BIO 228 A&P Chapter 3.4 & 27 Quiz

Read each of the statements below. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify whether it pertains to vitamin C or the B vitamins.

Vitamin C - Deficiency would cause connective tissue disorders - May help prevent cancer by neutralizing free radicals - Deficiency could cause bleeding B Vitamins - Niacin - Thiamine

Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.

Water-soluble - Vitamin C - Thiamine - Pyridoxine - Niacin - Folic acid Fat-soluble - Vitamin E - Retinol - Alpha-tocopherol

Fatty acids and some amino acids are converted directly into for ATP production. NADH acety| CoA pyruvate glucose FADH2

acety| CoA

Complete the sentences with the appropriate words. Not all terms will be used.

- A two-carbon group from acetyl-CoA enters the cycle. - In the first half of the citric acid cycle, isocitrate is oxidized, yielding a pair of electrons that reduce a molecule of NAD+ to NADH. - A second oxidation process produces succinyl-CoA and two electrons. - Succinate is oxidized to fumarate using FAD as the electron acceptor. - Malate is oxidized, yielding a four-carbon molecule of oxaloacetate and two electrons.

Complete the sentences by dragging the correct words into the blanks. Words may be used more than once or not at all.

- Energy is used, converting ATP to ADP. - Almost midway through glycolysis, two three-carbon molecules are produced per glucose molecule. - Electron carriers called NADH are produced that will be transferred into energy later in cellular respiration. - A net of two ATP molecules per glucose are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. - Two pyruvate molecules are produced, which are then moved into the mitochondria.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

- Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat and include vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract within the lipid of micelles and ultimately enter into the lymphatic capillaries. - The functions of fat-soluble vitamins vary. (1) Vitamin A (retinol) is a precursor molecule for the formation of a visual pigment. (2) Vitamin D (calciferol) is modified to form calcitriol. This is a hormone that increases calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. (1) Vitamin E (tocopherol) helps stabilize and prevent damage of cell membranes. (2) Vitamin K is required for synthesis of specific blood clotting proteins.

Complete the sentences with the terms given. Not all terms will be used.

- Nutrition is the study of how ingested chemicals interact in the body. - A nutrient is any element or compound necessary for or contributing to an organism's metabolism, growth, or other function. - Six nutrient groups exist, classifiable as those that provide energy; such as carbohydrates, protein, and fats. - Other nutrients are those that support metabolic processes in the body; such as vitamins, minerals, and water. - Some nutrients are necessary because they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from a food source.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

- Proteins are formed by 20 different amino acids and contain nitrogen in the amine group. The body is able to synthesize some, but not all, of the amino acids needed to produce a protein. - Amino acids that may be made in the body are essential amino acids, while nonessential amino acids (9 out of the total) must come from the diet. - Proteins may be categorized as complete proteins, which supply all of our essential amino acids, and incomplete proteins, which do not.

Complete the sentences with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

- Stored triglycerides are broken into glycerol and fatty acids. - Fatty acids go through beta-oxidation. - Acetyl-CoA is formed. - After it is formed, it enters the Krebs cycle.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

- The fasting state is the time between meals when the body relies on its stores of nutrients because no further absorption of nutrients is occurring. - Assuming that an individual eats three meals spread out through the day, and spends 12 hours in the absorption state, the other 12 hours are spent in the postabsorptive state. - The body uses hormones to maintain homeostatic levels of many nutrients, as these substances are decreasing in the blood as time passes with no addition food intake

Complete the sentences with the appropriate words.

- The term anaerobic refers to cellular reactions that occur in the absence of oxygen. - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. - The process of glycolysis does not require the presence of oxygen. - Although aerobic respiration produces 38 ATP molecules, some of them are used during the process, resulting in a net production of 30 ATP molecules. - Glycolysis produces 4 ATP per glucose, but only 2 ATP can be used by the cell.

Select all that correctly indicate the importance of NAH and FADH2 in aerobic cellular respiration. They will donate their electrons to glucose during glycolysis. Their potential energy is converted to kinetic energy in the electron transport chain. Their oxidation will result in NAD and FAD. They will donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

- Their potential energy is converted to kinetic energy in the electron transport chain. - Their oxidation will result in NAD and FAD. - They will donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

During glycolysis of a single glucose molecule, how many ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? 1 2 3 4

4

Select all that occur in the electron transport chain. A proton gradient is established between the matrix and outer compartment. Oxygen is released from the mitochondrion. Acetyl coenzyme A donates electrons to the proton pumps. ATP synthase forms ATP.

A proton gradient is established between the matrix and outer compartment. Oxygen is released from the mitochondrion.

What is the molecule that enters the citric acid cycle? Lactic acid Acetyl coenzyme A Citric acid Oxaloacetic acid Pyruvic acid

Acetyl coenzyme A

Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is essential or nonessential.

Essential - Fluoride - Tryptophan - Valine - Ascorbic acid Nonessential - Cholesterol - Glutamine

Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the given action occurs during fed or fasting phases.

Fed - Protein anabolism - Postabsorptive state - Eating and digesting - Elevated blood sugar - Absorptive state Fasting - Gluconeogenesis - Lipolysis - Protein catabolism - Growth hormone secretion

Place the products of cellular respiration with the stage in which they were produced. Some labels will be used more than once.

Glycolysis 2 NADH 2 ATP Intermediate Stage 2 NADH Citric Acid Cycle 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP Electron Transport System 34 ATP

Why does pyruvate need to be converted to lactic acid in order for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen? In the absence of oxygen, NADH is not converted to NAD+ by the electron transport chain, and NAD+ levels fall. Lactic acid carries high energy electrons to the mitochondria in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis would otherwise shut down due to an overabundance of NAD+.

In the absence of oxygen, NADH is not converted to NAD+ by the electron transport chain, and NAD+ levels fall.

Which of the following molecules is produced, along with the oxidation of NADH, when oxygen levels are limited? Lactate Pyruvate Citrate CO2 Oxygen

Lactate

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.

Other fuel molecules, such as fatty acids and amino acids, may be oxidized to generate ATP. The use of these fuel molecules increases during conditions of fasting or starvation. The preferred fuel molecules for muscle tissue at rest are fatty acids. Through the process of beta-oxidation, fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA. This molecule enters cellular respiration at the citric acid cycle. The point of entry for proteins used for fuel is different. For the amino acids of protein to enter cellular respiration, deamination has to occur. Once this happens, different amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway at glycolysis, the intermediate stage, or the citric acid cycle. The amine group that was removed is considered waste and is converted to urea and excreted by the kidneys.

Select all the reactants in the oxidation of glucose. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Glucose Water

Oxygen Glucose

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis? FADH2 Oxygen NAD+ Pyruvate Carbon dioxide

Pyruvate

Read each of the statements below. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify whether it pertains to vitamin C or the B vitamins.

Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid - Abundant in citrus fruits - Assists in the synthesis of the protein that binds oxygen B Vitamins - Abundant in red meat - Assist enzymes in allowing chemical reactions to occur

The glycerol component of a triglyceride can enter the pathway of cellular respiration at the ______ stage. glycolysis intermediate citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorvlation

glycolysis