BIO 2870 CHP 10

6000-9000; lymphocytes; Interatrial septum; Parietal pericardium;

A normal WBC COUNT is about ____ cells per liter. When foreign cells attack the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of ___. The wall between the atria is called the ___. The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the ___.

a first messenger; enzyme adenylate cyclase; converts ATP to second messenger, cAMP; kinase enzymes; phosphate group; nature of protein affected;

In a cAMP 2nd messeger system, ___ activates a G protein. Then, a G protein activates ___. Adenylate cyclase ___. cAMP activates ___ inside the cell. Kinase enzymes attach a ___ to another molecule in a process called phosphorylation. The effect on target cell depends on ___.

presence or absence of receptors; plasma membrane or inside the cell; plasma membrane receptors;

Sensitivity of target cell to hormone depends on ___ for that hormone Hormone receptors are located either on ___ or ___. ___ are required for hormones that are not lipid soluble and examples are epinephrine, norepinephrine, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids.

males and females (adrenals, fat cells, ovaries in females, testes in males); are not important; development of pubic hair; muscle mass blood cell formation support sex drive

Small quantities of androgens are produced in both ___. Some androgens are converted to estrogens in plasma and stimulate ___ in boys and girls before puberty. Androgens ___ in adult men. In adult women, androgens produce ___, ___ and ___.

calcitonin; kidney; Ca2+ excretion; bones to increase Ca2+ deposition;

When homeostasis is disturbed by increasing blood calcium levels, C-cells (thyroid) secrete ___ to affect the ___. This causes kidneys to increase ___ and bones to increase ___. Homeostasis is then restored by decreasing blood calcium levels.

decrease; osteoblasts; The mother's skeleton competes with the fetus for calcium; Hypercalcemia; sodium permeability; Calcitonin;

Calcitonin works to ___ blood calcium levels and stimulates ___ in bone. ___ so calcitonin is essential for development. ___ is high blood calcium level. Hypercalcemia causes decreased ___ of excitable membranes and results in less responsive muscles and nerves. ___ helps prevent hypercalcemia.

stem cell division and differentiation; breakdown of stored fats and release of fatty acids, a glucose-sparing effect; breakdown of glycogen reserves and release of glucose into bloodstream

Direct actions of GH in epithelial and connective tissues are that it stimulates ___ and ___. In adipose tissue GH directly stimulates ___ and ___. In the liver GH directly stimulates ___ and ___.

hyperthyroidism;

Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to ___. The body's processes speed up and you may experience nervousness, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, hand tremor, excessive sweating, weight loss, and sleep problems, among other symptoms.

ovulation; corpus luteum; estrogens and progesterone; progesterone; hormones of the anterior pituitary gland such as FSH and LH. LH

During ___, the follicle releases an oocyte. Once released, the ___ is formed from remaining follicular cells. Ovaries releases mixture of ___ to accelerates fertilized egg movement through uterine tube. ___ prepares uterus for arrival of developing embryo and it contributes to mammary gland enlargement. All gonadal hormones are regulated by ___ such as ___ and ___ (gonadotropins) ___ initiates ovulation and production of hormone.

right atrium increased blood volume; atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); loss of sodium, and therefore water; renin, ADH and aldosterone; decrease in BP and blood volume

Endocrine cells are located in ___ of heart. Endocrine heart cells respond to ___ entering chamber. Excessive stretch on endocrine heart cells causes them to release ___. ANP promotes ___. ANP inhibits release of ___, ___ and ___. ANP results in ___.

glandular, secretory cells; Secretions; Local hormones; Hormones;

Endocrine system cells are ___ cells. ___ enter the extracellular fluid. ___, such as prostaglandins, affect adjacent cells. ___ are chemical messengers released in one tissue and transported by the bloodstream to target cells in other tissues.

GLPC Growth, lipid mobilization, protein synthesis and catabolism; Thyroid gland; isthmus; thyroid follicles; simple cuboidal epithelium; viscous colloid;

GH affects all cells in ___. ___ is found anterior to trachea and inferior to thyroid cartilage. It hsas two lobes connected by narrow ___. Thyroid gland contains many spherical ___. Thyroid gland is lined by ___. Thyroid gland is filled with ___ containing many proteins and thyroid hormone molecules.

glucose metabolism; cortisol (hydrocortisone) corticosterone cortisone ACTH; CRH in the hypothalamus; rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation; blood glucose levels; anti-inflammatory;

Glucocorticoids affect ___. Most important glucocorticoids are ___, ___ and ___. These glucocorticoids are secreted in response to ___, which comes from ___. Glucocorticoids increase ___ and ___, resulting in increase in ___. Glucocorticoids also have ___ effects.

human growth hormone (hGH) and somatotropin; Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH); cell growth and replication of all cells; skeletal muscle and chondrocytes; somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs); an increase in amino acid uptake and protein synthesis; stimulate GH-IH; inhibit GH-RH

Growth hormone is also called ___. GH is regulated by ___ and ___ from the hypothalamus. GH stimulates ___, but especially ___ and ___. Indirect action of GH is to stimulate the liver to release ___. Somatomedins trigger ___ and ___ by cells following a meal. Somatomedins stimulate ___ and inhibit ___.

humoral, hormonal or liquid; extracellular fluid; blood calcium levels; circulating hormone; neurotransmitters;

Hormonal secretion under negative feedback control is based on ___, ___ or ___ stimuli. Humoral ("liquid") stimuli changes in composition of the ___. An example is hormonal control of ___. Hormonal stimuli causes changes in ___ levels. Neural stimuli causes neural stimulation of a neuroglandular junction through ___.

plasma membrane; outside of membrane; direct; first messengers; cytoplasm; G protein;

Hormones cannot diffuse through the ___. Hormones must use receptors on ___ and a hormone's effect is not ___. These hormones are ___ that activate second messengers in the ___. Action is linked by a ___, an enzyme complex.

sella turcica; infundibulum; unique peptides or small proteins; cAMP second messenger;

Hypophysis is protected by the ___ and hangs from hypothalamus by ___. The nine hormones secreted by the hypophysis are all ___ or ___. All nine hormones from the hypophysis use ___ mechanism.

ADH oxytocin and regulatory (releasing) hormones; calcitonin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine; parathyroid hormone; melatonin; insulin and glucagon;

Hypothalamus produces ___, ___ and ___. Thyroid gland secretes ___, ___ and ___. Parathyroid gland produces ___ and the pineal gland secretes ___. Pancreas secrete ___ and ___.

Peripheral capillaries; whole blood; veripuncture; Albumins;

In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from ___. The term ____ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed relents together Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called ___. Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are ___.

interstitial cells of testes; testosterone; sperm production; Testosterone; protein synthesis; inhibin; nurse cells in the testes; FSH

In males, ___ produce androgens. Most important androgen is ___. The testes promotes ___. ___ maintains secretory glands of male reproductive tract and testosterone determines secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone stimulates ___ in skeletal muscles. Sperm production balance maintained by ___ which is secreted by ___. ___ causes nurse cells to release inhibin.

oxytocin; secretion of milk; mammary glands; smooth muscle in walls of sperm duct; smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and vagina;

In women, ___ stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during labor and delivery. Oxytocin also stimulates ___, the contraction of cells surrounding milk secretory cells in ___ glands. Oxytocin plays an unclear role in sexual activity and in men, stimulates ___, potentially aiding in emission. In women, oxytocin may stimulate ___ promoting sperm transport.

beta cells; insulin; glucose uptake; rates of protein synthesis and fat storage; lower blood glucose;

Increases in blood glucose levels activate ___ cells to release more ___. Insulin stimulates ___ by cells that have insulin receptors, all cells except: Neurons and red blood cells, epithelial cells of kidney tubules, epithelial cells of intestinal lining Insulin increases ___ and ___. Insulin results in ___ blood glucose levels.

Presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane; Agglutinogen A and Agglutinogen B; Help defend the body against infectious organisms; neutrophil;

A person's blood type is determined by the ___. Type A blood contains ___ and ___. The primary function of white blood cells is to ___. The most abundant type of wbc in a normal blood sample is the ___.

corticotropin; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); adrenal cortex; glucocorticoids; decrease in ACTH and CRH secretion;

ACTH is also called ___. ACTH is released in response to ___ from the hypothalamus. Corticotropin targets ___ and stimulates secretion of ___. Increases in glucocorticoids cause ___.

peptide hormone leptin; appetite; hypothalamus; normal levels of GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis; late puberty; menstrual cycles; fertility;

Adipose tissue produces ___. Leptin provides negative feedback control of ___. Leptin binds to neurons in ___ to trigger satiation (fullness) and suppression of appetite. Must be present for ___. Leptin affects how low body fat can result in ___ and cessation of ___. Increase in body fat can increase ___.

cells, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies; Erythrocytes; -specialized cells -extracellular protein fibers -a ground substance

Blood contains ___, ___, ___, and ___. ___ account for almost half the volume of blood. Red blood cells transport oxygen in the blood. Like all connective tissues, blood has three components: ___, ___ and ___.

TRUE; albumin; large, insoluble strands of fibrin; blood clot; serum;

Blood helps protect the body against infection, T/F? ___ is the primary plasma protein. Under certain conditions, fibrinogen molecules interact, forming ___. Fibrinogen fibers provide the basic framework for a ___. If steps are not taken to prevent clotting in a blood sample, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin will occur. This conversion removes the clotting proteins, leaving a fluid known as ___.

TRUE; pernicious anemia; vitamin B12; intrinsic factor;

Blood regulates the pH of the body's interstitial fluid, T/F? A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause ___. For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors, such as ___, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of ___.

F-L-A-T P-(Melanocyte-stim. hormone)-G; Oxytocin and ADH; NR and EP; cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone and androgens

Pituitary gland produces ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ in the anterior lobe. Pituitary gland releases ___ and ___ in the posterior lobe. Adrenal medulla secretes ___, and ___. Adrenal cortex secretes ___, ___ and ___.

extracellular fluid; agglutinins; biliverdin; liver and spleen;

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ___ in the body. ___ are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type. In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to ___ a pigmented organic compound. Excess transferrins are removed in the ___, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes.

uterus and mammary glands; corpus luteum; Estrogen; most cells;

Progesterone acts on the ___ and ___. Progesterone is secreted from the ___. ___ supports follicle maturation, female secondary sex characteristics and associated behaviors. Estrogens target ___.

follicles; estrogen and inhibin; Inhibin; Estrogens;

Ovaries are the female sex cells (oocytes) are surrounded by ___. FSH and LH triggers follicular cells to produce ___. Only FSH triggers follicular cells to produce ___. When ___ concentration increases, it provides negative feedback to FSH. ___ support maturation of egg cell and growth of uterine lining.

increased calcium ion concentrations in body fluids; increased energy use, oxygen consumption, growth and development; decreased calcium ion concentrations in body fluids;

PTH hormonal effects are ___. T4 and T3 hormonal effects are ___. Calcitonin's hormonal effects are ___.

chief cells in the parathyroid; bone and kidneys; Thyroxine; triiodothyronine; follicular epithelium (of thyroid); most cells; C cells; Bone and kidneys;

PTH is secreted by ___ and it targets the ___. T4 is ___ and T3 is ___. They are secreted by the ___. They target ___ cells. Calcitonin is secreted by ___. Calcitonin targets the ___.

False; False; True; False;

Red blood cells have a short life span of about 10 hours, T/F? An anemic individual would have high hemoglobin content, T/F? Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis, T/F? Hemoglobin cannot be recycled, T/F?

intracellular receptors; Insufficient iodine intake; TSH; goiter;

TSH binds to ___ inside the follicular cells. ___ leads to inability to synthesize thyroid hormones, so ___ levels increase and stimulate the thyroid gland to work harder and create more TSH. Increased TSH leads to ___, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

thyrotropin; increased HR high CO2 in blood; hypothalamus; thyroid gland; release of thyroid hormones; decrease in TRH and TSH secretion;

TSH is also called ___. It is secreted when the body senses ___ and ___. This is basically a need to consume energy. Thyrotropin is released in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from ___. TSH targets ___ and triggers ___. Increases in thyroid hormones cause ___ which is negative feedback.

parafollicular cells; calcitonin (CT); increases in plasma Ca2+; inhibits osteoclasts; calcium excretion; normal bone growth; last trimester; 8.5-11mg/dL

The C cells of the thyroid gland are also called ___. C cells are found between follicles and produce ___. Calcitonin is stimulated by ___. Calcitonin inhibits ___ in bone and stimulates ___ by kidneys. Calcitonin is essential for normal ___ in children and during the ___ of pregnancy. Normal blood Ca2+ is ___.

extracellular fibers and ground substance; blood; plasma; insoluble fibers; red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and lymphocytes;

The ___ and ___ form the matrix that surrounds the cells in connective tissue (such as blood). In ___, the ground substance is a fluid. In blood, the watery matrix is called ___. In blood, the plasma proteins are dissolved and usually do NOT form ___. ___, ___, ___ and ___ are specialized cells found in blood.

suprarenal gland; superior border; adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla; kidney salivary glands sweat glands colon

The adrenal gland is also called the ___. Adrenal gland is yellow, pyramid-shaped and sits on ___ of each kidney. Two portions are ___ and ___. Aldosterone is essential for sodium conservation in the ___, ___, ___ and ___.

All amino acid-derivative hormones are able to circulate freely within the blood.

Which statement is FALSE? Hormones attached to special transport proteins remain in circulation longer than free hormones. Free hormones can be broken down by enzymes in the body fluids. Hormonal secretion is controlled through negative feedback mechanisms. All amino acid-derivative hormones are able to circulate freely within the blood.

d. GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.

Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true? a. Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are extremely insensitive to GH. b. Liver cells respond to GH by releasing prostaglandins. c. GH production is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the thyroid. d. GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood. e. In epithelial tissues, GH inhibits stem cell division.

Women have approximately half as many iron reserves; fibrinogen; calcitriol;

Why might women be more prone to suffering from iron-deficient anemia than men? ___ is roughly 4% of plasma proteins and functions in clotting. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to form ___.

Mineralocorticoids; Aldosterone; low plasma Na+ low BP, high plasma K+ presence of angiotensin II; reabsorption of sodium ions; elimination of potassium ions; sodium; water reabsorption through osmosis;

___ affect electrolyte balance in body fluids. ___ is a major mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is secreted in response to ___, ___ or ___. Aldosterone triggers ___ and ___. Prevents loss of ___ in urine, sweat, saliva, and digestive secretions. Aldosterone secondarily triggers ___.

secondary endocrine organs gonads adipose tissue thymus heart intestines kidneys Intestines rate of digestive process; parasympathetic;

___ are organs that secrete hormones, but their primary function is in another system. Examples are ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___. ___ secrete local hormones that coordinate digestive activities Intestines have major control over ___ of digestive processes. Intestines can be influenced by ___ nervous system.

intracellular receptors; lipid-soluble hormones; thyroid and steroid hormones; hormone-receptor complex; specific genes; rate of mRNA transcription; structure or function of cell;

___ are receptors inside cytoplasm or nucleus. Intracellular receptors are used for ___, such as ___ and ___ hormones. These hormones cross plasma membrane. ___ is when a hormone combines with an intracellular receptor. Intracellular receptors activate or inactivate ___. Intracellular receptors alter ___. Hormone-receptor complex works to change ___ of the cell.

Gonadotropins; testes and ovaries; Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

___ are released in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus. Gonadotropins target the ___ and ___ (male and female gonads). Gonadotropins include two hormones ___ and ___.

Lipid derivatives; Eicosanoids; prostaglandins

___ are steroid hormones, structurally similar to cholesterol. ___ are fatty acid-based, derived from arachidonic acid. Eicosanoids include ___ which are modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells..

Amino acid derivatives; Peptide hormones;

___ are structurally similar to amino acids and include epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melatonin. ___ the largest class of hormones and consist of chains of amino acids. They include ADH, oxytocin, hypothalamic, pituitary, and pancreatic hormones

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; axons; capillaries; low on water; increase in concentration of solutes in the blood; decrease in blood volume and pressure; kidney; vasoconstriction

___ contains axons from two groups of hypothalamic neurons. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin (OXT) are transported within the ___ and then into ___ of the posterior pituitary lobe. Vasopressin (ADH) is released from posterior lobe when the body is ___. ADH is stimulated by ___ or ___. ADH's primary target is ___ to decrease water loss. ADH triggers ___ to increase blood pressure.

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; hypophyseal portal system; portal system; destinations; anterior lobe; tropic hormones

___ contains endocrine cells that are surrounded by a complex capillary bed. The capillaries are part of the ___. Two capillary networks and the blood vessels that link the networks are called a ___. Portal systems are named after their ___. Regulatory hormones diffuse onto target cells in ___. Many of these hormones are ___ bc they target other endocrine glands.

adrenal cortex; corticosteroids; corticosteroids; plasma bound to proteins; Zona glomerulosa; Zona fasciculata; Zona reticularis;

___ contains high levels of cholesterol and fatty acids. ___ are essential for metabolic functions and vital to life. Adrenal cortex produces more than 24 steroid hormone called ___. Corticosteroids are transported in ___. Three zones of cortex produce three types of corticosteroids: ___ produces mineralocorticoids. ___ produces glucocorticoids. ___ produces androgens.

pineal gland; third ventricle; light and day-night cycles; timing of sexual maturation; protect CNS neurons; circadian rhythms; less;

___ contains neurons, glial cells, and secretory cells that produce melatonin. It is located on posterior portion of roof of ___. Pineal gland's rate of secretion is affected by ___. The pineal gland may influence ___ and may ___ with antioxidant activity. Pineal gland plays a role in maintaining ___ (day-night cycles). Melatonin is secreted ___ during the day.

Eicosanoids; structural proteins and enzymes; Steroid hormones;

___ coordinate local cellular functions and affect enzymatic processes. Hormones alter operations of the target cells and change types, activities, locations, or quantities of ___. ___ are bound to transport proteins in blood Released by reproductive organs and adrenal glands.

MSH melanocycte stimulating hormone; nonfunctional; fetal development; very young children; pregnant women; certain diseases; unknown;

___ increases activity of melanocytes in skin to increase melanin production. MSH appears to be ___ in adults. MSH is secreted: -during ___ -in ___ -in ___ -in ___ MSH in these situations, has a function that is ___.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); sarcolemma, t-tubules and axons of neurons; Parathyroid glands

___ increases blood calcium levels. Excitable membranes are ___, ___ and ___. ___ are 2 pairs of small glands embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland.

Lutenizing hormone; estrogens and progesterone; corpus luteum and ovulation; interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH); androgens; Estrogens, progesterone, and androgens; LH;

___ induces ovulation. LH induces secretion of ___, formation of ___ and ___ in females. In males, LH is also called ___ which stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce ___ such as testosterone. ___, ___ and ___ inhibit GnRH. Inhibiting GnRN decreases levels of ___.

embolism; 46-63% Liver; Hemocytoblasts;

___ is a blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material brought to the site by the blood current. Blood it's approximately ___ percent plasma by volume. The ___, a primary source of plasma proteins, synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins. Red blood cells result from the divisions of ___, which ate multipotent stem cells.

Sickle cell anemia; Jaundice; the oxygen-carrying capacity of Rbcs is reduced;

___ is a disease characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells. ___ results from abnormal high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood. Erythropoietin is most likely released during anemia bc ___.

Hemophilia; red bone marrow; 4 months (120 days); bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide;

___ is a hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding. In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the ___. The average life span of a red blood cell is about ___. The function of hemoglobin is to ___.

calcitonin; peptide hormones;

___ is a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. ___ are hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins?

leukopenia; erythrocytes; hematocrit; hemoglobinuria;

___ is an abnormally low white blood cell count. ___ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements is termed the ___. When large numbers of rbcs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called ___.

iron deficiency anemia; anemia; Oxygen levels in the blood decrease;

___ is anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells. ___ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of Rbcs is reduced. Epoxy is released when ___.

Adrenal medulla; preganglionic sympathetic fibers; Epinephrine; 75-80% Norepinephrine; 20-25% availability of energy molecules (glucose & fatty acids); Support and prolong; adipose tissue;

___ is highly vascular and contains cells similar to sympathetic ganglia. The adrenal medulla is innervated by ___. Adrenal medulla has two groups of secretory cells that produce: ___ (adrenaline) which is ___ of secretions. ___ (noradrenaline) which is ___ of secretions. Epinephrine and NR trigger metabolic changes to increase ___. Epinephrine and NR___ overall sympathetic response by stimulating ___.

Hypocalcemia; increased sodium permeability of excitable membranes; Highly excitable, spasmodic muscles and neurons; Convulsions or muscular spasms; parathyroid glands;

___ is low blood calcium levels. Hypocalcemia effects are: ___, ___ and ___. The ___ prevent hypocalcemia.

Prolactin (PRL); mammary glands; mammary gland development; production of milk; prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH);

___ is released in response to prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) from the hypothalamus. Prolactin targets ___ in females. With other hormones, prolactin stimulates ___ development. In pregnancy and nursing, prolactin stimulates ___. Circulating PRL stimulates___, which inhibits PRF.

Calcitriol; vitamin D3 Erythropoietin (EPO); RBC production; skeletal system; Renin; blood pressure and blood volume kidneys; posterior pituitary;

___ is stimulated by PTH, derived from ___, increases absorption of calcium and phosphate ions from digestive tract. ___ is stimulated by low oxygen levels in kidney tissues, causes increase in ___. Erythropoeitin is produced from the ___ system. ___ is an enzyme that triggers hormonal chain reaction (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) to increase ___. RAAS causes ___ to release aldosterone and vasopressin from ___.

Thymus; mediastinum thymosins; development and maintenance of immune defenses

___ is very active in early childhood, atrophies in adults. The thymus is located deep to sternum in ___. The thymus secretes ___. Thymosins aid in ___.

amplification; hormone; Cyclic-AMP Calcium ions Cyclic-GMP

___ is when a small number of hormone molecules can activate thousands of second messengers. Amplification magnifies effect of ___ on the cell. Examples of second messengers include: ___, ___, ___.

intercellular communication; chemical messages; endocrine and nervous systems; specific destination and short-lived; target cells;

___ maintains homeostasis. Mostly accomplished through ___. Distant communication is coordinated by ___ and ___ systems. Nervous system is faster with ___ and ___ effects. Endocrine system is slower Releases hormones into bloodstream that bind to ___ with longer-lasting effects.

Follicular cells; bound to plasma proteins; large reserves; amino acid tyrosine, and iodine; iodine; Triiodothyronine (T3); more potent;

___ make thyroid hormones that are then stored in colloid. TSH causes release of thyroid hormones and majority are transported ___ bc this provides ___ of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones or thyrotropins are derived from ___ and ___. Thyroxine (T4) or tetraiodothyronine has four atoms of ___. ___ has three iodine atoms which are ___ than T4.

Glucagon; Decreases in blood glucose; liver and muscles; releases fatty acids; higher;

___ mobilizes energy reserves. ___ levels activate alpha cells to release more glucagon. Glycogen in ___ broken down to glucose. Glucagon causes adipose tissue to ___ and result of glucagon is ___ blood glucose levels.

Parathyroid (chief) cells; decrease in plasma Ca2+; osteoclasts; osteoblasts; calcium excretion; calcitriol; Ca2+ and PO43- absorption;

___ produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is stimulated by ___. PTH activates ___ and inhibits ___ in bone. PTH reduces ___ by kidney and stimulates kidney to secrete ___. Calcitriol increases ___ in digestive tract.

Pancreas; stomach and proximal small intestine; pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans); 1%; blood glucose levels; Alpha cells; glucagon; Beta cells; insulin;

___ produces digestive hormones and contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Pancreas lies between ___ and ___. In the pancreas, endocrine cells are located in ___ which account for only ___% of all pancreatic cells. They help control ___ levels. In the pancreatic islets, ___ cells secrete the hormone ___. ___ cells secrete the hormone ___.

Follicule stimulating hormone (FSH); estrogen; follicle; follicle cells of ovaries; sperm production and maturation; nurse cells of testes; inhibin;

___ promotes secretion of ___ and ___ development in females. FSH targets female's ___. FSH promotes ___ in males and targets their ___. Cells of ovaries and testes produce ___ which inhibits FSH production through negative feedback.

Hypothalamus; Coordinating centers; -Production of ADH and OXT -Secretion of releasing hormones -Control of sympathetic output to adrenal medulla hypophysis;

___ provides highest level of endocrine control. ___ in hypothalamus regulate nervous and endocrine systems in three ways: ___, ___ and ___. Pituitary gland is also called the ___.

Hormones; Freely circulating hormones; liver and kidney; enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid; Hormones bound to transport proteins; bound and free;

___ rapidly enter blood and are distributed throughout the body. ___ are short-lived and inactivated when they diffuse to target cells and bind to receptors. Freely circulating hormones are absorbed and broken down in ___ and ___. Freely circulating hormones are broken down by ___. ___ stay in circulation longer (steroid and thyroid hormones). Each hormone has an equilibrium between ___ forms.

Digestive tract; EPO (erythropoietin) and calcitriol; androgens and inhibin; estrogens, progesterone and inhibin

___ secretes numerous hormones involved in coordination of system functions, glucose metabolism and appetite. The kidneys secrete ___ and ___. The testes secrete ___ and ___. The ovaries secrete ___, ___ and ___.

d. relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

The endocrine system: a. releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body. b. produces effects that last for seconds or minutes. c. is not involved in homeostasis. is regulated mainly by positive feedback. d. relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) thymosins; atrophy; leptin;

The heart secretes hormone ___. Thymus secretes ___ and undergoes ___ during adulthood. Adipose tissue secretes ___.

kidneys, bone, and digestive system; iodine; thyroid;

The target organs for the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are ___. Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ___ for production. ___ is an endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities.

nearly every cell in body; rate of ATP production in mitochondria; glycolysis and energy production; rate of metabolism; calorigenic effect; skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems;

Thyroid hormones affect ___. Thyroid hormones increase ___. Thyroid hormones activate genes coding for enzymes involved in ___ and ___. Thyroid enzymes increase ___ and have a ___, which is when cell uses more energy, measured in calories, and heat is produced. Thyroid hormones are essential to normal development of ___, ___ and ___.

release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors; Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) adrenal medulla; synapses; negative feedback; maintain homeostasis;

Nervous and endocrine systems rely on ___ on target cells. Nervous and endocrine systems share chemical messengers such as ___ and ___. They're called hormones when released from ___. They're called neurotransmitters when released across ___. Nervous and endocrine systems are regulated by ___ feedback mechanisms Nervous and endocrine systems coordinate and regulate activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and systems to ___.

chief cells in parathyroid; PTH; Ca2+ reabsorption; release calcium; increase Ca2+ absorption;

Stimulus of low blood calcium activates ___ receptors to secrete ___. This causes kidneys to increase ___, bones to release ___ and GI tract to ___ (bc of increased calcitriol from kidneys). Homeostasis is then restored by increasing blood calcium levels.

neural stimulus; indirectly affected; cortisol and thyroid hormones; enhances insulin release; inhibits insulin release;

Secretion of insulin and glucagon is independent of direct ___. Pancreatic regulation of blood glucose is ___ by any hormone that also influences blood glucose levels. Pancreatic regulation is indirectly affected by as ___ and ___, which increase blood glucose levels. Pancreatic regulation is also affected by ANS activity. Parasympathetic stimulation ___ (blood glucose decreases). Sympathetic stimulation ___ (blood glucose increases)

GH and TSH; pancreas; insulin and glucagon; diabetes mellitus; Type 1 diabetes; production; Type 2 diabetes; respond properly; hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria;

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland's secretion of ___ and ___. Somatostatin is produced in the ___ and inhibits the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as ___ and ___. ___ is faulty glucose metabolism causing buildup of glucose in the blood and urine. ___ is juvenile diabetes and inadequate insulin ___. ___ is a display of insulin resistance where tissues do not ___ to insulin DM causes symptoms ___, ___ and ___.