Bio 23-1
What does the root system of a plant do?
absorbs water and dissolved nutrients
What help leaves conserve water?
adjustable pores
What is the function of roots?
anchor plants in the ground, prevent erosion, protect the plant from bacteria in the soil, holds plant upright
What type of plant contains vessel elements?
angiosperms
What helps leaves increase the amount of sunlight they absorb?
broad, flat surfaces
What are the primary functions of a stem?
carries nutrients, protects against predators and disease, transports water
What is meristematic tissue?
cells that are not specialized to perform a certain function yet
What are companion cells?
cells that surround sieve tube elements
What is sclerenchyma?
cells with extremely thick, rigid walls that make ground tissue tough and strong
What is collenchyma?
cells with strong, flexible cell walls that support larger plants
What are meristems?
clusters of tissue that are responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime
What makes up the strings in celery?
collenchyma
What is the thick waxy coating that protects against water loss and injury?
cuticle
What type of tissue is considered the "skin" of the plant?
dermal tissue
What are the three main tissue systems in a plant?
dermal, vascular, ground
What does the outer covering of a plant consist of?
epidermal cells
What is phloem?
food-conducting tissue
What is parenchyma?
ground tissue with thin cell walls and large central vacuoles surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm
What is an apical meristem?
group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots
What is located on the underside of leaves which regulates water loss and gas exchange?
guard cells
What are both xylem and phloem made up of?
hollow connected cells that carry fluids throughout the plant
What are the plants main photosynthetic systems?
leaves
What are tracheids?
long, narrow cells with walls that are impermeable to water
What is the only type of tissue that produces new cells by mitosis?
meristematic
What connects tracheids?
openings in the walls
What is most ground tissue made up of?
parenchyma
What are sieve tube elements?
phloem cell that is joined end to end
What does indeterminate growth mean?
plants grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live
What does dermal tissue in roots contain that help water absorption?
root hair cells
What are the principal organs of seed plants?
roots, stems, leaves
What are the main phloem cells?
sieve tube elements
What specialized cells are located in phloem?
sieve tube elements and companion cells
How are vessel elements situated in a plant?
stacked so that water can travel through them
What carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves back down to the roots?
stem
What is considered to be a plants support system?
stem
What is differentiation?
the process by which cells differentiate and are assigned certain functions
What happens when tracheids mature?
they die and their cytoplasm disintegrates
What are trichomes?
tiny projections that help protect the leaf
What specialized cells are located in xylem?
tracheids and vessel elements
What functions do roots, stems, and leaves perform?
transport nutrients, protection, coordinating plant activities
What type of tissue is considered to be the "bloodstream" of the plant?
vascular tissue
What is xylem?
water-conducting tissue
What are the principal subsystems in vascular tissue?
xylem and phloem
