BIO-50A Exam 3

Bone Marking: Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Bone Marking: Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells

ethmoid

structure?

mastoid process

bone?

maxilla

How are the metacarpals numbered?

1-5 starting with thumb

step 2 of intramembranous ossification: - osteogenic cells become __________ & secrete ____________, unmineralized, organic component of bone matrix - as osteoid calcifies, osteoblasts get trapped in the matrix and become __________.

- osteoblasts; osteoid - osteocytes

Name the cell + its location: -derived from WBCs -release enzymes to break down hard matrix -release calcium & phosphorous into bloodstream

-OSTEOCLASTS "bone breakers" -found in inner osteogenic layer of periosteum -Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

foot tarsals

-Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot -Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus -Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

the inner layer that hugs the bone tissue contains what kind of cells?

-osteoclasts - "bone breakers" -osteogenic cells - "only bone cells that divide, -osteoblasts "actively producing bones"

Metatarsals 1-5

1=big toe 5=pinkie toe

Metacarpals I-V

2-5 have proximal, middle, distal phalanges (pollex) has proximal & distal phalanges only

ID

ACROMION PROCESS lateral end of spine of scapula; forms top of shoulder

ID

ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILIAC SPINE

ID

ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE

ARTICULATES W ATLAS

AXIS

ID

CAPITATE

ID

CAPITULUM

cervical vertebrae

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

ID

CORONOID PROCESS ULNA

ID

CRISTA galli of ethmoid

Bone Marking: Sinus

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

T/F: Yellow marrow usually fills spaces in cancellous bones

FALSE/ red marrow

T/F: the epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage, a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

FALSE: ARTICULAR cartilage

T/F: Trabeculae appear in a random network

FALSE: each trabecula forms along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone. The spaces of the trabeculated network provide balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily.

T/F: Neighboring osteocytes pass nutrients/waste via tight junctions

FALSE: they are passed via GAP junctions gap junctions: forms an intercellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate the movement of small molecules and ions

ID

GREATER TUBERCLE HUMERUS

LEFT OR RIGHT? (scapula)

Glenoid cavity is lateral supraspinous fossa is anterior

ID

HAMATE

ID

HEAD OF ULNA

ID

ILIAC CREST

3 BONES THAT MAKE UP OS COXAE

ILIAC, ISCHIUM, PUBIS

ID

INFRASPINOUS FOSSA

ID

LUNATE

Bone Marking: Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

structure?

MANDIBULAR FOSSA the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

ID

MANUBRIUM

ID

MEDIAL EPICONDYLE

neck of rib

NECK OF RIB between head and tubercle

ID

OLECRANAL PROCESS ULNA

Name cell + its location: - actively building bone tissue - do NOT divide - synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts

OSTEOBLAST found wherever bone is growing

Name cell + its location: - maintain bone tissue (how?) - primary cell of bone tissue / most common bone cell - multiple nuclei - communicate/receive nutrients via canaliculi

OSTEOCYTE entrapped in matrix/found in a lacuna and surrounded inside compact or spongy bone

Name cell + its location -stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts -only bone cells that divide!

OSTEOGENIC CELL cellular layer of periosteum + endosteum

ID

PISIFORM

ID

RADIAL TUBEROSITY

ID

RADIUS HEAD

ID

SCAPHOID

ID

SCAPULA SPINE is the sharp ridge that runs diagonally along the dorsal aspect of the scapula

bone marking: fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

right or left radius

Styloid process points laterally and radial tuberosity points medially.

T/F: The spongy bone and medullary cavity receive nourishment from arteries that pass through the compact bone.

T

ID

TRAPEZIUM

ID

TRAPEZOID

ID

TRIQUETRUM

ID

TROCHLEA HUMERUS

ID

TROCHLEAR NOTCH ULNA

ID

ULNA RADIAL NOTCH

ID

ULNA STYLOID PROCESS

ID

ULNAR NOTCH (RADIYS)

the epiphyses are covered with

articular cartilage

the knee joint is an example of this bone feature

articulation

BF: site where bone meets bone

articulations

3 general classes of bone markings:

articulations, projections, holes

lamellae associated with the circumference of the diaphysis

circumferential lamalle

structure?

carotid canal

path for vessels/nerves//CENTER of osteon

central canal

osteoblasts secrete _____ _____

collagen fibers

bone matrix has lots of ________ fibers (strength/elasticity) surrounded by __________, hardened calcium salts

collagen; hydroxyapatites

_________ bone can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection.

compact

_________ bone is dense so that it can withstand compressive forces, while ___________ bone has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution.

compact; spongy

lamellae associated w/ osteons

concentric

bone marking: rounded surface

condyle

ID

coracoid process of scapula

Right or left rib

costal groove will always be on the inferior aspect of the rib.

ID: forms roof of nasal cavity

cribiform plate of ethmoid

________ = thin layer of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone in flat bones

diploe diploeyy

most of our bones form through

endochondrial ossification

name the structure: - "continuation of osteogenic layer" has same cells as periosteum cellular level - lines spongy bone & medullary cavity - maintaining bone tissue

endosteum

a delicate membranous lining where bone growth, repair, and remodelling occur

endosteum (A)

area that allows us to get taller after we are born

epiphyseal plate

structure

external acoustic meatus

structure?

external acoustic meatus

bone marking: flat surface

facet

T/F: Hydroxyapetites are the organic component

false; they are the mineral component

what step of intramembranous ossification does this describe?: - Mesenchymal cells cluster inside membrane, become capillaries + osteogenic cells. -The membrane develops an ossification center (!)

first step

the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs are examples of what kind of bone?

flat

structure

foramen ovale

structure

foramen ovale (sphenoid)

structure

foramen rotundum of sphenoid bone

structure

foramen spinosum

structure

foramen spinosum (sphenoid)

bone marking: prominent rounded surface

head

The body deposits calcium in the bones when blood levels get too ______, and it releases calcium when blood levels drop too _____.

high; low

body feature that allow passage for vessels &/ nerves

holes

foramenae are an example of this body feature

holes

ID

humerus head

ID

humerus lesser tubercle

the epiphyseal plate is a layer of _____________ cartilage in a growing bone.

hyaline

Bone Marking: Notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages

inferior nasal concha

Name this opening.

inferior orbital fissure

ID

internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone

"trapped" lamellae from old osteons

interstitial lamellae

ID

intertubercular sulcus

During ________ ________, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue.

intramembranous ossification

the formation of the flat bones, skull, mandible, and clavicles happens thru

intramembranous ossification

when a baby is born, most of its cranial bones will be formed through _________ __________ (how does a soft spot turn into bone?)

intramembranous ossification

Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as ___________ bones.

irregular

structure?

jugular foramen

bone?

lacrimal

layers of matrix between osteocytes

lamellae

bone?

mandible

structure?

mandibular condyle process

structure?

mandibular coronoid process

long bone anatomy: the transition between diaphysis and epiphysis, the _________, contains the epiphyseal plate

metaphysis

Name this region

middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone

bone marking: sulcus

narrow groove

Bone Marking: Fissure

narrow, slit-like opening

bone?

nasal bone

a ________ foramina in a bone is the major entry/exit for blood. "plug into bone/major delivery portal"

nutrient

small openings in the diaphysis where arteries enter through

nutrient foramen

bone?

occipital

structure?

occipital condyles

atlas articulates with

occipital condyles of the skull

Bone Marking: Meatus

opening into canal

allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

optic canal

structure

optic canal

a unit of compact bone

osteon (haversian system)

2 layers of periosteum

outer dense irregular fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

What disease does this describe and how would it be treated? "Osteoclasts become overactive, osteoblasts detect weakened bone and go to reenforce, but is reenforced in a haphazard way, making osteoblasts compensate with addition of weak, brittle bones that cannot completely compensate for the damage the osteoclasts have done."

paget's disease / drugs that suppress osteoclasts

allow BVs to "bridge" to central canals so blood can get deeper into bone "path for BVs to link osteons together, get blood deeper into the bone itself"

perforating canals

The _________________ is a fibrous membrane covering the outside of the bone that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.

periosteum

blood vessels and nerves can penetrate through the ___________ to feed/make exchanges bone tissue

periosteum

LBA: ________ covers the bone and has 2 layers; ________ lines the bone

periosteum; endosteum

__________ surrounds bone, EXCEPT for the articular cartilage of epiphyses. (_________ covers cartilage)

periosteum; perichondrium covers cartilage

inferior projection that forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

bone marking: raised marking

projection

the Spinous process of the vertebrae is an example of this bone feature:

projection

attachment point for tendons & ligaments "reenforce connections between tendons and ligaments"

projections

Bone Marking: Process

prominent bony projection

bone?

r/l palatine

compact bone ________ _________ and provides _________ _______.

resists compression; impact resistance

structure: houses pituitary gland

sella turcica (sphenoid)

bone marking: fovea

shallow pit

spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

A _________ bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness.

short

Bone Marking: Tubercle

small rounded projection

bone

sphenoid

bone?

sphenoid

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

sphenoid

In this kind of bone, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae

spongy

spongy bone maintains strong integrity of the epiphyses (due to ______) and _______

struts; lightens the load

structure?

styloid process

structure?

stylomastoid foramen

ID

subscapular fossa is a feature on the scapula bone, which is also known as the shoulder bone (or shoulder blade)

Name this opening of the sphenoid bone.

superior orbital fissure

structure

superior orbital fissure

Atlas (C1)

supports the head

ID

suprascapular notch

ID

supraspinous process of scapula

bone?

temporal

structure?

temporal mastoid process

structure?

temporal process of zygomatic bone

structure?

temporal styloid process

spongy bone is composed of ___________, struts aligned along stress lines (also can be found in <3)

trabeculae

Canaliculi give _____ ________ access to nutrients, so that they can stay alive despite being trapped in a solid matrix.

trapped osteocytes

T/F The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress

true

T/F: The bulk of flat bone is made from spongy bone

true

T/F: osteoclasts go through mitosis, but do not go through cytokinesis

true

bone marking: canal

tunnel through a bone

bone

vomer

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

vomer

bone?

zygomatic

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

zygomatic

structure?

zygomatic arch (zyg+temp)

structure?

zygomatic process (temporal bone)

structure

zygomatic process: a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma