BIO 460 Lab Study Guide
What affect would medications such as beta-blockers have on these receptors?
-Beta-blockers would reduce your BP -They block the effects of the hormone EPI -Beta blockers cause your heart to beat more slowly and with less force, lowering your BP -beta blockers would cause the vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow
How does BP change with posture immediately? How does it change after 1+ min? Why?
-Immediately, the BP decreases because of blood pooling in the abdomen and legs -After 1+ minutes, the BP would increase back to normal because of vasoconstriction in the legs and blood would return back to the upper body -there is a lag time to compensate so that we do not pass out
What are the criteria for an accurate VO2max test? Do all of these variables have to be met?
-Plateau in VO2 with increasing workload (rarely achieve this- BUT THIS IS THE GOLD STANDARD) OR 2.) RER > 1.15 HR w/in 10 bpm of age-predicted max RPE of greater than or equal to 18 (Range of 6-20) *So either get the plateau or get 2 of the 3 of the second point
What is RMR vs. DEE and how do you calculate each of them?
-RMR = (21.6 kcals/kg/day) (Body weight in kg) -RMR = 655 + (9.56)(body weight in kg) + (1.85)(height in cm) - (4.68)(age in y) -RMR = (Body Surface Area in m2 ) (38 kcals/m2/h) (24 h) BSA (m2) = 0.20247 x Height(m)0.725 x Weight(kg)0.425 -DEE = RMR + (RMR)(Percent energy expended above RMR for occupational activity level) -RMR is the number calories required if the subject were to not move at ALL and stay in bed all day -DEE is the number of calories required for an entire day, including walking, exercise, standing, sleeping which normally makes it higher
What is the normal BP and HR response to incremental exercise? Why do these changes occur?
-The normal response is for SBP to increase and a minimal change in DBP -HR also increases -These responses are because the heart is required to beat faster and harder to sustain exercise by delivering sufficient amounts of oxygen/nutrients to the rest of the body -As the intensity of the protocol increases, the work required by the heart increases and it starts to perform harder
What is the correct method for putting an electrode on someone?
-ask subject to undress to waist and lie down on the back with arms at side and legs uncrossed -locate the right leg electrode (grounding) -mark location of the other electrodes with marker -mark location of V1, V2, V4, V3, V6, V5 with marker -shave any hair, use sand paper to remove loose skin, alcohol wipes to remove dirt/particles that would interfere with connection -electrolyte gel at center of each electrode -place on mark points (Scratch, Sting, Squirt, Stick)
How does body fat vary between men and women? The fit and unfit?
-higher in women than men -men and women who are athletes have less body fat percentage than nonathletes *endurance athletes are good examples of this
What is the RER of 76kg man with a resting HR 56, resting VO2 of 3.1ml/kg/min and a VCO2 of 0.201 L/min
0.85
What is the speed and grade of the treadmill for each stage of the Bruce Protocol (up to stage 5)? What MET level is the person working at during each stage?
1-10%-1.7 speed-4.6 METs- 3min 2-12%-2.5 speed- 7 METs- 6 min 3-14%-3.4 speed- 10.2 METs-9 min 4- 16%-4.2speed-12.1MET-12 min 5-18%-5 speed-14.9 MET- 15 min
How many electrodes are used for a 12-lead ECG?
10
Using the Karvonen Formula, calculate the target heart rate during a graded exercise test for a 55-year-old male, with a resting heart rate of 74 bpm.
151 BPM
A young 63kg male has a resting VO2 of 0.277 L/min and VCO2 of 0.269, a maximal VO2 of 57mL/kg/min. Assuming a Kcal/L of O2 of 5.0 what is his RMR? Is his resting MET level greater or less than 1?
1996 kcal/day greater than 1
What is the range for an acceptable gas calibration on the metabolic cart?
2% (flow meter is .05)
Calculate the resistance a Monark cycle ergometer should be set to for a work rate of 900 kp*m/min for the Astrand-Ryhming cycle test.
3 kp
How many calories are in a pound of fat?
3,500 calories
Convert Absolute VO2 of 4.15L/min into relative VO2 for a 37 year old 194lb subject with a resting HR of 78 bpm.
47.1 ml/kg/min
You are performing a step test on a 28 year old male who weighs 140lbs for six minutes stepping at a rate of 26 steps per minute onto a box that is 20 inches high. What is the individuals work and power output in (N•m and N•m/sec) respectively? Answers are listed in order as Work (N•m) and Power (N•m/sec).
82351.8Nm and 137.3Nm/sec
What is a MET? How do you convert VO2 to METs?
A MET is the metabolic equivalent of task, one MET is the amount of energy expended when during rest, measured at 3.5 mL/kg/min You divide the VO2(mL/kg/min) value by 3.5 mL/kg/min
What is the difference between a "contraindication" and a "reason to stop a GXT"?
A contraindication is a reason to not perform a GXT but a reason to stop GXT means the test has already begun and if there are certain circumstances that arise then the test should be stopped like fatigue, technical error, or health concerns that arise
What's the difference between absolute and relative VO2?
Absolute VO2→ the total volume of O2 consumed per minute; used for determining an individual's VO2 based on their body weight -measured in L/min Relative VO2→ allows us to compare the VO2 between people because it expresses oxygen consumption relative to body weight -measured in mL/kg/min
What is the difference between an electrode and a lead?
An electrode is the conductive pad placed on the subject's skin and records the electrical events A lead is graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes
What is the formula to calculate body density? Body fat?
Body density (Females) = 1.0970 - 0.00046971 (∑7) + 0.00000056 (∑7)2 - 0.00012828(age) Body density (Males) = 1.1120 - 0.00043499 (∑7) + 0.00000055 (∑7)2 - 0.00028826(age) Body Fat % = (4.950/ Db - 4.500) x 100
What is cardiac output? How does it change with exercise?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute, amount of blood put out by the left ventricle Increases with exercise Q = stroke volume * heart rate
What is the double product?
DP (no units) = HR (bts/min) x SBP (mmHg) x .01 Double product (also called rate pressure product) is a product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure. This measure is a general indicator of the oxygen demand of the heart.
Blood pressure _______ immediately when someone stands up after 5 minutes of supine rest. _________ happens to correct for this sudden change.
Decrease, Vasoconstriction
What are FVC, FEV1.0, and FEV1%? What are the units on each?
FVC: amount of air that can forcefully exhaled from lungs after a full, complete inhale; volume FVC (L, ATPS) = (plateau - breakpoint) * 2 FEV1.0: amount of air exhaled forcefully in ONE second, flow FEV1.0 (L, ATPS) = (1 second - breakpoint) * 2 FEV1%: gives the % of air forcefully exhaled in ONE second in relation to a full expiration, mark breakpoint/plateau/1 second mark and det the corresponding values and plug them into the equations FEV1.0 / FVC
An electrical depolarization traveling away from a negative electrode will produce a negative deflection.
False
an electrical depolarization traveling perpendicular to a positive electrode will produce a negative deflection.
False
What data do you collect during a VO2max test?
HR, BP, RER, VO2, RPE, VO2 relative and absolute
What physical characteristics are lung volumes mostly correlated with?
Height Sex Physical conditioning Age Respiratory muscles Mechanics of lung and chest wall (ability to recoil)
What is the correct method to pinch each of the seven sites?
Identify the point where you want to measure, grab the skin with pointer finger and thumb pulling away from the body, shake it a few times to make sure you only have the skin, measure in the hollow part of the fold only on right side of the body, apply jaws 1 cm from finger, read measurement 3-4 seconds after applying pressure with the clamp
The exact number of kcals you get per liter of oxygen depends on your RER. What general number can you use to convert L/min to kcals/min?
L/min to kcal/min= L/min times 5
What are the angles associated with the with lead I, II, III, and aVR/L/F?
Lead 1: 0 degrees Lead 2: 60 degrees Lead 3: 120 degrees aVR: -150 degrees aVL: -30 degrees aVF: +90 degrees
How do you calculate MAP?
MAP = [ 1/3 (SBP - DBP)] + DBP MAP = Q (HR x SV) * TPR
Calculate MAP and TPR given the following values: BP 128/72 HR: 92 bpm SV: 72 mL/bt
MAP- 90.67 mmHg TPR- 13.69 mmHg/min/L
How do you calculate target HR at 85% intensity? 70% intensity?
Max HR= 220-age HRR= MaxHR - RHR THRR= (HRR x 0.85 or 0.70) + RHR
What is the Haldane Transformation?
O2 = VE * [(FEN2 * FIO2 / FIN2) - FEO2]
What diseases cause reduced values in each?
Obstructive: these individuals have a harder time getting air out of their lungs; flow Ex. Asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis Restrictive: individuals have a hard time getting air INTO lungs; volume Ex. Obesity, scoliosis, pulmonary fibrosis
An ECG waveform of a depolarization traveling toward a positive electrode would have which deflection?
Positive
How could you estimate cardiac output if you had VO2?
Q (L/min) = 6.12 x VO2 (L/min) + 3.4 (Cote's regression equation)
What is RER? What is the RER for a fat? Carbohydrate? Why?
RER = VCO2 / VO2 RER for fat is .70; fat is predominant fuel source RER for carb is 1.0; carb is predominant RER between 0.70 to 1.0 is a general mix of both
Describe how breathing is different for people with obstructive lung disease (OLD) and restrictive lung disease (RLD) in less than 3 sentences.
RLD- volume related OLD- flow related (getting air in and out)
What are the prediction equations for FVC and FEV1.0?
RLD: observed FVC/ predicted FVC x 100 if value greater than 80% → - for RLD if value under 80% → + RLD OLD: observed FEV1.0 / observed FVC x 100 greater than 70% → - OLD less than 70% → + OLD FVC (L, ATPS) = (plateau - breakpoint) * 2 FEV1.0 (L, ATPS) = (1 second - breakpoint) * 2
Calculate the RMR and DEE of an active female who's resting absolute VO2 is 132mL of oxygen/min. Use 5 kcal/ L O2 for the caloric equivalent of oxygen and use 45% of caloric expenditure for DEE calculation.
RMR 950 DEE 1378 kcal/day
What is RPE?
Rate of perceived exertion; uses a scale of 6-20 to determine the intensity of the subject's workout based on how hard they feel they are working (reflects their HR)
Know specific electrode placement and the names for each electrode.
Right Arm (RA): base of right shoulder against the deltoid border about 2 cm below the clavicle but above the border of pectoralis (deltoid fossa) Left Arm (LA): same as RA but on the left shoulder Right Leg (RL): right anterior axillary line halfway between the costal margin and iliac crest Left Leg (LL): same as above but on left side V1: fourth intercostal space at right sternal border V2: fourth intercostal space at left sternal border V3: midway between V2 and V4 V4: Fifth intercostal space at left midclavicular line V5: horizontal level of V4, midway between V4 and V6 at left anterior axillary line V6: Horizontal level of V4 at left midaxillary line
How do each respond to exercise and why?
SBP increases due to the heart performing more work to supply the rest of the body with oxygen and nutrients, also because of the increase in cardiac output and a decrease in peripheral resistance due to vasodilation in the exercising muscle DBP does NOT increase during exercise, mostly stays the same or slightly decreases MAP increases by a small amount as well due to increase in SBP
What is systolic BP vs. diastolic BP vs. MAP?
SBP: the pressure exerted when the heart is CONTRACTING DBP: the pressure exerted when the heart is RELAXING MAP: the mean arterial pressure, measures the average blood pressure through a cardiac cycle
What is TPR? How do you calculate TPR? What is the normal response for TPR with exercise?
TPR = MAP / Q TPR decreases with exercise Decreased vascular resistance, leading to increase blood flow Total peripheral resistance is the total resistance to blood flow offered by all of the systemic vasculature.
What are relative and absolute contraindications to an exercise test?
The difference between absolute and relative contraindication to exercise testing is that if there are absolute contraindications, the exercise test must not be performed under any circumstance. Yet, if there are relative contraindications, the risks should be assessed and determined if the benefit of exercise testing outweighs the risk Absolute: Acute MI w/i 2 days Decompensated HF Active endocarditis Relative: Recent stroke Complete heart block Resting HTN with SBP > 200 mmHg or DBP > 100 mmHg
What is blood pressure?
The pressure exerted against the walls of blood vessels by the blood
Describe the 7-sites used for skinfolds?
Triceps: vertical fold halfway b/w acromion and olecranon processes on the posterior midline of the upper arm, arm should be relaxed and extended at side Subscapular: diagonal fold 1-2 cm from the inferior angle of the scapula Chest: diagonal fold along the lateral border of the pectoralis muscle, 1/3 (women) or ½ (men) of the distance b/w anterior axillary line and the nipple Midaxillary: vertical fold along the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum Abdomen: vertical fold level with the umbilicus, about 2 cm to one side Suprailium: diagonal fold at the iliac crest and the anterior axillary line Thigh: vertical fold on the anterior surface of the thigh, halfway between the proximal border of the patella and the intersection of the inguinal crease and the midpoint of the long axis of the thigh
What are advantages and disadvantages of submaximal exercise testing?
Useful to obtain VO2 max without bringing them to max exertion (good for elderly or diseased population) good when you dont have the equipment to do VO2 max test less time consuming & likely cheaper
How do you calculate RER?
VCO2/VO2
How do you calculate VCO2?
VCO2=(VE x FECO2) - [(1-FEO2 - FECO2) 0.7903] x FICO2)
How do you convert from ATPS to STPD?
VE STPD = VE ATPS * (PB - H2O / 760) * (273 / 273 + TR)
What is the Fick equation? What are its different components? (
VO2 = Q * (a-vO2diff.) It is made up of Cardiac Output and the arterial and mixed venous O2 content
How do you calculate VO2? What information do you need to do this?
VO2= (VE x FE N2)FIN2 x FIO2 - (VE x FE O2) FIO2- a constant- ambient oxygen (0.2093) VE - Measured by Pneumotach FE O2- Measured by Gas Analyzer
How do you convert from ATPS to BTPS?
Vol (BTPS) = Vol (ATPS) x BTPS CF BTPS CF = [BT (Celsius) + 273 / RT (Celsius) + 273] * [Pb - (PH2O at RT) / Pb - (PH2O at BT)]
Understand and calculate the work and/or power for our exercise modalities.
Work: Force * Distance J, N*m, Kp*m 1 Kp = 9.81 J 1W= 6.12 kpm/min 1 N*m = 1 J 1 lbs = 0.4536 kg then multiply by 9.81 to get N (1lb=4.45N) 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 m = 100 cm -Stepping Work (N*m) = step height (m) * # of steps * body weight (N) To get # of steps, multiply by the amount of time in minutes -Treadmill Work (N*m) = dist. Traveled (m) * sin theta * body weight (N) Distance Traveled = mph * 26.822 / time in minutes -Cycle Work (N*m) = # of pedal revolutions * 6 m/rev * resistance (N) # of pedal revolutions = rpm * time Resistance = kp * 9.81 -Power: Work / Time (sec) (W) Same for ALL modalities W or N*m/sec, kp*m/min Take the Kp*m and divide by the minutes to get Kp*m/min
Know each protocol in detail and understand the three tests we did in class.
YMCA multiple stage cycle test: uses 2-4 3 min stages of continuous exercise with a constant pedal rate of 50rpm. always start at 0.5 kp or 25 watts. then take HR after 1st stage and depending on where hr falls, you follow a specific protocol. take HR at minute 2 and 3 of each stage to make sure the individual is at a steady state HR. stop test when individual has 2 end of stage HR's between 110bpm and 85% of individuals age predicted max HR. astrand rhyming cycle test: single stage, lasts 6 mins. the pedal rate is 50rpm. the goal is to obtain HR values between 125 and 170 bpm with HR measured during the 5th and 6th minute of work. Then average the two HR's and use to estimate VO2 max from nomogram. astrand ryhming step test: 2 different heights, women 33cm men 40cm, step rate = 22.5 steps/min, target HR is 125bpm-170bpm, step for 6 mins. take HR at min 5 and 6 take the average of those 2 then use the nomogram to determine VO2 max.
What receptors are associated with the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. alpha receptors)?
adrenergic receptors *alpha -located on the arteries -when stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine the arteries constrict (increases BP and blood flow that is returning to the heart) *beta 1 Beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. When beta-1 receptors are stimulated they increase the heart rate and increase the heart's strength of contraction or contractility. *beta 2 The beta-2 receptors are located in the bronchioles of the lungs and the arteries of the skeletal muscles. When these receptors are stimulated, they increase the diameter of the bronchioles to let more air in and out during breathing and they dilate the vessels of the skeletal muscles so they can receive the increased blood flow produced by stimulating the alpha and beta 1 receptors
How close (in mm) must two skinfold measurements of the same location be in order to be acceptable?
book 1mm lab 2mm
For YMCA cycle test: to ensure the subject is at steady state HR during a given stage we:
compared minutes 2, 3, at a single stage within +/- 5 BPM
What receptors are being activated during the diving reflex?
face thermal receptors
What would you expect to happen to blood pressure when going from a seated to a standing position?
go down immediately
Considering the box spirometer disease simulations: you would expect the individual FVC value of restrictive lung disease simulation to be higher, lower, or unchanged compared to the unrestricted simulation?
higher
Which electrode is positive? negative?
lead 1 LA(+) and RA(-) lead 2 LL(+) and RA(-)- lead 3 LL(+) and LA(-) augmented limb leads aVR RA(+) and (LA-LL)(-) aVL LA(+) and (RA-LL)(-) aVF LL(+) and (RA-LA)(-) RL is neutral
what is MAP?
mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure in an individual during one cardiac cycle.
How accurate is measuring body fat percentage using skinfolds?
measurement error is 3.7%
units of BP
mmHg
How long should you monitor a subject when they are recovering?
monitor at 1,3,5 minutes or until their heart rate falls below 100
What response is caused by the mammalian diving reflex?
the facial thermoreceptors (touch sensitive receptors) are activated which causes the peripheral limb blood vessels to vasoconstrict and redirect blood to the vital organs in order to preserve them. This helps conserve O2 stores and decrease the work of the heart through bradycardia. A decrease in HR to conserve O2 Baroreceptors in carotid and aortic arteries Pulmonary stretch receptors Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction which increases BP
What are the assumptions made when estimating VO2max from HR response in submaximal exercise tests? How does 40% of VO2max play a role in these assumptions?
the main assumption is that stroke volume plateaus at some point during increasing exercise intensity usually between 40-70% of VO2 max. HR continues to increase linearly with increasing exercise intensity. we need to have a high intensity so that the individuals SV has plateaued and any further increases in HR is directly prop to individuals vo2 peak.
What receptors are being activated during the cold pressor test?
touch sensitive receptors?? Nicioceptors- pain receptors baroreceptors-sense pressure changes by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall. The baroreflex mechanism is a fast response to changes in blood pressure.chemoreceptors-s a specialized sensory receptor cell which transduces a chemical substance (endogenous or induced) to generate a biological signal.
In a healthy person, the normal increase in MAP during exercise is mostly driven by an increase in the systolic pressure.
true
Supine to sitting produces the greatest blood pressure increase due to blood pooling in the legs.
true