BIO 3315 Baylor Environmental Health-Chapter 1 Study

Factors that lead to urbanization

-Industrialization -Employment opportunities -Availability of food -Lifestyle considerations

More than________ of the world's residents are migrants

1 billion

2050 predicted world populations

1. India 2. China 3. USA 4. Indonesia 5. Nigeria 6. Brazil

Estimated natural population replacement rate?

2.1

The proportion of urban residents has increased from about 5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000 and is expected to reach about ___% by 2030

66%

Health problems in developed countries

Cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neuropsychiatric effects

Effects of fuel combustion on GLOBAL environmental health

Combustion-> Disperse of greenhouse gases into atmosphere->global warming->Change in distribution of insect vectors->Disease

Effects of fuel combustion on LOCAL environmental health

Combustion->Generate air pollutants->Inhalation of air pollutants can lead to respiratory or systematic health effects

Health problems in developing countries

Diarrhea, acute respiratory disease,malaria, malnutrition,tuberculosis, etc.

Vector Control Specialist

Enforces various public health laws, sanitary codes, and regulations related to the spread of disease by vectors

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

Three key factors of population dynamics

Fertility, mortality, migration

Occupational Health

Focus on the adverse health effects of hazardous substances in the workplace on the workers

What are some of today's global health issues?

Global warming, Drinking water or food contamination, Air pollution, Toxic chemical exposures, Destruction of the land through deforestation, Leaching from waste disposal sites, Beaches polluted by trash

Stage 2

High Fertility, low mortality

Stage 1

High fertility, High Mortality

Healthy People 2020 Goals (8)

Improving: Outdoor air quality, Water quality, Toxics and wastes, Healthy homes and healthy communities, Infrastructure and surveillance, Global environmental health

two major contributions to population growth

Increases in fertility and reductions in mortality

Occupational Health is called ___________ in the US,and occupational health professionals are called __________

Industrial Hygiene; industrial hygienist

Env. Health Scientist/ Risk Assessor

Investigate hazards in the environment. Estimate the hazard exposure and health risks. Develop procedures for abatement of hazards or reduce exposure. Conducts health education programs.

Environmental health issues in Developed Countries

Long-term, long-range pollutions

Stage 3 and 4

Low fertility, low mortality Stage 3 is zero Growth stage 4 is negative growth

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Environmental Agents

Physical Chemical Biological

Environmental Lawyer/ Legal Assistant

Provides input to government agencies. Assists in the formulation of environmental policies.

Occupational Health Specialist

Responsible for anticipation, recognition,evaluation, and control workplace hazards to protect workers' health

Environmental Health Inspector

Responsible for monitoring and enforcing government regulations for environmental quality

Toxicologist

Specializes in the effects of toxic chemicals on the environment and living creatures

Hippocrates

The Father of Medicine -Develop the concept of the relationship between environmental factors and human health, and emphasize influence of the environment on people's health -Promoted doctrine of maintaining equilibrium among the body's four humors

Paracelsus

The Father of Toxicology -Toxicology is the essential to environmentalhealth and environmental risk assessmentbecause toxicity is the capacity of a substanceto produce serious health effects or death

What is a vulnerable population?

Those who are more susceptible to environmental hazards than the general population

Environmental health issues in Developing Countries

Unclean air, dirty water,contaminated food, and poor medicine

1996 Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus:

Virus mutation, enabling human-to-human transmission

At Risk-population

a group of people with increased exposure to specific environmental hazards, or with compromised health status due to factors such as disabilities, chronic diseases, genetic predispositions, etc.

Epidemiologic transition

a shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality

Who are vulnerable populations?

elderly persons, pregnant women, and children

How is population growing?

exponentially

Demographic Transition

healterations over time in a population's fertility and mortality

What are the three P's

pollution, population, poverty

What is Environmental health targeted towards?

preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments

2009 Swine flu (H1N1 influenza)

spread through North America to other parts of the globe -Declared pandemic by WHO

Environmental Health Definition

the assessment and control of physical, chemical, and biological agents external to a person that can potentially impact human health

Biodiversity

the different types and variability of animal and plant species and ecosystems in which they live

What could overpopulation in developing nations cause?

urban crowding, food shortage, malnutrition, and then a series of health problems

Biostatistician

uses statistical methods to analyze health and biomedical data

Consequences of Population Increases

-Air, water, and soil pollution result in environmental degradation -Depletion of natural resources causes the resources available per person decreased -Food insecurity -Urbanization leads to higher population density and reduced living space -Poverty -Easily spread of infectious and communicable diseases

Silent Spring- Rachel Carson

Brought public concern about the effects of technology on the environment

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The number of children a woman has given birth to by the end of her childbearing period