BIO 360 Final Exam
From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, hemoglobin is __________ when the partial pressure of oxygen is 40 mm Hg. Would this be in the lungs, inactive tissues, or active tissues? 75% saturated; in the active tissues 75% saturated; in the inactive tissues 98% saturated; in the active tissues 35% saturated; in the active tissues
75% saturated; in the inactive tissues
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? angiotensin II cortisol ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone
ADH (vasopressin)
What is the significance of the shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? The percent saturation of hemoglobin only decreases at the tissues and will never decrease at the lungs. It doesn't matter how much the partial pressure of oxygen changes, hemoglobin will always be saturated at 98%. Hemoglobin saturation is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen. Only significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen will result in significant changes to hemoglobin saturation.
Only significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen will result in significant changes to hemoglobin saturation.
A placebo is any drug in a class of drugs commonly used as pain relievers. a nutritive and respiratory organ in fetal development. any drug being tested in a clinical trial. a hole in a cavity wall through which an organ protrudes. a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.
a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.
Which change would cause the greatest stimulus for an increase in ventilation? arterial pH increasing to 7.6 arterial PCO2 decreasing to 40 mmHg arterial PO2 decreasing to 80 mmHg arterial PCO2 increasing to 46 mmHg
arterial PCO2 increasing to 46 mmHg
Most oxygen in the blood is _________. present as micro bubbles of gas bound to hemoglobin combined with water to form an acid dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin
Metabolism is often divided into ________, where large molecules are broken into smaller ones, and ________, where large molecules are formed from small ones. amination, deamination dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis oxidation, reduction catabolism, anabolism
catabolism, anabolism
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? chaperone proteins (chaperonins) Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. transcription factors
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood? bound to the globin portion of hemoglobin bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin converted to and transported as bicarbonate ions dissolved in the plasma
converted to and transported as bicarbonate ions
What is the strongest negative feedback signal inhibiting corticotropin-releasing hormone release? cortisol stress POMC ACTH
cortisol
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? epinephrine insulin cortisol
cortisol
How does a rightward shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve affect hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen? decrease increase no change
decrease
The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the ________ phase. secretory ovulation luteal follicular
follicular
The pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose concentration is somatostatin. glucagon. amylin. insulin.
glucagon.
What is the main hypothalamic hormone responsible for regulation of gonad function? follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) estrogen gonadotropin-releasing hormone
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? low blood glucose cool, dry skin slow heart rate heart palpitations
heart palpitations
Which of the following search combinations would render in the most accurate results if you wanted to know if there was a link between the consumption of high fructose corn syrup and the incidence of type II diabetes? incidence of type II diabetes corn syrup AND diabetes high fructose corn syrup AND the incidence of type II diabetes high fructose corn syrup
high fructose corn syrup AND the incidence of type II diabetes
In the fasted state, which hormone combination would occur? higher insulin:lower glucagon high glucagon:no insulin high glucagon:high insulin higher glucagon:lower insulin
higher glucagon:lower insulin
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called negative feedback. diabetes. positive feedback. homeostasis. None of the above.
homeostasis
The feeding and satiety centers are located in the cerebellum. cerebrum. pons. hypothalamus. medulla oblongata.
hypothalamus
Low alveolar PO2 can be caused by one of two mechanisms. One of them is that the inspired air has a low oxygen content. What is the other reason? hypoventilation high pulmonary residual volume low hemoglobin concentration low hematocrit
hypoventilation
Central chemoreceptors that monitor composition of cerebrospinal fluid will trigger an increase in ventilation ________. if CO2 increases or H+ decreases (resulting in a drop in pH) if CO2 decreases or H+ increases (resulting in a drop in pH) if either CO2 or H+ increases (resulting in a drop in pH) if either CO2 or H+ decreases (resulting in a drop in pH)
if either CO2 or H+ increases (resulting in a drop in pH)
Where is neuropeptide Y released and what is its effect on appetite? onto the stomach; increases appetite onto the stomach; decreases appetite in the brain; decreases appetite in the brain; increases appetite
in the brain; increases appetite
Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced? Choose the best answer. in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus in the axon terminal of the neurons that project from the hypothalamus through to the infundibulum by neuroglia located at the end of the posterior pituitary by the endocrine cells located within the posterior pituitary
in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
Which factor promotes vasodilation in exercising skeletal muscle? increased acid production decreased carbon dioxide production resulting from decreased oxygen availability increased oxygen as cardiac output increases decreased temperature as sweat evaporates
increased acid production
Maria plays soccer for ASU. As she's on the bench getting ready to go in as substitute, she takes several breaths of 100% O2 from a tank. Is breathing 100% O2 going to help her when she runs onto the field? (Select one correct answer) no, because the PO2 in her alveolar gas will never be greater than 102 mmHg yes, because the additional O2 will be stored in her veins until it is needed yes, because she has loaded lots of additional O2 in the lungs that can be delivered to her leg muscles no, because sitting on the bench her % Hb saturation is already close to 100%
no, because sitting on the bench her % Hb saturation is already close to 100%
Birth control pills containing hormones estrogen and progesterone work by directly preventing ________. ovulation sperm viability implantation fertilization
ovulation
In type 2 diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells have adequate internal supplies of glucose. may have a defect in their signal transduction pathway. cannot convert insulin to an active form. are impermeable to insulin. None of these answers are correct.
may have a defect in their signal transduction pathway.
How would you classify the type of chemical released by the posterior pituitary (e.g., classic hormone, neurotransmitter etc.)? Choose the best answer. trophic hormone classic hormone neurohormone neurotransmitter
neurohormone
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to prevent excessive blood loss. quickly restore changed conditions to normal. prevent the external environment from changing. prevent the internal environment from changing. ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest.
quickly restore changed conditions to normal.
Lori was working on her cardiovascular conditioning in the pool. As she increased her lap speed up to a moderate-strenuous aerobic pace, her cardiac output increased 5-fold. What else is going on physiologically? (May be more than one correct answer.) she has an increase in end-diastolic volume; this produces an increase in her stroke volume (Frank-Starling law of the heart) resistance to blood flow to her skeletal muscles decreases almost 5-fold resistance to blood flow to her brain decreases almost 5-fold; this makes her a very good student her MAP increases 5-fold because (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) her respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps increase her venous return and end-diastolic volume homeostatic reflexes assure that her total peripheral resistance remains the same
she has an increase in end-diastolic volume; this produces an increase in her stroke volume (Frank-Starling law of the heart) resistance to blood flow to her skeletal muscles decreases almost 5-fold her respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps increase her venous return and end-diastolic volume
Which of the following describes the shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? linear exponential parabolic sigmoidal
sigmodial
What is the primary mechanism by which gases move from the alveoli into the blood and cells and back? symport simple diffusion active transport bulk flow
simple diffusion
One big difference between contraction of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle (see diagram below for reminder) is the duration of the refractory period. Which of the follow statements are true? the refractory period is a property of autorhythmic cells; skeletal muscles don't contain autorhythmic cells so they don't have a refractory period the refractory period is much longer in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle the stimulus for depolarization in cardiac muscle cells comes from norepinephrine summation and tetanus are necessary to generate a lot of skeletal muscle tension prolonged summation and tetanus in cardiac cells would be fatal the refractory period in cardiac muscle cells is the duration of diastole the stimulus for depolarization in skeletal muscle cells comes from opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels an action potential in the muscle cell membrane is necessary to produce contraction of skeletal muscle but not cardiac muscle
summation and tetanus are necessary to generate a lot of skeletal muscle tension prolonged summation and tetanus in cardiac cells would be fatal the stimulus for depolarization in skeletal muscle cells comes from opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels
Net oxygen unloading into tissues results when _________. temperature is high PCO2 is low pH is high surfactant is low
temperature is high
In the lungs, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading from hemoglobin. This is known as __________. the Haldane effect cooperativity or positive cooperativity the Bohr effect the chloride shift
the Haldane effect
The primary force behind blood flow is __________. simple diffusion elasticity of large arteries resistance to blood flow the blood pressure gradient
the blood pressure gradient
Which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary? Select all that apply. vasopressin oxytocin prolactin luteinizing hormone
vasopressin oxytocin
Which area of the adrenal gland produces cortisol? zonaglomerulosa zonareticularis adrenal medulla zonafasciculata
zonafasciculata
What happens to excess glucose in the body? It undergoes lipogenesis. It continues to circulate in the blood. It is immediately converted to ATP in the liver. It is converted to protein.
It undergoes lipogenesis.
What is the PO2 in the pulmonary artery? 40 mmHg 98 mmHg 46 mmHg 20 mmHg 160 mmHg
40 mmHg
What is the PCO2 in alveolar gas? 40 mmHg 46 mmHg 0.3 mmHg 100%
40 mmHg
What is the PCO2 in systemic arteries? 0.3 mmHg 40 mmHg about 35 mmHg 46 mmHg
40 mmHg
If a red blood cell is 100% saturated, how many molecules of O2 are bound to it? 1 billion molecules of O2 4 molecules of O2 250 million molecules of O2
1 billion molecules of O2
If you were visiting Vail, CO, what would the partial pressure of oxygen be in your inspired air once it had been fully conditioned (warmed and humidified)? You may need to use the information calculated from Question 8. 21% 120 mm Hg 110 mm Hg 100 mm Hg
110 mmHg
As one moves up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In Vail, CO (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m), the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg. What would the partial pressure of oxygen be in Vail? 160 mm Hg 120 mm Hg 21% The PO2 cannot be calculated from the available information.
120 mm Hg
What physiological disturbances have been caused by Nicole's anorexia nervosa? decrease in blood pressure brittle bones and thinning hair irregular or loss of menstrual period All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following statements regarding the anterior and posterior pituitary is correct? Choose the best answer. Anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue. Anterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue. Both are composed of endocrine tissue. Both are composed of neural tissue.
Anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue.
What causes type I diabetes? It is caused by a congenital defect in the pancreas, causing a lack of pancreatic islets. Cells do not respond to circulating insulin. These patients produce a type of insulin that will not dissolve in the blood. Antibodies and leukocytes destroy beta cells.
Antibodies and leukocytes destroy beta cells.
Which of these blood values are in the normal range? Arterial PCO2 = 38 mmHg Venous PO2 = 100 mmHg Arterial PO2 = 46 mmHg Venous PCO2 = 40 mmHg
Arterial PCO2 = 38 mmHg
Which of the following would be considered endocrine cells? There may be more than one correct answer. Muscle cells that respond to insulin Neurons in the hippocampus that signal in learning and memory Beta cells in the pancreas Immune cells in the white adipose tissue Pituitary cells that release FSH
Beta cells in the pancreas Immune cells in the white adipose tissue Pituitary cells that release FSH
Which hormone associated with the HPA axis is also known to inhibit hunger and may affect mood? ACTH cortisol CRH POMC
CRH
How is CO2 converted to carbonic acid at the tissues and back to CO2 in the lungs by the same enzyme, carbonic anhydrase? The mechanism of this action is not known and remains an active area of research. The action of carbonic anhydrase depends on the pH of the blood. Since the pH of the tissues is slightly lower than the lungs, the enzyme behaves differently. Carbonic anhydrase exists in several tissue-specific forms that are better at producing the product necessary at each area of the body. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction in both directions depending upon the concentration of the substrates.
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction in both directions depending upon the concentration of the substrates.
Which of the following could lead to a lack of leptin signaling? There may be more than one correct answer. Downregulation of leptin receptors A premature stop codon in the leptin receptor protein An antibody binding to the leptin receptor and preventing leptin from binding A premature stop codon in the leptin protein A mutation in the leptin receptor that prevents it from binding correctly to leptin A mutation in the leptin receptor that prevents intracellular molecules from binding to it No leptin being secreted from adipocytes A mutation in leptin that prevents it from binding correctly to the leptin receptor
Downregulation of leptin receptors A premature stop codon in the leptin receptor protein An antibody binding to the leptin receptor and preventing leptin from binding A premature stop codon in the leptin protein A mutation in the leptin receptor that prevents it from binding correctly to leptin A mutation in the leptin receptor that prevents intracellular molecules from binding to it No leptin being secreted from adipocytes A mutation in leptin that prevents it from binding correctly to the leptin receptor
Which of the following is true of a type 1 diabetic who is not on any treatment? Part A Elevated glucose levels in the blood Elevated insulin levels in the beta cells in the pancreas Elevated glucose levels in the beta cells in the pancreas Elevated insulin levels in adipocytes (cells in adipose tissue) Elevated insulin levels in the blood Elevated glucose levels in adipocytes (cells in adipose tissue)
Elevated glucose levels in the blood
Most obese humans are deficient in leptin. True False
False
f the following provides an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa (AN)? In both BN and AN the afflicted person does not eat. In BN, the afflicted person overeats and then purges while in AN, the afflicted person does not eat. In BN, the afflicted person does not eat, while in AN, the afflicted person overeats and then purges. In both BN and AN, the afflicted individual overeats and then purges.
In BN, the afflicted person overeats and then purges while in AN, the afflicted person does not eat.
How does binding of insulin to its receptor cause glucose uptake from the bloodstream? It causes intramembrane GLUT4 channels to open, allowing glucose to diffuse into the cell. It causes the nuclear transcription factor GLUT4 to stimulate glucose channel production to increase glucose diffusion. It causes liver cells to release glucose chaperones (GLUT4) that shuttle glucose into cells. It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.
It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.
What is a review article and why might it be beneficial for a novice in a subject matter to read? It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it is full of technical language providing a more in-depth understanding of the subject matter. It is a technical paper based on a single research project; because for an accurate understanding of the topic, one must read about it in as much detail as possible. It is a technical paper based on a single research project; because it is written as a summary paper that can be understood by a novice. It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it gives a general summary of several technical papers, making it easier for a novice to understand.
It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it gives a general summary of several technical papers, making it easier for a novice to understand.
What happens to blood pressure during exercise? It increases greatly because cardiac output increases and vasoconstriction in inactive organs raises blood pressure directly. It decreases greatly because vasodilation in skeletal muscles and heart tissue more than offsets factors that increase blood pressure. It decreases slightly; some cardiovascular changes promote a decrease while others promote an increase. It increases slightly; some cardiovascular changes promote an increase while others promote a decrease.
It increases slightly; some cardiovascular changes promote an increase while others promote a decrease.
Which of the following are examples of negative feedback? Select all that are true (there may be more than one correct answer). More Cortisol being released from the adrenal glands in response to ACTH Less CRH being released from the hypothalamus in response to cortisol Less ACTH being released from the pituitary in response to cortisol More CRH being released from the hypothalamus in response to cortisol More ACTH being released from the pituitary in response to cortisol More ACTH being released from the pituitary in response to CRH
Less CRH being released from the hypothalamus in response to cortisol Less ACTH being released from the pituitary in response to cortisol
Body cells that respond to insulin include Liver cells only. Liver cells and muscle cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Muscle cells only. Intestinal cells only.
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Liver cells. Cells in the pancreas. Muscle cells. Intestinal cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.
Liver cells.
Choose the combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin. Low pH, high temperature, low PCO2, high 2,3-DPG High pH, high temperature, high PCO2, low 2,3-DPG Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-DPG High pH, low temperature, low PCO2, low 2,3-DPG
Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-DPG
Norepinephrine (NE) is released from sympathetic fibers in response to a sudden drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP). What does NE do to help return MAP to normal? (There may be more than one correct answer.) NE stimulates the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla NE released at the SA node increases the slope of the pacemaker potential NE acts on cells of the SA node to increase contractility NE release increases total peripheral resistance leading to an increase in MAP NE release at ventricular cells increases the force of contraction and decreases the duration of systole NE causes vasodilation of many arterioles leading to increased MAP
NE stimulates the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla NE released at the SA node increases the slope of the pacemaker potential NE release increases total peripheral resistance leading to an increase in MAP NE release at ventricular cells increases the force of contraction and decreases the duration of systole
________ is characterized as insulin-resistance. Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus Anorexia nervosa
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Net oxygen loading onto hemoglobin results when _________. 2,3-DPG is high temperature is high PO2 is high PCO2 is high
PO2 is high
What causes the LH surge that occurs during the late follicular phase? Inhibin and FSH combine to sensitize the anterior pituitary to the effects of GnRH. The follicle releases LH in response to the formation of the antrum. Progesterone and high estrogen output stimulate GnRH release from the hypothalamus. Low estrogen levels exert a negative feedback effect on the anterior pituitary.
Progesterone and high estrogen output stimulate GnRH release from the hypothalamus.
A liver cell responds to insulin by Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Releasing glucagon. Releasing insulin. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
Which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? Choose the best answer. The portal system would carry tropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary at an accelerated rate. There would no longer be a release of trophic hormones from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation. There would be no loss of function. All three losses of function listed above would occur if you severed the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation.
Predict which way exercise would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Would this shift in the curve increase or decrease hemoglobin saturation? The curve would shift to the right thus increasing the hemoglobin saturation. The curve would shift to the left thus increasing the hemoglobin saturation. The curve would shift to the left thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation. The curve would shift to the right thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation.
The curve would shift to the right thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation.
Predict which way exercise would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Would this shift in the curve increase or decrease hemoglobin saturation? The curve would shift to the right thus increasing the hemoglobin saturation. The curve would shift to the right thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation. The curve would shift to the left thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation. The curve would shift to the left thus increasing the hemoglobin saturation.
The curve would shift to the right thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation.
Which of the following best describes affinity in reference to oxygen- and hemoglobin-binding? The affinity that hemoglobin has to oxygen will never change. The higher the affinity, the less likely it will be that oxygen binds to hemoglobin. The higher the affinity, the higher the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The higher the affinity, the more likely it is that oxygen bind to hemoglobin.
The higher the affinity, the more likely it is that oxygen bind to hemoglobin.
What prevents the dramatic increase in venous return that occurs during exercise from damaging the cardiac myocytes? The pericardium acts as a limit on the amount of stretch. The increased heart rate limits filling time. Venous return is not sufficient to stretch the heart very much. The exercise demand on the heart causes it to stiffen, preventing overstretch.
The increased heart rate limits filling time
Mrs. Johnson does goes in to visit her doctor because of some health issues that she has been having. One of the many tests that were run on Mrs. Johnson revealed that she had no circulating concentrations of vasopressin. The doctor does a further analysis of her hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to see what might be causing this problem. Predict which of the following might explain Mrs. Johnson's condition. Choose the best answer. The rate of blood flow through the posterior pituitary has increased. The cells in the posterior pituitary that release vasopressin are inactive. The neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus are damaged. All of the listed answer are possible explanations for the observation.
The neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus are damaged.
When blood glucose levels are low The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases insulin. The pancreas releases glucose. The pancreas releases glucagon. The liver releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon.
The pancreas releases insulin.
What does it mean if an article has been peer reviewed? The work has been read by an anonymous panel of people from the general public. The work has been read by an anonymous panel of doctors. The work has been read by an anonymous panel of scientists qualified to judge the science. The work has been read by an anonymous panel of researchers in a different field than that represented by the article.
The work has been read by an anonymous panel of scientists qualified to judge the science.
Which is the best example of negative feedback? Ingestion of alcohol inhibits vasopressin release, causing dilute urine to form. Thyroid hormone is released as part of an endocrine cascade that begins in the hypothalamus with the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Cortisol is released in response to stressful stimuli and stimulates the liver to release glucose. Thyroid hormone (TH) secreted into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, and increased TH levels inhibit TH release.
Thyroid hormone (TH) secreted into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, and increased TH levels inhibit TH release.
Which of the following statements best defines the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? a graphical representation of the amount of hemoglobin found in the blood a graphical representation of the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin and how that affects the partial pressure of O2 in the blood a graphical representation of the relationship between hemoglobin's percent saturation at a particular partial pressure of oxygen a graphical representation of the amount of oxygen found in the atmosphere
a graphical representation of the relationship between hemoglobin's percent saturation at a particular partial pressure of oxygen
With this in mind, what goes wrong in high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), the life-threatening condition we discussed in breakout? Recall that edema is a condition in which excess of fluid collects in the tissues, often because more fluid leaks out of capillaries than can be returned to the circulation. You've probably experienced edema in your hands or feet - no big deal, but pulmonary edema will kill if it is not treated. (Select all correct answers) the dissolved O2 in red blood cells does not have access to hemoglobin according to the laws of diffusion, the excess fluid that accumulates within the alveoli will slow the rate of gas exchange by increasing diffusion distance the % Hb saturation of blood entering the pulmonary veins will be too low to supply adequate O2 to tissues the difference between the PO2 in arterial blood and PO2 in alveolar gas will be greater what we typically see there is a buildup of fluid between the respiratory membrane and the pulmonary capillaries there is a buildup of fluid that separates alveolar gases from the respiratory membranes
according to the laws of diffusion, the excess fluid that accumulates within the alveoli will slow the rate of gas exchange by increasing diffusion distance the % Hb saturation of blood entering the pulmonary veins will be too low to supply adequate O2 to tissues the difference between the PO2 in arterial blood and PO2 in alveolar gas will be greater what we typically see there is a buildup of fluid that separates alveolar gases from the respiratory membranes
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? increasing protein kinases activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? activates a protein kinase acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene phosphorylates a protein directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
What is leptin released by and how would you predict the levels of leptin to be in Nicole when compared to a healthy, female adult of similar age and weight? adipocytes; decreased endocrine cells in the stomach; increased anterior pituitary; decreased pancreas; increased
adipocytes; decreased
If the ovaries were removed from an otherwise healthy 20-year-old female, which of the following would you expect to see? cessation of menstruation increased blood levels of GnRH increased blood levels of LH increased blood levels of FSH All of these observations
all of these observations
Which of the following are evolutionary adaptations to maximize gas exchange in the mammalian lungs? (Select all correct answers) selection for minimal surface area in order to decrease the resistance to diffusion active transport mechanisms to enhance the rate of O2 and CO2 diffusion alveolar plasma membranes facing alveolar gas are kept moist alveoli that maximize the surface area for gas exchange between alveoli and blood extremely thin membranes separating alveolar gas from blood in the pulmonary capillaries constant supply of fresh air to maximize the respiratory gas concentration gradients
alveolar plasma membranes facing alveolar gas are kept moist alveoli that maximize the surface area for gas exchange between alveoli and blood extremely thin membranes separating alveolar gas from blood in the pulmonary capillaries
After 5-10 minutes of moderate-strenuous aerobic exercise, one would expect to see (may be more thano ne correct answer): an increase in blood flow to the capillaries in cardiac muscle activation of adrenergic receptors in arterioles of active skeletal muscle contributing to vasodilation a decrease in parasympathetic input to the SA node a decrease in O2 and an increase in CO2 in the tissue surrounding arterioles in active skeletal muscle, leading to vasodilation activation of adrenergic receptors in arterioles in the gastrointestinal tract leading to increased blood flow to the GI tract an increase in the blood flow through the right atrium due to increased venous return
an increase in blood flow to the capillaries in cardiac muscle activation of adrenergic receptors in arterioles of active skeletal muscle contributing to vasodilation a decrease in parasympathetic input to the SA node a decrease in O2 and an increase in CO2 in the tissue surrounding arterioles in active skeletal muscle, leading to vasodilation an increase in the blood flow through the right atrium due to increased venous return
Which hormone is important for male development in utero and for regulation of the ovarian cycle? GnRH anti-Müllerian hormone melatonin inhibin
anti-Müllerian hormone
During moderately strenuous exercise there is a huge increase in cardiac output (up to 7-fold in trained athletes!) and a dramatic redistibution of blood flow to individual organs. Which of the following accurately describes changes in blood flow during exercise, compared to blood flow at rest? There's no easy way to express this variable, so please read the answers carefully. There may be more than one correct answer. blood flow to cardiac muscle remains constant pronounced decrease in overall blood flow to the brain decreased % of cardiac output to the brain but little change in the amount of blood reaching the brain an overall increase in blood flow to the skin per minute as much as 20-fold increase in overall blood flow to skeletal muscle in trained athletes an overall decrease in blood flow to the skin per minute pronounced increase in overall blood flow to the brain widespread vasodilation of arterioles in exercising skeletal muscles leading to a large drop in total peripheral resistance vasoconstriction of arterioles feeding liver and digestive tract leading to an overall decrease in blood flow t vasodilation of arterioles feeding digestive tract and liver leading to an overall increase in blood flow increased fraction of cardiac output going to skeletal muscle with no change in total peripheral resistance
decreased % of cardiac output to the brain but little change in the amount of blood reaching the brain an overall increase in blood flow to the skin per minute as much as 20-fold increase in overall blood flow to skeletal muscle in trained athletes widespread vasodilation of arterioles in exercising skeletal muscles leading to a large drop in total peripheral resistance vasoconstriction of arterioles feeding liver and digestive tract leading to an overall decrease in blood flow t
You have landed a job in a vet clinic that specializes in cardiovascular problems in cats and dogs. You and the vet are looking at a dog's abnormal electrocardiogram, and you suggest that the problem is due to defective ion channels in atrioventricular (AV) node cells, where the AV node delay occurs. If the depolarization spreads rapidly through the AV node and rest of the conducting system but with no AV node delay, what symptoms would you expect to see? Think before you answer. no depolarization of the atria decreased end-diastolic volume leading to decreased cardiac output the ventricles won't contract from the apex (bottom) of heart an increase in heart rate left and right ventricles won't contract at the same time
decreased end-diastolic volume leading to decreased cardiac output
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased sweating decreased insulin secretion decreased or difficulty breathing decreased cardiac output
decreased insulin secretion
Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The responses of the target cells to these two hormones are exactly the opposite of each other. This information implies that one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor. one of the hormones does not interact with a membrane receptor. each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger. both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus.
each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? epinephrine ADH (vasopressin) cortisol aldosterone
epinephrine
Vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue results from the signal molecule _____ binding to ______ receptors. (In other target organs, this molecule causes vasoconstriction. Look it up once to get the idea that the receptor subtype defines the response, not the signaling molecule alone.) acetylcholine; alpha acetylcholine; beta 2 epinephrine; alpha epinephrine; beta 2
epinephrine; beta 2
The hematocrit is a clinical measure of the relative amount of _____ in blood. plasma erythrocytes platelets leukocytes
erythrocytes
The cellular elements of the blood are the __________. leukocytes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets erythrocytes and leukocytes platelets
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrium proliferation during the follicular phase? progesterone inhibin LH estrogen
estrogen
Female secondary sexual characteristics (libido, pubic and axillary hair, fat distribution pattern, and breast development) are controlled by ________. estrogen absence of androgen adrenal androgen estrogen and adrenal androgen
estrogen and adrenal androgen
After lying on the sofa for a couple of hours reading research papers, Jeremiah jumped up and he felt like he as going to pass out because his mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropped. How was his MAP quickly restored to normal? increased activity of the vagus nerve will increase the contractility of ventricular contractile cells leading to increased MAP cardiovascular centers of the medulla stimulate parasympathetic fibers that innervate arterioles leading to decreased total peripheral resistance to blood flow increased activity of sympathetic fibers increases the force of contraction of ventricular muscle cells and decreases the duration of systole release of norepinephrine from sympathetic fibers at the SA node increases the slope of his pacemaker potentials and momentarily increases heart rate baroreceptors in his aortic arch and carotid artery detect the sudden decrease in MAP and send input to cardiovascular centers of the medulla cardiovascular centers of the medulla stimulate autonomic output that leads to a momentary increase in total peripheral resistance and MAP
increased activity of sympathetic fibers increases the force of contraction of ventricular muscle cells and decreases the duration of systole release of norepinephrine from sympathetic fibers at the SA node increases the slope of his pacemaker potentials and momentarily increases heart rate baroreceptors in his aortic arch and carotid artery detect the sudden decrease in MAP and send input to cardiovascular centers of the medulla cardiovascular centers of the medulla stimulate autonomic output that leads to a momentary increase in total peripheral resistance and MAP
A large decrease in resistance is seen in the blood vessels supplying working skeletal muscle during exercise. What is the implication of this exercise effect? decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise increased blood flow to working muscles increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise decreased systolic pressure (SBP) during exercise
increased blood flow to working muscles
The beta cells of the pancreas produce cortisol. glucagon. insulin. renin. digestive enzymes.
insulin
The source of the hormone erythropoietin in adults is the _____. bone marrow kidneys liver pituitary
kidneys
Adipocytes secrete the hormone neuropeptide Y. leptin. insulin. orexin. ghrelin.
leptin
What is the PO2 in capillaries leaving skeletal muscle during mild-moderate exercise? less than 40 mmHg a little less than 98 mmHg greater than 40 mmHg very close to 0 mmHg
less than 40 mmHg
Select the statements about blood pressure regulation that are true? This is a like drill. More than one statement is true. long-term regulation of MAP is primarily due to changes in blood volume increases in CO2 and decreases in O2 around arterioles in active muscle will produce vasodilation parasympathetic activity at synapses with arteriolar smooth muscle is a primary means of regulating MAP during the gain in adipose (fat) tissue associated with obesity, the overall length of blood vessels in the systemic circuit increases; this would tend to decrease MAP increased activity of the skeletal and respiratory pumps during exercise tends to increase stroke volume decreased vagal nerve activity at the SA node will tend to increase cardiac output and MAP in response to a sudden decrease in MAP, paraympathetic activity will be decreased and sympathetic actitity increased the sympathetic NS is an important regulator of minute-to-minute changes in blood flow to organs and MAP decreases in CO2 and increases in O2 around arterioles in active muscle will produce vasodilation most baroreceptors are located in the limbs in order to closely regulate blood pressure to the periphery sympathetic neurons innverate the smooth muscle layer of many arterioles
long-term regulation of MAP is primarily due to changes in blood volume increases in CO2 and decreases in O2 around arterioles in active muscle will produce vasodilation increased activity of the skeletal and respiratory pumps during exercise tends to increase stroke volume decreased vagal nerve activity at the SA node will tend to increase cardiac output and MAP in response to a sudden decrease in MAP, paraympathetic activity will be decreased and sympathetic actitity increased the sympathetic NS is an important regulator of minute-to-minute changes in blood flow to organs and MAP sympathetic neurons innverate the smooth muscle layer of many arterioles
As she's playing midfield (lots of running back and forth), what's happening to Maria physiologically? (Select all correct answers) her O2-Hb dissociation curve will be shifted to the left the exercise-induced increase in mean arterial blood pressure will increase the amount of N2 dissolved in her blood the decreased pH and increased PCO2 in her leg muscles will decrease the affinity of Hb for O2 as red blood cells pass through leg capillary beds the elevated PCO2 and decreased PO2 in her leg muscles will cause local vasodilation of her arterioles activation of sympathetic fibers and the release of epinephrine will lead to additional unloading of O2 in the leg muscles the PO2 gradient between her alveolar gas and blood entering the pulmonary capillaries will be increased
the decreased pH and increased PCO2 in her leg muscles will decrease the affinity of Hb for O2 as red blood cells pass through leg capillary beds the elevated PCO2 and decreased PO2 in her leg muscles will cause local vasodilation of her arterioles the PO2 gradient between her alveolar gas and blood entering the pulmonary capillaries will be increased
What is the chloride shift? the exchange of Cl− for bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes causing HCO−3 to leave the cell the production of carbaminohemoglobin by chloride infusion from the plasma the excretion of Cl− by the kidney preventing bicarbonate ions from causing an increase in plasma pH the production of bicarbonate by enzymatic degradation of chloride
the exchange of Cl− for bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes causing HCO−3 to leave the cell
Parasympathetic stimulation results in vasodilation in _________. (This is sort of a misleading question because parasympathetic stimulation generally has NO effect on arteriole diameter. However there is an interesting exception!) the genitals the skin the kidneys skeletal muscle
the genitals
When Micheal gets bored in class, he holds his breath. What will his respiratory gases look like after he's held his breath for a minute? Select all the correct answers. the pH of his arterial blood is likely lower than it was the PCO2 in arterial blood reaching the brain is greater than 40 mmHg his PO2 has changed but his PCO2 has not changed anywhere in body the PO2 of blood in arterioles feeding his cardiac muscles is less than 98 mmHg his alveolar gas PCO2 is less than 40 mmHg his alveolar gas PO2 is less than 100 mmHg
the pH of his arterial blood is likely lower than it was the PCO2 in arterial blood reaching the brain is greater than 40 mmHg the PO2 of blood in arterioles feeding his cardiac muscles is less than 98 mmHg his alveolar gas PO2 is less than 100 mmHg
Sai got into a fight with his physiology professor. Since Sai is a mean, short-tempered guy his mean arterial pressure spiked for about 10 minutes. What homeostatic responses provided short-term regulation to return his MAP to normal range? (May be more than one correct answer) there was a decrease in acetylcholine release at synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons his sympathetic output was decreased while his parasympathetic output was increased activation of sympathetic vasomotor fibers led to widespread vasoconstriction and a decrease in total peripheral resistance his kidneys produced more urine leading to a decrease in blood volume and therefore MAP. his cardiac output and probably his total peripheral resistance were decreased his vagus nerve was activated leading to a decrease in cardiac contractility and total peripheral resistance
there was a decrease in acetylcholine release at synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons his sympathetic output was decreased while his parasympathetic output was increased his cardiac output and probably his total peripheral resistance were decreased
One role of the hypothalamus that is is central to endocrine control systems is__________? to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release classic hormones for delivery to the systemic tissues to release tropic hormones that inhibit hormone release from the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) to release classic hormones into the bloodstream that then act on the nervous tissue of the brain
to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary
