BIO 202 Unit 4 Exam

Using the following values, calculate the net filtration pressure Hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries: 50 mmHg Oncotic pressure of capsular space: 5 mmHg Oncotic pressure of glomerular capillaries: 30 mmHg Hydrostatic pressure of the capsular space: 10 mmHg

15 mmHg

Describe what is happening with peptic ulcers

Peptic ulcers occur when the mucosal barrier is broken down, usually caused by excessive use of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen, and/or Helicobacter pylori (bacteria)

Describe the function of the pharynx & esophagus & stomach

Pharynx: propels food Esophagus: delivers food to stomach via peristalsis -gastroesophageal sphincters Stomach: mechanical/chemical breakdown of food, produces alkaline mucus to protect itself from digestion

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes of the digestive system?Breaking down ingested material Excretion of waste products Movement of nutrients into the body Promotion of T-lymphocyte maturation Taking in food and drink

Promotion of T-lymphocyte maturation

What does sucrase do? a. Breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose b. Breaks maltose into glucose and glucose c. Breaks lactose into glucose and galactose d. Breaks sucrose into glucose and galactose

A. Breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose

When you smell or see pizza and you're suddenly hungry, what phase of gastric secretion are you experiencing? a. Cephalic Phase b. Gastric Phase c. Intestine Phase d. Excretion Phase

A. Cephalic Phase

What do chief cells secrete? a. Pepsinogen b. Intrinsic Factor c. Hydrochloric Acid d. Both B and C

A. Pepsinogen

When blood pressure decreases, __________ is released from the kidneys, which travels to the liver to convert angiotensinogen into ________________, which travels to the lungs to interact with _____________ to produce _______________. a. Renin, angiotensin I, ACE, angiotensin II b. ADH, angiotensin II, kinase, angiotensin I c. Aldosterone, angiotensin I, ACE, angiotensin II d. Renin, angiotensin II, kinase, angiotensin I

A. Renin, angiotensin I, ACE, angiotensin II

Select all functions of the liver. a. Storage of vitamins and minerals b. Produces trypsinogen c. Forms bolus d. Production and secretion of bile

A. Storage of vitamins and minerals D. Production and secretion of bile

A high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will cause the macula densa cells to release ___, which will___.

Paracrine factors; cause constriction of the afferent arteriole

Which organ produces trypsinogen, and what is the function of its active form (trypsin)? a. Liver, digests carbohydrates b. Liver, digest proteins c. Pancreas, digests carbohydrates d. Pancreas, digests proteins

D. Pancreas, digests proteins

Which of the following represents the place where selective secretion and fine-tune reabsorption occur? a. A b. B c. C d. D

D

Which of the following are functions of the digestive system? a. Blood filtration b. Secretion of substances of GI tract c. Storage before elimination of indigestible food d. Two of the above

D. Two of the above b. Secretion of substances of GI tract c. Storage before elimination of indigestible food

Which of the following is a function of bile?

Emulsification of lipids

Which part of a nephron extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla?

Nephron loop

Urine Formation

Step 1: Glomerular Filtration Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption Step 3: Tubular Secretion

Explain the tubuloglomerular feedback system (juxtaglomerular complex and macula densa cells, renin/aldosterone, etc)

-Intrinsic control of glomerular filtration to maintain stable GFR -Macula densa cells mediate the tubuloglomerular feedback system and respond to filtrate (NaCl) -High GFR -> Increased NaCl load in nephron loop -> Macula densa secretes ATP -> Mesangial cells metabolize ATP to adenosine -> Adenosine stimulates granular cells -> Afferent arteriole constricts -> Reduced GFR -Juxtaglomerular complex includes macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and granular cells Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Stimuli: Decrease in BP and blood flow to kidneys -> juxtaglomerular apparatus in kidneys -> Renin -> Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I -> Angiotensin II by ACE -> Adrenal cortex (and vasoconstriction of arterioles) -> Aldosterone -> Salt/water retention by kidneys -> Increase BV and BP

Describe the structure/function of the duodenum and the enzymes they make and what the enzymes do

-Short region of the small intestine (10") -5% of small intestine -Makes own enzymes and hormones -Trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin are made by duodenum act on the peptides reducing them to smaller peptides -Receives pancreatic enzymes and bile -Trypsin elastase, carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsin from pancreas act on chyme

List the five main functions of the liver

-storage of glycogen -synthesis of blood proteins (albumin, globulins, clotting factors) -destruction of old RBCs -manufacture bile to break down fats (main digestive function) -removal of toxic substances (smooth ER/peroxisomes) -storage of vitamins and minerals -synthesis of urea (waste product from protein metabolism)

Which of the following represents the renal cortex? a. A b. B c. C d. D

A

The PCT is involved with reabsorption of all of the following except Water Glucose Amino acids ADH

ADH

Gastric juice is acidic; list what effect these acidic juices have in the stomach

Acidic gastric juices kills bacteria, breaks down food, digestive enzymes split up proteins. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) makes it acidic, which splits up proteins.

Which molecule would you expect to have the most difficulty crossing the glomerular filtration membrane? Urea Glucose Amino acids Albumin Vitamin C

Albumin

The hormone ______ is triggered by______ and binds to principal cells in the DCT to reabsorb Na+

Aldosterone; angiotensin II

Describe the two components of the digestive system (alimentary canal & accessory organs)

Alimentary canal performs ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation -mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus Accessory organs assist with digestive breakdown -teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Reabsorption of solutes and H2O occurs in the kidneys via Active transport Passive transport Solvent drag a and c All of the above

All of the above

The countercurrent multiplier and exchanger function to Increase the salinity of the medulla Increase the osmolarity of the tubular fluid in the descending limb Concentrate the urine Increase reabsorption of water All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following participates in the regulation of GFR?

All of the above

You enter a competition to see how many saltine crackers you can chew and swallow in 1 minute. What salivary enzyme allows you to begin the breakdown of the crackers in your mouth?

Alpha amylase

What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys? a. Increases the number of aquaporins to increase water permeability b. Acts on the principal cells of the collecting duct to create and insert Na+ and K+ channels and synthesizes and inserts Na+ and K+ ATPases. c. Acts on kidneys to promote salt and water excretion, increasing urine volume and decreasing blood volume d. Increases calcium channels to increase calcium reabsorption

B. Acts on the principal cells of the collecting duct to create and insert Na+ and K+ channels and synthesizes and inserts Na+ and K+ ATPases.

What is the correct order of the three subdivisions of the small intestine? a. Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum b. Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum c. Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum d. Ileum, Duodenum, Jejunum

B. Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to salt and impermeable to water. a. True b. False

B. False

Where does chemical breakdown begin? a. In the esophagus by alpha-amylase secreted by the salivary glands b. In the mouth by alpha-amylase secreted by the salivary glands c. In the small intestine by enzymes d. In the stomach by the acidic environment

B. In the mouth by alpha-amylase secreted by the salivary glands

What is the layer of the alimentary canal that has connective tissue, is vascularized, and contains ducts and glands? a. Mucosa b. Submucosa c. Muscularis Externae d. Serosa

B. Submucosa

When the GFR is too high, the high blood pressure causes the afferent arterioles to stretch which causes the afferent arterioles to ____________, this _____________ the GFR. a. Vasodilate, decreases b. Vasoconstrict, decreases c. Vasodilate, increases d. Vasoconstrict, increases

B. Vasoconstrict, decreases

What correctly describes the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)? a. Volume of blood circulating the body per minute b. Volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute c. Volume of urine excreted per hour d. Volume of water reabsorbed per hour

B. Volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute

What does Somatostatin do? a. Promotes peristalsis and movement of digested food b. Stimulates hunger at the hypothalamus c. Increases release of hydrochloric acid for breakdown of proteins d. Inhibits digestion

D. Inhibits digestion

When the GFR is too high, the __________________ cells sense the increased NaCl in the filtrate and release ATP, which travels to the ____________ cells, then to the ________ cells, which cause the afferent arterioles to constrict. This decreases the blood flow to the glomerulus, which _________ the GFR. a. Mesangial, Macula Densa, Granular, Decreases b. Granular, Mesangial, Macula Densa, Increases c. Macula Densa, Mesangial, Granular, Decreases d. Macula Densa, Granular, Mesangial, Increases

C. Macula Densa, Mesangial, Granular, Decreases

Which structure is included in the alimentary canal? a. Teeth b. Pancreas c. Pharynx d. Salivary Glands

C. Pharynx

Which of the following will NOT increase GFR? Increased blood volume Constriction of the glomerular capillaries by mesangial cells Hypertension Increased cardiac output Body wide vasodilation of arterioles

Constriction of the glomerular capillaries by mesangial cells

Which of the following are target locations of renin? a. Hypothalamus to induce thirst b. Vascular system to cause vasoconstriction c. Adrenal gland to cause release of aldosterone d. All of the above

D. All of the above

What is the function of the stomach? a. Mechanical breakdown of food by churning b. Chemical breakdown of food by the acidic environment c. Production of alkaline mucus to protect itself from being digested d. All of the above

D. All of the above a. Mechanical breakdown of food by churning b. Chemical breakdown of food by the acidic environment c. Production of alkaline mucus to protect itself from being digested

What describes brush border enzymes? a. Enzymes embedded into the plasma membrane b. Enzymes secreted into the lumen c. Active sites exposed to chyme in lumen and aid in digestion d. Both A and C

D. Both A and C a. Enzymes embedded into the plasma membrane c. Active sites exposed to chyme in lumen and aid in digestion

What do plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli do in the small intestine? a. They are specializations that increase secretion b. They are specializations that increase surface area c. They are specializations that increase absorption d. Two of the above

D. Two of the above b. They are specializations that increase surface area c. They are specializations that increase absorption

Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole will ___________ its resistance and will act to ___________ GFR.

Decrease; increase

Describe the action of defecation

Feces transports from rectum to anal canal to outside the body -internal anal sphincter (involuntary) relaxes causing the urge to defecate *stretch receptors send signals to spinal cord neurons to initiate parasympathetic motor (efferent) fibers to contract the rectal walls and relax sphincter -external anal sphincter (voluntary) relaxes causing defecation *if convenient to defecate, voluntary motor neurons inhibited, relaxing sphincter for feces to pass

List the functions and main players of the digestive system

Functions: -motility (movement through GI tract) -secretion (releases of substances into GI tract) -digestion (breakdown of food molecules into small subunits) -absorption (mechanical/chemical, passage of digested end products into blood or lymph) -storage/elimination (temporary storage before elimination of indigestible food) -immune barrier (intestinal lining is physical barrier to pathogens/toxins) Main players: Mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Describe the actions of the gallbladder and the pancreas

Gall bladder: -stores and concentrates bile from liver -releases bile when fatty foods in duodenum Pancreas: -pancreatic islet cells secrete hormones -acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes -tripsinogen converts to trypsin by enterokinase to digest proteins + activate other proteases -amylase digests starch to maltose and glucose -bicarbonates neutralize acids and raises pH for enzymes to f(x) -lipase digests triglycerides, cleaves FA from glycerol

Describe the components of the gastric pits and the hormones that are secreted therein and what the hormones do and how they influence one another

Gastric pits contain gastric glands that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells. *Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor *Chief cells secrete pepsinogen *Enteroendocrine cells secrete gastrin, ghrelin, histamine, and somatostatin -HCl: breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins -Intrinsic factor: B12 absorption for RBC production -Pepsinogen: precursor for pepsin, which breaks down proteins in food during digestion -Gastrin: increases secretion of HCl, histamine, gastric gland secertions, and increases stomach emptying; promotes peristalsis + movement of food in small intestine; relaxes ileocecal valve + triggers peristalsis in large intestine -Ghrelin: released when stomach is empty, travels to hypothalamus to stimulate hunger -Histamine: secretion of gastric acid, inflammation, and the regulation of vasodilatation and bronchoconstriction -Somatostatin: halts digestion, stimulated by SNS, inhibits all gastric secretions, motility/contraction, and stomach emptying

Which of the following correctly shows the path of fluid as it flows through a nephron?

Glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loop, DCT

Define glomerular filtration rate and describe the extrinsic (SNS) and intrinsic (autoregulation) mechanisms for regulating GFR.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute -Avg. for men: 125 ml/min -Avg. for women: 115 ml/min The extrinsic (SNS) mechanisms include neural and hormonal controls. The goal of extrinsic controls is to maintain systemic BP. Neural: -Low BP causes SNS to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, causing vasoconstriction, decreasing GFR, increasing blood volume + BP Hormonal: -The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System -Angiotensin II produced in response to salt deficit and low BV and BP The intrinsic (autoregulation) mechanisms include myogenic and tubuloglomerular controls. The goal of intrinsic controls is to maintain stable GFR. Myogenic: -If BP is high, afferent arterioles are stretched, and GFR is high. Stretching causes vasoconstriction, GFR drops to normal. -If BP falls, afferent arterioles are not stretched, and GFR is low. Dilation causes GFR to rise back to normal. Tubuloglomerular: -When GFR increases, there is not enough time for reabsorption of NaCl, making high NaCl in filtrate -Macula densa cells release vasoconstrictor chemicals to constrict afferent arterioles, reducing blood flow, and decreasing GFR -When GFR decreases, there is much time for reabsorption of NaCl, making low NaCl in filtrate -Macula densa cells do not release vasoconstrictors, afferent arterioles vasodilate, increasing blood flow, and increasing GFR

Sucrose, a disaccharide in fruits, is broken into ----------- and ----------- by the enzyme sucrase.

Glucose and fructose

Lactose, a disaccharide in dairy products, is broken into ----------- and ----------- by the enzyme lactase.

Glucose and galactose

Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland in response to

Hypercalcemia

PTH is released by the parathyroid gland in response to

Hypocalcemia

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? a. Filters blood b. Immune barrier to pathogens and toxins c. Forms urine d. Adjusts pH of blood

Immune barrier to pathogens and toxins

Describe the coupling of glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

In the proximal convoluted tubule, the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT, symport) transports glucose and sodium from tubular fluid to tubule epithelial cells, where both diffuse through tissue fluid into the peritubular capillary. *The PCT is the only site of glucose reabsorption

Solvent drag in the small intestine is caused by

Increased osmolarity of the extracellular fluid (ECF) due to increased glucose reabsorption

Explain the importance of intrinsic factor and vitB12 in RBC formation

Intrinsic factor is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine, which is needed for RBC production. The binding of intrinsic factor to B12 allows it to be absorbed more than without it.

You are working in a laboratory setting, studying the effects of anti-diuretic hormone blockers on the kidney. You accidentally ingest a dose of the ADH blocker. What happens to your urine?

It becomes less concentrated

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the urinary system? a. Kidneys b. Ureters c. Urethra d. Pancreas

Pancreas

Describe the physical characteristics of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, the urethra (main players).

Kidneys are *bean-shaped and can be found on both right and left sides of the body, most noticeably with adrenal glands sitting on top of each. *laterally convex, medial indentation (renal hilum) They are composed of renal cortex and medulla. Nephrons are located in the renal cortex and collecting ducts of nephrons travel to the renal medulla (renal pyramids). They also have renal arteries and renal veins connected near the ureters. The kidney is made up of simple cuboidal epithelial cells. Ureters are thin tube-like structures connected to the center of the kidney and travel far down the body on both right and left sides and dumps urine into the urinary bladder. It starts at the renal pelvis of the kidney. The urinary bladder is a circular organ made up of transitional epithelium, allowing massive stretch properties to allow filling of urine and storage until appropriate time to get rid of urine. The urethra is a tube-like structure that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, it is about 18 cm and 3-4 cm in females.

If the liver was severely damaged, digestion of _______ would be most affected.

Lipids

Describe how the mouth begins the breakdown of starches and the enzyme it uses to do so

Mechanical: Chewing (teeth and tongue) and mixing with saliva (salivary glands) Chemical: Alpha amylase breaks down starches into smaller polysaccharides.

Decreased stretch of the afferent arterioles of the nephron causes a reflexive vasodilation known as

Myogenic dilation

Which of the following drives net filtration in the glomerulus? Blood hydrostatic pressure Colloid osmotic pressure of the blood Fluid hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space a and b b and c

NOT: b and c, a and b

The collecting duct is involved with reabsorption of

NaCl and water

The I-cells of the small intestine

Release cholecystokinin, which causes the release of bile and pancreatic juices

The capillary beds in the liver are known as _________.

Sinusoidal capillaries

The epithelial lining of the urinary bladder is made of

Smooth muscle; transitional epithelium

Explain the structure/function of the large intestine and how it is affected with diarrhea

Structure: -1.5 m long -3" in diameter -Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon -Rectal "valves" (folds) -Internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle) anal sphincter Function: -Finish absorption of water and nutrients -Synthesize vitamins -Form and eliminate feces -Folds prevent sharts (simultaneous passage of feces and gas) -Internal anal sphincter involuntary -External anal sphincter voluntary (potty training) Diarrhea: -decreased water -increased secretion of fluid into intestine or -decreased absorption of fluid from intestine or -rapid passage of stool through intestines *defined as 3 or more loose stools a day -severe dehydration and electrolyte disturbances

Under the influence of ADH,

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water, resulting in a small volume of concentrated urine

Describe what is being absorbed in the descending limb of henle and in the ascending limb of henle. This called the countercurrent multiplier (know this term). Describe the mechanics of this system.

The descending loop of Henle is permeable to water! -impermeable to salt The thick and thin parts of the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to salt! -impermeable to water Thick-specific: -actively transports salts out of filtrate Countercurrent multiplier means that it goes in opposite directions, as descending and ascending limbs are opposites, and is used to concentrate urine in the kidneys by the nephrons.

Describe the components of the nephron (include blood supply associated with the nephron) and what each part of the nephron is responsible for

The glomerulus is a knot of capillaries *blood supply* that performs nonspecific filtration that filters small solutes from the blood. The glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) is a cup-shaped sac surrounding the glomerulus that collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs water, ions, nutrients and removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH. The descending loop of Henle contains aquaporins that allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid. The ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium and chlorine from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid. The distal convoluted tubule selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance. The collecting duct reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate.

List the functions of and the main players in the renal system.

The renal system (urinary system) filters blood by removing nitrogenous wastes, eliminates metabolic wastes and excesses from the body, and retains essential substances for proper body functioning. The main players include the kidneys that maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balances of the blood. When these organs malfunction, homeostasis fails and can lead to death if left uncorrected. The kidneys are complex organs composed of countless nephrons (functional unit) that form and collect urine, passed through the ureters out of the kidney, to the urinary bladder to be stored, and transported out of the body by the urethra. Main players include kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Which of the following is NOT true of tubular reabsorption and secretion? Tubular reabsorption and secretion both involve transcellular and paracellular routes Tubular reabsorption brings substances back into the blood from the tubular fluid, while tubular secretion moves substances into the tubular fluid from the blood Tubular secretion occurs only in the glomerulus, and tubular reabsorption occurs only in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules Can reach transport maximum when transport proteins are saturated All of the above are true

Tubular secretion occurs only in the glomerulus, and tubular reabsorption occurs only in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Proteinuria could result from which of the following? Prolonged strenuous exercise Hypotension Damage to the podocytes Two of the above All of the above

Two of the above

The external urethral sphincter is under _________________ muscle control

Voluntary

The large intestine functions primarily to Absorb water and break down any carbohydrates that have not been broken down Absorb proteins and lipids Reduce food residue to feces a and b a and c

a and c