) soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function. a) vitamin K b) calcium c) vitamin A d) vitamin D e) folic acid
d) vitamin D
An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes.......... a) acetylcholine to diffuse into the cell b) ligand-gated sodium channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell c) voltage-gate sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse into the cell d) voltage-gate calcium ion channels to open, and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell e) voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell
d) voltage-gate calcium ion channels to open, and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell
A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction a)neuroglia b)oligodendrocyte c)astrocyte d)acetylcholinesterase e)answer not listed
d)acetylcholinesterase
In the equation I=V/R (Ohm's law) as it applies to a neuron: a)V= potential across a bi-lipid membrane b)R= membrane permeability c)I= flow of ions d)all of the above e)a and b
d)all of the above
A neurontransmitter a) requires ATP for its synthesis b) is transported to the end plate (knob) passively c) requires ATP for its release and recycling d) a and b e) a and c
e) a and c
Post-synaptic potentials a) result from the opening of chemically gated ion channels b) may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing c) may be summed (added or subtracted) d) b and c e) a, b, and c
e) a, b, and c
Post-synaptic potentials a) result from the opening of chemically gated ion channels b) may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing c) may be summed (added or subtracted) d) b and c e) a, b, and c
e) a, b, and c
Post-synaptic potentials: a) result from the opening of chemically gated ion channels b) may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing c) may be summed (added or subtracted) d) b and c e) a, b, and c
e) a, b, and c a) result from the opening of chemically gated ion channels b) may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing c) may be summed (added or subtracted)
The absolute refractory period causes which of the following? a) action potential propagation to cease b) action potential propagation to begin c) action potential propagation to increase d) action potential propagation to occur in both directions e) action potential propagation to occur in one direction
e) action potential propagation to occur in one direction
A reflex a) is a rapid automatic response to a stimuli b) can control the movement of your hand off a hot stove c) must have a sensory and a motor component d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
A reflex: a) is a rapid automatic response to a stimuli b) can control the movement of your hand off a hot stove c) must have a sensory and a motor component d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Apocrine sweat glands: a) are not activated until puberty b) respond to sexual stimulation c) release their secretions into hair follicles d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Hydration spheres a) are possible due to the polarity of the water molecule b) stop sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions from creating ionic bonds c) only interact with molecules that are polarized or charged d) b and c e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Hypocalcemia will cause the following changes in neuron function a) the neuron cannot produce a local potential b) the neuron cannot produce an action potential c) the neuron cannot release a neurotransmitter d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
If a reaction has a high activation energy, it may be overcome by a) adding energy from the hydrolysis of ATP b) increasing the temperature of the solution c) addition of a catalyst to the solution d) b and c e) all of the above
e) all of the above
In endochondral bone formation: a) cartilage matrix is replaced by bone matrix b) osteoclasts dissolve the hyaline cartilage c) osteoblasts deposit hydroxyapatite d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Intra-membranous bone formation occurs in which of the following? a) sternum b) patella c) parietal bones of the skull d) b and c e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Melanocytes a) are distributed in the stratum basale b) produce a substance called melanin c) provide protection from UVR (ultra-violet light) d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Melanocytes a) are distributed in the stratum basale b) produce a substance called melanin c) provide protection from UVR ( ultra-violet light) d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
The myosin cross-bridge cycle a) requires ATP hydrolysis b) involves interaction og myosin heads and the action filament c) occurs only if Ca++ is present d) a and b e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Troponin and tropomyosin a) are regulatory proteins b) interfere with actin and myosin interactions c) move when Ca++ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d) a and b e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following are functions of bone tissue? a) acid-base balance b) structural support for muscles c) hemopoeisis d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following are functions of the spinal cord? a) locomotion b) pathway for afferent action potentials c) reflexes d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following are functions of the spinal cord? a) locomotion b) pathway for afferent and efferent action potentials c) reflexes d) two of the above e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following are steps in bone healing or remodeling? a) hematoma formation b) hard callus formation c) soft callus formation d) a and b e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following are not anabolic reactions: a) synthesis of ATP b) dehydration synthesis of a polypeptide c) gluconeogenesis d) glucogenesis e) all of the above are anabolic
e) all of the above are anabolic
Fear originates in the _____ nucleus of the cerebrum and the resulting motor response will be through the _____ nervous system. a) limbic system; parasympathetic b) cortical; somatic c) thalamic; sensory d) hypothalamus; sympathetic e) amygdala; sympathetic
e) amygdala; sympathetic
answers may be used more than once or not at all. a) osteocyte b) desmosome c) organ d) pleura e) answer not listed A substance secreted by cells in a serous membrane.
e) answer not listed
answers may be used more than once or not at all. a) osteocyte b) desmosome c) organ d) pleura e) answer not listed A group of cells designed to perform a specific function.
e) answer not listed
RNA plays a role in: a) transferring hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide. b) synthesizing proteins. c) copying instructions from DNA. d) a and b e) b and c
e) b and c
he speed a given muscle fiber contracts is directly related to a) the size (diameter) of the innervating axon b) the type of myosin ATPase c) the amount of resistance (load) to the imposed contraction d) a and b e) b and c
e) b and c
Which of these is hydrophobic? a) Na+ b) H+ c) glucose d) H2O e) cholesterol
e) cholesterol
___________ line the ventricles of the brain and secrete _______. a) schwann cells; myelin b) satellite cells; ground substance c) astrocytes; microglia d) oligodendrocytes; myelin e) ependymal cell; cerebra spinal fluid
e) ependymal cell; cerebra spinal fluid
If a tumor has stopped all secretion of hormone from the thyroid gland, we would expect a) a reduced level of osteoclast activity. b) an increased level of osteoblast activity. c) an increase in calcitriol concentration d) a drop in blood calcium concentration. e) increasingly brittle bones.
e) increasingly brittle bones.
Which of the following is not a property of a fast myofiber (FG or IIb by type)? a) can transform chemical energy into mechanical energy b) contractility c) excitability d) high anaerobic capacity ( low mitochondrial density) e) low glycolytic capacity (high mitochondrial density)
e) low glycolytic capacity (high mitochondrial density)
In this sensory projection pathway, some of the 2ond order neurons synapse with neurons in the nucleus for compensatory eye movement. a) gustation b) olfaction c) visual d) auditory e) none of the above
e) none of the above
The _____ contains nuclei that regulate body temperature, hunger, and fluid osmolarity. a) thalamus b) medulla oblongata c) midbrain d) pons e) none of the above
e) none of the above
This cell secretes histamine and heparin in order to induce swelling of the dermis a) macrophage b) fibroblast c) dendritic cell d) tactile cell e) none of the above
e) none of the above
This cell secretes histamine and heparin in order to induce swelling of the dermis a) macrophage b) fibroblast c) dendritic cell d) tactile cell e) none of the above
e) none of the above
Which of the following require "active" transport processes? a) simple diffusion b) movement of glucose from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration c) osmosis d) a and b e) none of the above
e) none of the above
Which of the following is (are) not true? a) the cochlear duct is filled with perilymph b) the tympanic membrane vibrates auditory hair cells c) otoliths are the bones of the middle ear d) a and b e) none of the above are true
e) none of the above are true
Receptors in the macula provide sensations of a) angular acceleration b) hearing c) vibration d) gravity and linear acceleration e) none of these
e) none of these
What type of cell does calcitriol activate? a) periosteum b) adipocyte c) osteoblast d) chondrocyte e) osteoclast
e) osteoclast
The outer covering of a long bone is the ________________ a) diaphysis b) epiphysis c) epiphyseal plate d) metaphysis e) periosteum
e) periosteum
The fastest rate of mitosis is seen in a) the stratum corneum b) osteocytes c) skeletal muscle cells d) chondrocyte e) the stratum basale
e) the stratum basale
sebaceous glands a) produce a substance called sebum that is rich in protein and fatty acids b) are holocrine glands c) are only found in the arm pits and the groin region d) delivers its' secretions by exocytosis e) two of the above
e) two of the above
Which of the following are functions of bone tissue? a) acid-base balance b) structural support for muscles c) hemopoeisis d) two of the above e)all of the above
e)all of the above
A neurotransmitter secreted at a synapse a)neuroglia b)oligodendrocyte c)astrocyte d)acetylcholinesterase e)answer not listed
e)answer not listed
The speed (velocity) a given muscle fiber contracts is directly related to a)the size (diameter) of the innervating axon b)the type of myosin ATPase c)the amount of resistance (load) to the imposed contraction d)a and b e)b and c
e)b and c