Bio 330

You are involved in a study investigating the question of whether viewing violent pornography results in committing sexual abuse. The type of research that would provide the best data to address this hypothesis is

Correlation studies

Which of the following are TRUE?

Correlation studies may show a connection between two phenomena, but the cause is more difficult to demonstrate., Dr. James Dabbs studies demonstrated how an event can effect sex hormone levels.

Data show that the formation of one's sexual orientation develops independently of biological factors, which have no influence on one's sexual orientation. One's sexual attractions are due to education and recruitment.

False

In a subsequent investigation of biological systems contributing to infidelity, women married to men with different MHC genes were more adulterous; the more of these genes a woman shared with her spouse, the more extra-marital relationships she engaged in.

False

The gender categories that tend to predominate in Western cultures are representative of gender categories used in all other cultures.

False

The gender-binary accurately reflects how all people experience their gender identities, resulting in everyone having a gender identity that is either male or female.

False

The intact hymen strongly correlates with a female's virginity.

False

Emotions can have an effect on reproductive functions because of interactions between which of the structures below?

Higher brain functions The hypothalamus pituitary gonads

The hypothalamic-pituitary -gonadal axis involves

How from one levels are sensed in the brain How LH affects the gonads The negative feedback loop between the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads.

At what stage of meiosis do developing ova first become meiotically arrested?

In meiosis I

Which of the following are TRUE?

Testicles descend between seven and eight months in utero in most males, Swelling of the testicles, such as caused by sexually transmitted infection, can cause sterility, Use of anabolic steroids can lead to testicular atrophy

Which of the following are TRUE?

Testosterone can cause one's voice to deepen., Androgens are responsible for the development of pubic and axillary hair., Testosterone is necessary for sperm production., Testosterone is involved in growth of the penis at puberty.

A person identifies themselves as a 3 on the Kinsey scale. That most likely means...

That the person is bisexual, equally sexually attracted to men and women.

How does the body respond to testosterone levels that are too high?

The hypothalamus and pituitary detect the concentration, decreasing both GnRH and LH release, respectively.

What do you call the factor or variable that is manipulated in an experiment?

The independent variable

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

Identify the FALSE statement describing cervical mucus: Select one: a. at ovulation, mucus thins to help sperm enter the uterus b. mucus changes in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle c. Spinnbarkeit is the thick mass which forms to block movement of sperm

c. Spinnbarkeit is the thick mass which forms to block movement of sperm

Sexual Orientation

a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person

The bonobos Select one: a. have no genetic differences from humans. b. have a subordinate female. c. are violent in comparison to the Gombe chimpanzees. d. solve problems and form bonds using sex. e. all of the above f. none of the above

d. solve problems and form bonds using sex.

Identify the FALSE statement describing Spermatogenesis: a. sperm viability is highly dependent on optimal temperature conditions b. spermatogonia are the germ cells in the seminiferous tubules that produce the spermatocytes (sperm cells) c. sperm cell development and maturation is a process which takes 65-75 days to complete d. sperm cells form in the epididymis and mature in the testes beginning in utero

d. sperm cells form in the epididymis and mature in the testes beginning in utero

A researcher designs an experiment in which she studies the effects testosterone has on sex drive in women. She gives 50 women in her study a pill containing testosterone and another 50 women a pill that doesn't contain testosterone (a sugar pill). After one month of treatment, she asks the women how often they have sex each week. What is the dependent variable in this study? Select one: a. Testosterone b. The sex of the participants in the study c. How often the women have sex each week d. The sugar pill

d. the sugar pills

In the classic "sweaty tee shirt" experiment, women sniffed the t-shirts of several anonymous men and selected those they felt were the sexiest. They disproportionately selected the shirts of men with:

different genes in a specific part of the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Problems with use of anabolic steroids include: a. High blood pressure b. Possible cardiovascular disease c. Lowered sperm count d. Mood swings e. All of the above. f. None of the above.

e. All of the above

Which of the following statements regarding sexual values is TRUE? Select one: a. Formal values are those values you state to yourself and others. An example is, "I believe in using condoms every time for sexual intercourse." b. Informal values are related to what you actually do. An example is not using condoms every time when you have sexual intercourse. c. Individuals who sign an abstinence pledge could be more likely to have unprotected intercourse if their formal and informal values do not match. d. Knowing your personal values, formal and informal, is necessary to make good decisions regarding sex. e. All of the above. f. None of the above

e. all of the above

With regard to the female menstrual cycle: Select one: a. onset begins with menarche and ceases with menopause. b. it acts on two different structures of the reproductive anatomy, generating both an ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. c. it involves a cyclical production of estrogen and progesterone. d. young women starting to menstruate commonly do not ovulate every cycle. e. all of the above f. none of the above

e. all of the above

In a negative feedback system:

endocrine system generally maintains hormone levels within a fairly narrow range If hormone levels drop below the typical range, then more of the hormone is produced If hormones levels rise above the typical range, then less of the hormone is produced

Aromatase is a(n)_____that catalyzes the conversion of _______to ____________ which is necessary for the differentiation of the male pattern of hormone and gamete production in adulthood.

enzyme, testosterone, estrogen

According to Masters & Johnson, the phases of the sexual response cycle (in proper sequence) are:

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Bulbocavernosus

expels semen from urethra during ejaculation

As pregnancy progresses, _______________. Select one: a. areolas appear darker b. areolas can become larger c. areolar skin thickens for nursing d. nipples become larger and more erect e. Montgomery's Glands (areolar bumps) grow f. all of the changes listed above can occur

f. all of the above

Given typical patterns of use, male and female condoms have a statistical failure rate of between 2-5%. Select one: True False

false

The gender categories that tend to predominate in Western cultures are representative of gender categories used in all other cultures. Select one: True False

false

Sympathetic responses

fight, flight, freeze

Identify any correct statement(s) describing the research of Masters and Johnson:

focused on direct study of the physiology of sexual arousal and orgasm, allowed non-coupled individuals to chose their own sexual partners among participants, used plethysmographs and penile strain gauges to monitor changes in blood flow and muscle contractions during sexual arousal, engaged in a personal sexual relationship initially for purposes of study

When three-year-old Alex says, "I am a boy" he is expressing his____. When Alexis says, "I can't be a carpenter, that's men's work", she is reflecting_________. When Adam says he has a sexual and affectional preference for members of the same sex he is expressing his _________.

gender identity; gender (sex) roles; sexual orientation.

Problems in the use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic performance include:

high blood pressure, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, lowered sperm count, mood swings

Approximately 7-9 days after fertilization, which of the following usually occurs?

implantation

The clitoris:

is mostly an internal structure with just a small portion being external, is the most sensitive sexual organ in a female, becomes erect when the bulbocavernosus muscle, attached to the vestibular bulb, and the ischiocavernosus muscle, attached to the crura, contract keeping blood in those structures

The female breast:

is often sexually sensitive, particularly the nipples, consists of about 15-20 lobes containing approximately two dozen lobules, each containing hundreds of alveoli, comes in all different shapes, sizes and colors, is highly sexualized in today's western society

Seminal plasma:

is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper's gland., is the liquid portion of semen., contains nutrients, buffers, mucus and other compounds sperm cells need.

Ischiocavernosus

maintains erection

A researcher performs a study in which he gives testosterone to 100 randomly chosen men and observes that 50% of them report feeling more motivated and invigorated one week later. Can this researcher conclude based on these findings that testosterone increases feelings of motivation and vigor? Select one: a. yes b. no

no

The human penis contains:

the urethra, which transports urine and semen, usually not at the same time, the corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra and engorges with blood during arousal, two corpora cavernosa, which engorge with blood during sexual arousal

Kinsey's research

was criticized because most of his research subjects were primarily Caucasian, affluent, well-educated, city-dwellers., was criticized because it included information from adult-child sexual interactions., was noted for the excellent interviewing techniques and the minimization of self-selection bias of the subjects.

Throughout decades of research, Helen Fisher has proposed that humanity has evolved four broad, basic styles of thinking and behaving, associated primarily with the neural systems for dopamine, serotonin, testosterone and estrogen. Match each personality disposition with it's corresponding neural system:

-The Explorer - Curious/Energetic: dopamine & norepinephrine -The Builder - Cautious/Social Norm Compliant: Seratonin -The Negotiator - Prosocial/Empathetic: Estrogen & Oxytocin -The Director- Analytical/Tough Minded: Testosterone

Helen Fisher speculates that individuals with particular personality types are also predisposed to express particular styles of negative romantic love addiction. Match each personality type with its suggested negative addiction:

-The Explorer: becoming romance junkies, inability to commit, partner abandonment -The Negotiator: Obsessive, introspective (unproductive) analysis of the partnership, as well as more susceptible to clinical depression and attempted suicide in response to romantic rejection The Builder: disproportionately controlling during a relationship, as well as predisposed to continue protesting, pursuing and pressuring a rejecting partner long after appropriate, sensible or safe. The Director: emotional flooding and concomitant abandonment rage, leading to a disproportionate incidence of domestic violence, narcissistic stalking and impulsive physical violence, including impulsive suicide and/or homicide

How many mature ova are produced from a primary oocyte as a result of the meiotic divisions during oogenesis?

1

The hypothalamus secretes 1.__________ which acts on the anterior pituitary, causing secretion of 2.__________ which acts on the 3.__________ causing about 12-20 ovarian follicles to begin to develop and to produce 4.__________ which in turn causes proliferation of the 5.__________ of the uterus and the LH surge prior to 6.___________.

1 → GnRH, 2 → FSH & LH, 3 → OVARY, 4 → ESTROGEN, 5 → ENDOMETRIUM, 6 → OVULATION

After ovulation, ___1___ acts on the remaining follicle cells to promote the development of the ___ 2___ , which produces estrogen and large amounts of ____3____ , which then causes the endometirum to become ____4____ in preparation for ____5____ should fertilization of the ovum occur.If the ovum is not fertilized the corpus luteum ____ 6____ resulting in a drop of estrogen and progesterone levels. The endometrium then sloughs off in the ____7____ . The drop in estrogen and progesterone removes the ____ 8_____ and the GnRH is produced by the _____9____ and the cycle beings again.

1 → LH, 2 → corpus luteum, 3 → progesterone, 4 → nutritive & receptive, 5 → implantation, 6 → degenerates, 7 → menstrual flow, 8 → negative feedback Inhibition, 9 → hypothalamus

Sex hormone levels are regulated in humans by interactions between the __1__. The __2__ is composed of a cluster of regular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases __3__, which acts on the anterior pituitary and causes the release of __4__. These released hormones enter the __5__ and bind to receptors found in __6__. This causes the release of __7__, which feed back to the brain. In males, LH acts on __8__ found in the __9__ and causes the release of __10__. FSH stimulates __11__ in seminiferous tubules. The stimulation and increased levels of sex hormone helps __12__ develop into __13__.

1- brain, endocrine system and gonads 2- gonadostat 3- GnRH 4- FSH & LH 5- blood stream 6- Gonadal tissue 7- sex hormones 8- leydig cells 9- interstitial tissue 10- testosterone 11- sertoli cells 12- spermatogonia 13- sperm cells

The hypothalamus has neurosecretory neurons which produce the hormone __1__. in response to the release of that hormone, the anterior pituitary releases __2__ into the blood. In males, the hormones FSH will bind to receptors localized on __3__. This is turn causes those cells to release __4__ which promotes __5__. In males, the hormone LH binds to receptors localized on __6__ which triggers them to synthesize and release __7__.

1. GnRH 2. FSH and LH 3. Sertoli cells 4. ABP 5. Spermatogenesis 6. Leydig cells 7. Testoterone

What proportion of men did Kinsey estimate were gay?

10%

Fill in the paragraph using the following labeled diagrams. The __________ is prepared for possible implantation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. __________ produce the ovum and secrete hormones. Rugae in the ________ unfold and expand during childbirth. The ___________ is typically plugged by mucus to prevent microbial infection in the upper genital tract. Some women experience erotic feelings when the ___________, which is homologous to a gland surrounding the urethra in the male reproductive system, is stimulated. ____________ are Bartholin's glands.

13, 7, 11, 4, 16, 2 (Image on Quiz 3 #12)

Fill in the paragraph using the following diagrams (which are labeled the same): ___________ is the most sexually sensitive are due to many nerve endings. Semen and urine are expelled from __________. Semen is made up of sperm and fluid from ________, _________ and __________. Gametes (sperm) are produced in __________.

13; 9; 4 5 6; (Image on Quiz 4 #1)

On the following diagrams (which are labeled the same) _____________ is the site of sperm and hormone production. __________ is the site of sperm maturation and storage. These fill with blood during erection: ___________ and ___________. This ______________ contracts to stop the flow of urine and expel semen (sperm). _____________ transports urine and semen, not at the same time. ______, _______, and_______ produce seminal plasma.

1; 2; 8 & 10; 7; 9; 4, 5 & 6 (Image on Quiz 4 #6)

If a woman's menstrual cycle is _______ days, ovulation will take place on the ______ day of her cycle.

28 ; 14th, 35 ; 21st

1_______ develop in females at 3 months in utero. Many are stimulated to continue to grow into ________2_______. Within these, the central ______3______ remains essentially dormant while the surrounding cells divide until birth. At puberty, during each menstrual cycle, around a dozen or so _______4______ are stimulated to grow until one becomes dominant. The follicular cells in the dominant ________5 ________ are the source of _______6_______. Ultimately, this generates a signal for the egg cell to complete ______ 7______ as ovulation occurs. The majority of the follicles do not ovulate and die in a process called _______8_______.

5 → Tertiary follicle, 3 → Oocyte, 4 → Secondary follicles, 8 → Atresia, 7 → Meiosis, 6 → Estrogen, 2 → Primary follicles, 1 → Primordial follicles

In regards to steroidogenesis

5-alpha reductase is an enzyme required to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone is converted to estradiol (estrogen) in the presence of the enzyme aromatase, cholesterol is essential to the formation of sex hormones, progesterone can be converted into androgens or cortisol, depending on the enzyme present

With respect to hormone regulation

A drop in testosterone blood levels would result in an increased production of GnRH and LH. A drop in inhibin would result in an increased production of FSH.

What is the charmed circle?

A framework that distinguishes between those sexualities and sexual behaviors that are socially acceptable and those that are marginalized.

Can the researcher for the oxytocin study described in this quiz conclude that oxytocin increases the willingness of people to form relationships with others?

False

Which of the following are TRUE regarding different cultural perspectives?

A sexually repressive culture would tend to view sex as a debilitating act, causing illness and disease., Cultural relativism is a way to limit bias and judgement towards cultures that do not reflect one's own., Some societies believe that semen alone generates the child, and therefore multiple ejaculations - and even multiple fathers - are necessary to deposit enough sperm to coalesce into an infant., Inis Beag was an example of a sex repressive society.

Quiz 6: Which of the following are true about sperm and eggs?

After puberty, men produce sperm relatively constantly Women are born with all the eggs they ever will have Atresia is a normal process that results in the reduction of viable follicles in women, as they age

Which of the following are TRUE?

Alfred Kinsey conducted groundbreaking studies in the 1940s/1950s documenting sexual behavior in the human male and female via thousands of detailed and thorough interviews., William Masters & Virginia Johnson studied the physiology of sexuality and mapped the human sexual response cycle., One criticism cited of work done by Alfred Kinsey was that the people he and his team interviewed were not a representative sample.

Which enzymes must be working in order for the body to produce estradiol?

Aromatase, P450scc

Which enzymes must be working in order for the body to produce estradiol? (check ALL)

Aromatase, P450scc

When does positive feedback occur during the menstrual cycle?

Around the time of ovulation

Which of the following are TRUE?

At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, FSH and LH stimulate development of tertiary ovarian follicles, which begin to produce estrogen., Because of increased estrogen from the ovarian follicles, an LH surge occurs, triggering ovulation., After ovulation, under the influence of LH, a new gland is formed from the follicle cells left behind in the ovary. It is called the corpus luteum., The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen, preparing the endometrium for a potential pregnancy., Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Which glands lubricate the vaginal opening?

Bartholin's glands

What would happen to the GnRH and LH levels of a woman who received daily treatment with a drug that prevented estradiol from being detected by estrogen receptors during the early follicular phase of her menstrual cycle?

Both GnRH and LH release would increase

Match each primate species with the correct organizational characteristics of its society:

Characterized by dominance hierarchies led by alpha males, parental teaching, cooperation, tool use, intergroup and intra-group violence to maintain social order → chimpanzees, Pair bonding, mostly monogamous, cooperative, teaching, tool and language use, high maternal and parental investment in offspring, low aggression, mate choosiness among both males and females → humans, Have matriarchal system where sex is used to maintain social order, settle disputes, strengthen bonds and relieve tensions; intergroup and intra-group violence is minimized → bonobos

Which of the following is the precursor molecule from which all steroid hormones are synthesized?

Cholesterol

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

Data on short-term and, particularly, long-term risks of egg donation is not comprehensive., Women donating eggs are offered up to $10,000 per procedure but have not received that much., Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is one risk of egg donation. Long-term issues of fertility are not clearly linked.

Injecting a man with a drug that blocks the release of LH would

Decrease testosterone release and increase GnRH release

You are interested in investigating the question of how sex partners can achieve orgasm more readily. The type of research that would provide the best data to address this hypothesis is

Direct observation

Which of the following are TRUE?

Ducts from alveoli to the nipple and areola deliver milk, which contains water, proteins, fats, and sugars, like lactose, Amastia is the developmental defect resulting in a lack of breast tissue and nipple, and a reduction in pectoral muscle, Breast formation in both males and females begins as the embryo develops. At puberty, sex hormones in females promote increased breast growth.

When is the concentration of progesterone highest during the menstrual cycle?

During the luteal phase

Which of the following are TRUE?

FSH stimulates the synthesis in APB (androgen binding protein) from Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules, Sex hormones (estrogens and androgens) are synthesized by the adrenal glands

A Woman suffers damage to her parietal region in her post central gyrus, in the deep fissure separating the two hemispheres. The specific region affected was where sensations from the genitalia are processed.

False

A man suffered damage to his parietal region in his post central gyrus. The specific region affected was where sensations from genitalia are processed.

False

An example of internal genitalia in the female would be the labia majora.

False

An example of the external genitalia in women would be her cervix.

False

Which of the following are TRUE regarding one's values and foundations for healthy sexual expression?

Formal values are those values you state to yourself and others. An example is, "I believe in using condoms.", Informal values are related to what you actually do. An example is not using condoms when you have sexual intercourse., A person who signs an abstinence pledge may be likely to have unprotected intercourse if their formal and informal values do not match., CERTS can promote healthy relationships - sexual and emotional - as well as helping to decrease sexual dysfunction and abuse.

Regarding gender and sexual orientation, which of the following are TRUE?

Gender identity is a person's internal sense of being male or female., Gender role is the societal expression of what is masculinity and/or femininity., Data suggest sexual orientation - a person's sexual and affectional preference for members of the same, opposite or either sex - derives from a combination of genetic factors, hormonal interactions, and possibly uterine environmental influences., Sexual orientation has no simple single cause and is not a "choice"; it is a recognition of how one feels.

Which of the following stimulates the release of LH

GnRH

Which of the following is true?

GnRH is down regulated (negative feedback) by elevated levels of testosterone, progesterones, or estrogens.

Which of the following are true about the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

GnRH is produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus., FSH and LH are produced in the anterior pituitary., Sertoli cells produce Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) under the influence of FSH and testosterone.

Sexual differentiation in humans involves which of the following?

Gonadal sex, Gametic sex, Genetic sex (presence of sex chromosomes), Internal genitalia, External genitalia, Brain anatomy and physiology (identity, psychology, etc.)

Sexologists

Have formal training from many disciplines, including biology, psychology, sociology, medicine, history, and anthropology., Conduct research that is published in peer-reviewed journals and the press.

Which of the following statements about the Skene's gland is FALSE?

It is part of the clitoris.

Which of the following is FALSE about the vagina?

It shares a connection with the anal canal.

Which of the following are TRUE regarding development of follicles?

It takes about a year for a primordial follicle to develop and become a growing tertiary follicle. Primordial follicles are formed in utero. Tertiary follicles respond to FSH because they have an FSH receptor.

In the male

LH triggers the cells of Leydig in the testes to produce androgens When levels of testosterone in the blood fall below normal levels, the "gonadostal" turns on productions of Gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This is called a negative feedback response & works on the same premise as a thermostat As sperm are produced, levels of inhibit increase, which result in decreased production of FSH from the pituitary gland.

Which of the following are TRUE?

Leydig cells are found between seminiferous tubules, The acrosome carries enzymes like hyaluronidase, Sperm cells take over two months to fully form

Which of the following are TRUE?

Lower progesterone in women can result in a shorter luteal phase., A very light menstruation in a woman can be the result of low progesterone levels., Egg donors have their hormones controlled to lower the effects of GnRH, LH and FSH to inhibit ovulation.

A researcher performs an experiment to test the hypothesis that the hormone oxytocin plays an important role in falling in love. In this experiment the researcher measures the oxytocin levels of men and women, and then introduces them to complete strangers. An hour later she asks the subjects of the experiment whether or not they would like to go out on a date with the person to whom they were introduced an hour previously. She finds that the people with the high oxytocin levels were more likely to want to go out on that date than people with low oxytocin levels.

Men and Women → Experimental Group, Whether or not people would like to go out on a date → Dependent Variable, Levels of oxytocin in each individual → Independent Variable, None for this experiment → Control Group

Which of the following are TRUE about sperm?

Mitochodria are located in the mid piece of the tail below the head., Hyaluronidase is the enzyme involved in dissolving the protective coating around the unfertilized ovum., The head of the sperm contains the DNA from the father., Sperm cell capacitation, which occurs after ejaculation, is required for sperm cells to be active.

Which of the following are TRUE regarding neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay signals between neurons., Nerve cells communicate messages by secreting neurotransmitters. Dopamine and serotonin are two examples of neurotransmitters., Ecstasy prevents the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin., Methamphetamine prevents the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine, whereas cocaine increases dopamine levels.

Could Kinsey determine why people's sexual behavior and preferences varied based on his data?

No, because observational studies do not allow you to determine causal relationships.

Which of the following are TRUE?

Non-steroidal, protein-based hormones bind to hormone receptors on the cell membrane of a target cell, Glands are tissues that express the gene for synthesizing the hormone, Paracrine hormones affect cells adjacent to the cells releasing the hormone

Which of the following are TRUE?

One of the problems with the survey method is people may say what they think the researcher wants to hear, may not be entirely honest, or may recall their experiences incorrectly., In a double blind study, neither the researcher nor the research subjects know who is in the control group or the experimental group., For ethical reasons you can't use humans for some laboratory projects. Animals may be used, but they must be treated humanely, the research must have scientific merit, and the facilities must be in compliance with existing laws and open to inspection.

Which of the following are TRUE?

Progesterone is essential to pregnancy and promotes the growth of the endometrium lining., Estrogen is involved in bone maturation., Estradiol 17 beta is the major estrogen present in humans, particularly in women., Estrogen is responsible for fat distribution during puberty in the female., Adult males have more androgen than females. Adult females have more estrogen and progesterone than males. Both sexes have these hormones.

Which of the following are TRUE?

Prolactin triggers the production of milk., Oxytocin triggers the expulsion of milk and contractions of the myometrium., Sucking on the breast triggers the hypothalamus to cause the anterior pituitary to produce prolactin and the posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin.

Investigators are studying whether a new male contraceptive pill has any side effects on the cardiovascular system. The type of research that would provide the best data to address this hypothesis is

Prospective studies

Which of the following are TRUE about the menstrual cycle?

Rising estrogen levels during the follicular phase causes the endometrium lining to enlarge and, when high, stimulates the release of LH., Inhibin acts as negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing FSH levels, Progesterone levels in the blood are highest during the luteal/secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

Which of the following are TRUE about hormones?

Sex hormones require the presence of receptors on tissues to perform their function., Adult males and females produce androgens., Hormones at higher levels than normal can cause problems (i.e. decreased sperm count and possible cardiovascular problems in people who take anabolic steroids to enhance athletic activity)., Sex hormones are higher in adults than in children., Sex hormones require enzymes for the conversion of one hormone to another in steroidogenesis.

Which of the following is NOT a stated bias of this course?

Sex role stereotyping is harmful just for males.

Which of the following are TRUE?

Spermatogonia cells are the germ cells that divide mitotically, Spermatogenesis begins at puberty, Secondary spermatocytes contain one set of 23 chromosomes, Primary spermatocytes contain 46 chromosomes

Which of the following are TRUE about male internal genitalia?

The Sertoli cells, also known as nurse cells, promote development of sperm cells, The seminiferous tubules are where sperm cells are produced., The testes are connected to the inside of the body by the spermatic cord., The epididymis, located between seminiferous tubules and the vas deferens, is where sperm cells mature.

Which of the following are TRUE?

The U.S. Public Health Department, starting in the 1930s, followed and studied nearly 400 African-American men infected with syphilis, and took deliberate steps to block their getting treatment and cured., Human research now requires an outside review board to insure the study is ethical., The Tuskegee syphilis study is an example of unethical research in part because informed consent did not occur, and known treatments were withheld.

Which of the following are TRUE?

The belief that androgens are hormones only for males and estrogens are only female hormones is false. Both males and females have (and need) both types of hormones., Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and have the same underlying basic structure., While some studies support the supposition that testosterone may be involved in aggressive behaviors, others show it plays a role in affecting behavior and that low amounts correlates with aggression.

Which of the following is TRUE?

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord., The brain has 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum., The limbic system is involved in emotions., The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body, and vice versa., The cerebral cortex is the site of conscious thought, sensation, and voluntary muscular activity.

Which of the following are true?

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal chord The brain has 2 hemispheres connected to the corpus callosum The limbic system is involved in emotions The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa The cerebral cortex is the site of conscious thought, sensation, and voluntary muscle activity

Your sister asks you why the combination pill works so effectively to prevent pregnancy. You can correctly tell her it works because:

The combination pill contains progesterone and estrogen which act as negative feedback on GnRH, FSH and LH, so no ovulation occurs., The progesterone in the pill acts on the endometrial lining so implantation fails to properly take place.

What do you call the factor or variable that is measured in an experiment?

The dependent variable

Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive tract?

The fallopian tubes

Which of the following are TRUE?

The female menstrual cycle consists of two parts, the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle, The female menstrual cycle begins anew with the first day of menstuation (period), A female has all the ovarian follicles (eggs) she will have prior to birth., During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, levels of estrogen gradually increase., The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle lasts 14 days., If a woman's menstrual cycle is 21 days, ovulation will take place on the 7th day of her cycle.

Which portion of the clitoris is visible?

The glans

Which is true about neurosecretory cells?

They are found in the hypothalamus They release hormones that, in turn, affect the levels of sex hormones Neurons release neurotransmitters that stimulate and regulate them

Which of the following statements are TRUE about neurosecretory cells?

They are found in the hypothalamus and pituitary., They release hormones that, in turn, affect levels of sex hormones., Neurons release neurotransmitters that stimulate and regulate them.

Dr. Fisher concludes that if the medical community comes to understand that romantic love is an evolved drive and a natural addiction that can have beneficial or adverse social, economic, psychological and genetic consequences, clinicians and researchers might develop more effective procedures for dealing with this powerful, primordial neural mechanism.

True

Dr. Fisher references cross-cultural and neurochemical data to argue that because romantic love engages brain systems associated with craving, reward and motivation, mediated by dopamine pathways implicated in all addictions, romantic love should be treated as an addiction. (True or False?)

True

In avian and mammalian species where monogamy is the primary reproductive strategy, a particular group of behaviors associated with pair-bonding include mutual territory defense, nest building, feeding, grooming, maintaining proximity and shared parental chores. True or False

True

On average, the size of certain regions of the corpus callosum in women are larger than the same regions in males

True

The ischiocavernosus muscle helps maintain penile erection in men and vaginal tension in women. In both women and men, the bulbocavernosus muscle contracts during orgasm, leading to the sensations one feels. In men, it also contracts to expel semen.

True

There is naturally a broad, normal, healthy range of anatomical sizes, shapes and appearances for the various structures that comprise the human vulva.

True

When vasopressin receptors were up-regulated in meadow voles (an asocial promiscuous species), males fixated on a particular female and mated exclusively with her, even when other females were available.

True

The pituitary is

Underneath the hypothalamus Composed of two glands, the anterior and posterior. Each releases different, specific hormones. Regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus.

The most sexually sensitive area of the male genitalia with the largest number of nerve endings is _______ . During ejaculation, semen is expelled via __________, which is where urine also is expelled. Seminal plasma - the bulk of semen - derives from _________, _________, and _________. a. 13; 9; 4; 5; 6 b. 9; 13; 1; 2; 3 c. 10; 9; 3; 7; 2 d. 13; 9; 14; 11; 7 e. 13; 9; 3; 4; 6

a. 13; 9; 4; 5; 6

The female genitalia structure that contains the highest number of nerve endings that generate feelings of sexual pleasure is ______ . Fertilization of the ovum occurs in _______ . Urine exits the body through ______ . Menstrual blood and sloughed endometrial tissue leaves the body via ______. a. 6; 3; 9; 14 b. 6; 3; 14; 9 c. 9; 3; 6; 10 d. 6; 13; 9; 3

a. 6; 3; 9; 14

What is the charmed circle? Select one: a. A framework that distinguishes between those sexualities and sexual behaviors that are socially acceptable and those that are marginalized. b. A area that acts as a safe place for non-judgemental sexual exploration. c. An area on the rear vaginal wall that produces very intense orgasms when stimulated. d. A method of assigning subjects to groups in a random manner. e. An area around the cervical os that is used to determine the prognosis for cervical cancer. If the cancerous cells have not spread beyond this circle, the prognosis is excellent.

a. A framework that distinguishes between those sexualities and sexual behaviors that are socially acceptable and those that are marginalized.

Individuals who have experienced sexual violence/abuse are most likely to talk to a friend about their experience. Recommendations for a friend providing support in these situations include:

a. All of the above b. Respect the rights of your friend to do what he/she thinks is best for them c. Affirm that the abusive situation was not his or her fault d. Inform your friend of options and resources of further assistance e. Express concern for your friend's safety when appropriate f. Believe your friend

Which of the following statements about the Skene's gland is FALSE? Select one: a. It is homologous to the male's prostate gland. b. The gland surrounds the urethra. c. In some women, it is involved in female ejaculation. d. It is part of the clitoris.

a. It is homologous to the male's prostate gland.

Considering the many unique ways in which people experience themselves and their own human sexuality, which of the following is TRUE? a. The terms gender and sex describe different aspects of human sexuality b. When Jude says purple represents them more accurately than pink or blue, they are expressing their biological sex c. Your gender identity is determined by the culture you live in d. Your sexual orientation is determined by the educational influences you received in early childhood

a. The terms gender and sex describe different aspects of human sexuality

Which of the following is FALSE about the Scientific Method? Select one: a. When testing a drug for its effectiveness for a particular physical disorder, the control group would receive the drug. b. An example of the placebo effect is when some people in the group that is not receiving the test medication show improvement. c. An observation is noticing a particular phenomenon. d. A hypothesis is a statement based on observations.

a. When testing a drug for its effectiveness for a particular physical disorder, the control group would receive the drug.

After summarizing an abundance of research seeking to explain how biology and culture might influence and/or determine observable sex differences in human behavior, Mitchell concludes that for most cognitive and personality traits

a. because their origins remain unclear, so too are their consequences b. lab-based measures of psychological traits are insufficient to explain differences in societal outcomes c. a majority are not convincingly linked to reproductive success d. without direct correlates in other species, we understand less about their biological underpinnings, leaving space for cultural effects to have an important influence

Neurogeneticist and author Kevin Mitchell makes the case that

a. claims for causal links between the observed differences in brain structure and behavior are purely speculative at this time c. human traits with strongest evidence of biological origins are most closely linked to reproduction and mating d. sex differences in brains of other animals are found in structures that control mating, reproductive physiology, social behaviors, threat monitoring, fear and aggression e. observing differences in brain structure alone does not prove that they are driven by innate biological factors

Which of the following structures are NOT found in both men and women? Select one: a. corpus spongiousum b. perineum c. glans d. corpora cavernosa

a. corpus spongiousum

A sexologist performs an experiment to test the hypothesis that Viagra use affects frequency of sexual encounters in couples. The researcher recruits 317 couples, asking each partner to fill out a questionnaire documenting the number of times per month the couple engage in sexual intercourse. They then choose one partner for each couple to take Viagra every day for three months. After three months have passed, the researcher asks both partners of every couple to fill out a survey documenting the frequency they engaged in sexual intercourse over the designated time period. Identify any possible confounds in this experiment:

a. definitions of sexual encounters and/or intercourse b. dosage of Viagra administered c. the partner taking the Viagra d. individual differences in anatomical and physiological responses to Viagra e. self-reporting of partners (subjects) in experiment groups f. drug interactions between other medications used by the partner taking the Viagra g. strict adherence to daily use of Viagra by the designated partner h. medical histories (e.g. cardiovascular health) of both partners i. any discrepancies in reported data between partners in each couple

Consistently observed averages in sex differences for attributes of personality include

a. interest in people vs. things b. assertiveness, sensation-seeking and dominance d. trait agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism f. gregariousness, sociability and nurturance

Identify any true statement(s). Current brain imaging technology suggests

a. neuroanatomical sex differences in the brain are consistently observed in both children and infants b. female brains tend to have more connections between hemispheres, where males have slightly more front-to-back connectivity within hemispheres c. sex differences in humans are the result of masculinization or feminization in brain development which is conserved across many animal species e. male and female brains are structurally different at the macroscopic scale

With regard to the female menstrual cycle:

a. onset begins with menarche and ceases with menopause. b. it acts on two different parts of the anatomy, generating both an ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. c. it involves a cyclical production of estrogen and progesterone. d. young women starting to menstruate commonly do not ovulate every cycle.

Which of the following statements does Dr. Fisher include in her explanation for a possible evolutionary biological basis for pair-bonding in humans?

a. our biologically based attachment systems remains active throughout life as the foundation for attachment between pair-bonded couples b. pair-bonding stimulates mate choice and motivates individuals to remain together long enough to raise offspring through infancy as a team c. humans have a primal predisposition for this behavior d. to promote survival of the young, primates have evolved an innate attachment system to motivate infants to seek comfort and safety from their primary caregiver

Dr. Fisher used fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) to study the brain activity in men and women who had recently fallen in love. When participants viewed a photograph of their 'sweetheart', activation occurred in regions associated with

a. pleasure and arousal b. focused attention c. motivation to pursue and acquire rewards d. anxiety e. dopamine systems

Behavioral traits associated with reproduction and mating strategies, providing stronger evidence of biological origins for observed average sex differences in humans, include:

a. sexual preferences b. physical aggression c. mental rotation of 3-dimensional objects d. verbal fluency

Romantic attraction is described as a "positive addiction" associated with a suite of psychological, behavioral and physiological traits which include:

a. special meaning b. frustration attraction c. separation anxiety d. affect disturbance (personality changes)

Fertilization of the egg by the sperm cell typically occurs in Select one: a. the fallopian tube b. the vagina c. the ovary d. the uterus e. the cervix

a. the Fallopian tube

Consent requires

a.That when there is agreement to some types of sexual activity, it is understood that there is not permission for other types of sexual activities b. That everyone who participates consciously communicate their agreement c. That both men and women need to give explicit consent d. That everyone willing chooses to give permission and no one feels compelled or forced e. All of the above

Quiz 5: Hormones:

are chemical substances secreted in one part of an organism that affect other tissues or organs, have two possible types of effects; inducer/organizational and activational, can be secreted by the cells in the brain, specifically, steroid sex hormones, are produced by the gonads, adrenal glands, and in some cases, fat cells. They are also produced by the placenta.

"Sex" is defined

as the biological designation of an individual as male or female., as a behavior between one or more persons that results in pleasure., as a mechanism for procreation that results in genetically diverse offspring.

You want to know whether or not serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac decrease sexual drive in women and men. You have 100 subjects to work with. Would it be better to have a group of 100 people in your study who all received Prozac or would it be better to have 50 people who received Prozac and 50 people who did not? Select one: a. Better to have 100 people who each received Prozac because bigger sample sizes are better than smaller sample sizes. b. You should divide them into a group that receives Prozac and a group that doesn't because you need a control group.

b

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the clitoris? Select one: a. The clitoris has fewer nerve endings than the glans of the penis. b. During orgasm with most women, the clitoris engorges and extends far beyond the hood. c. The clitoris consists of just a small area of tissue near the top of the vulva. d. The clitoris has essentially the same sensory nerve fibers and nerve endings as the glans of the penis.

b. During orgasm with most women, the clitoris engorges and extends far beyond the hood.

What is an independent variable in an experiment? Select one: a. It is the strategy you use to recruit subjects to your experiment. b. It is what you measure in an experiment. c. It is the group you compare the effects of your manipulations against to see if your manipulation had an effect. d. It is the factor you manipulate in your experiment.

b. It is what you measure in an experiment.

Scrotum temperature is 1 or 2 Celsius degrees _________ body temperature. A ___________ temperature may be damaging to sperm cells. Select one: a. above, lower b. below, higher

b. below, higher

Sertoli cells perform each of the following functions EXCEPT: Select one: a. nurture sperm b. produce inhibin c. produce ABP (Androgen Binding Protein) d. produce androgens (such as testosterone)

b. produce inhibin

Neuroscientist Gina Rippon argues that

b. researchers have historically demonstrated intent to find scientific proof of female inferiority c. brain and behavioral sex differences arise not from biological but from cultural forces d. male violence springs from socialization as opposed to any inborn tendencies towards physical aggression e. more than one of these f. research in neuroscience has been historically driven by a sexist agenda

The name for the external female genitalia is the ______________. Select one: a. glans clitoris b. vulva c. vagina d. labia minora e. labia majora

b. vulva

The number of mature ova produced for each immature ovum that enters the process of meiosis is _____, while the number of mature sperm cells produced from each meiosis is ________? Select one: a. 2; 2 b. 2; 4 c. 1; 4 d. 4; 4

c. 1;4

You are conducting a study to see whether the distance between the clitoris and introits (opening) of the vagina is related to how easily a woman experiences orgasm via vaginal stimulation. The research method to best test your hypothesis would be a Select one: a. Survey b. Prospective study c. Case study d. Direct observation

c. Case study

Which of the following statements regarding puberty is FALSE? Select one: a. It is probably triggered by maturation of the pituitary gland, which is undeveloped until it matures sometime between 12-14 years of age when the lymph glands begin producing androgens. b. Early signs of puberty include breast budding in girls and growth of the testes in boys. The first sure signs of puberty is menarche in women and nocturnal emissions in men. c. In girls, it requires the proper fat/protein ratio for menarche to occur. d. It results in an increase of estrogens in females and of androgens in males.

c. In girls, it requires the proper fat/protein ratio for menarche to occur.

What purpose does a control group serve in an experiment? Select one: a. It is what is needed in order to make sure the experiment is ethical. b. It ensures that people in the experiment are behaving or performing as expected. c. It provides a group of people against which the effects of your manipulation can be compared. d. It is the group that shows the effect manipulations of the dependent variable have on the subjects.

c. It provides a group of people against which the effects of your manipulation can be compared.

During arousal, which of the following does not occur in the female reproductive system? Select one: a. Corpus cavernosa engorge with the majority of blood in the clitoris, becoming erect during excitement b. Glans clitoris swells, then constricts at orgasm c. Pelvic floor muscles relax to allow for blood to flow out of and away from the clitoris during erection d. Crus clitoris and Bulb of Vestibule surrounding the vagina also fill with blood to become erect

c. Pelvic floor muscles relax to allow for blood to flow out of and away from the clitoris during erection

Which of the following is NOT a stated bias of this course? Select one: a. It is difficult for sex to be consensual if there is a power differential between the individuals. b. Sex can be personally rewarding, but it requires a sense of responsibility. c. Sex role stereotyping is harmful just for males. d. CERTS (Consent Equality Respect & Responsibility Trust Safety) is needed for healthy sex, healthy relationships, prevention of sexual dysfunctions, and preventing abuse

c. Sex role stereotyping is harmful just for males.

Sperm cells are produced in ___________ and undergo maturation in ___________. During an erection, ____________ and __________ fill with blood. Sperm cells travel to the seminal vesicles via the ___________. a. 2; 1; 7 & 9; 3 b. 1; 2; 8 & 10; 9 c. 1; 2; 13 & 14; 4 d. 1; 2; 8 & 10; 3 e. 1; 2; 4 & 5; 9

d. 1; 2; 8 & 10; 3

Which of the following is TRUE? Select one: a. A multidisciplinary approach to sexuality includes (but is not limited to) sociology, anthropology, psychology and biology. b. One of the problems with the survey method is people may say what they think the interviewer wants to hear, or may have recall problems. c. In a double blind study, neither the researcher nor the research subjects know who is in the control group or the experimental group. d. All of the above are true. e. None of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is FALSE about these sex researchers and sex research? Select one: a. Sampling procedures were one of the criticisms cited against the work done by Alfred Kinsey. b. Alfred Kinsey did the first published survey of sexual behavior in men and women. c. In the Tuskegee studies, the African-American men were denied effective treatment for syphilis when penicillin became available. d. Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson were not negatively impacted personally by doing their research. e. William Masters & Virginia Johnson were the first to systematically study the physiology of sexuality and map the human sexual response cycle. f. Shere Hite's research, while having potential bias, did document the importance of clitoral stimulation in arousal and orgasm.

d. Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson were not negatively impacted personally by doing their research.

Seminal fluid contains: Select one: a. pH buffers which neutralize acids in the vagina b. prostaglandins to stimulate smooth muscle contraction c. sugars to provide sperm with energy for motility d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is FALSE about the vagina? Select one: a. The opening is normally partially covered by the hymen until the hymen is torn. An intact hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity. b. Vaginal rugae, or folds of tissue, allows for potential space for delivery of a baby. c. During arousal, blood vessels surrounding the vagina dilate, resulting in increased lubrication from fluid exuding along the vaginal wall. d. It shares a connection with the anal canal.

d. it shares a connection with the anal canal.

The hymen

may break very easily (horseback riding, bike riding, falling etc.) or may not break during sexual intercourse., has great cultural significance in some societies.

Stress can result in:

missed menstrual cycles., lowered sperm count., lower androgen levels.

Which of the following observations does Dr. Fisher use to support her hypothesis for the evolutionary basis of divorce in humans? Divorce occurs ______________.

most frequently between couples married an average of four years after the time needed for pair-bonded couples to raise a child through infancy

Pubococcygeus

muscle of the pelvic floor

Helen Fisher believes that romantic love is a

natural addiction that evolved with serial social monogamy and clandestine adultery as part of human reproductive strategy negative addiction when one's feelings of romantic love are inappropriate, toxic, not reciprocated and/or formally rejected

gender identity

our sense of being male or female

Your friend tells you that she feels very abnormal because she sometimes experiences pleasurable sexual sensations when nursing her infant. After taking Bio 330 you can correctly tell her that:

oxytocin released during nursing causes uterine contractions similar to those during orgasm., prolactin causes the production of milk, while oxytocin causes the milk to be expelled. Oxytocin acts on the myoepithelial cells causing them to contract., nursing is the stimulus for milk production and expulsion., oxytocin released during nursing acts on sexual arousal centers in the brain

When prairie voles engage in sex, copulation triggers the activity of _________________ in females and _____________________ in males, which then facilitates ___________________ release in reward regions of both sexes, to motivate pair-bonding and attachment behaviors toward one another.

oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine

Quiz 7: The anterior pituitary secretes

prolactin, a hormone involved in milk production FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone)

Parasympathetic responses

rest, digest, tend, and befriend

Peripheral Nervous System

sensory and motor neurons

Dr. Helen Fisher proposes that humanity has evolved three broad, basic, distinct yet interrelated brain systems for mating, reproduction and parenting: the sex drive, romantic love, and feelings of deep attachment to a mating partner. Her theory includes which of the following hypotheses?

these systems interact with one another in flexible, combined patterns to provide our range of cognitions, emotions, motivations and behaviors it is possible to express feelings of attachment for one individual, intense romantic love toward another, and sex drive for still other partners biological independence of our 3 brain systems enables Homo sapiens to engage in social monogamy and infidelity simultaneously

Semen is the combination of sperm cells and seminal plasma; the majority of volume in semen is the sperm cells. Select one: True False

true

The vulva includes:

urethral opening, labia minora, labia majora, clitoral hood, glans clitoris