bio

Ionic bonding

creates ions (+) (-) -complete transfer of electrons -bond between metals and nonmetals Na+ Cl- certain ionic compounds are soluble in water like salt, it doesn't dissolve in water it dissociates in water

Intermediate filaments are

the only filaments not involved in any motion

charged

+ or - ionic bonds

Intermediate Filaments Fibers wound into thicker cables

KERATINS, LAMINS, maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull) anchor nucleus and some other organelles

Gortel and Grendel 1925

Lipid Bilayer

Langmuir

Lipid monolayer

where is the Calcium store

Smooth ER In addition to storing calcium, the smooth ER also plays a role in detoxification and lipid synthesis.

Lumen of the RER

are newly manufactured proteins that undergo folding and other types of processing

Covalent Bond

between 2 nonmetals -no transfer of electrons -electrons are shared in bonding orbitals -both atoms have similar electronegativities -molecules that are largely covalent are not soluble in water (hydrophobic) FATS mostly C-C C=C C-H

lysosome

buds from golgi many hydrolytic enzymes (DNAase, RNAse, protease, Lipase) acidic internal environment

cyanobacteria gave rise to the

chloroplast

Polar Covalent

2 nonmetals -unequal sharing of electrons such that a dipole moment is created -intermediate differences in electronegativity -unequal electron cloud distribution -anything soluble in water is polar C-O C=O C-N

Actin filaments (Microfilaments) 2 coiled strands

ACTIN maintain cell shape by resisting tension(pull) move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling divide animal cells into 2 move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi, and animals

2 domains of prokaryotes are

Bacteria and Archaea

Non polar

Covalent bond (hydrophobic) NO O2

Chromatin composed of

DNA and Protein

What is the correct sequence for secreted protein movement through the endomembrane system? See Section 7.5 (Page 158) .

ER, cis-Golgi, trans-Golgi, vesicles Correct. Synthesized proteins move first to the RER, then through the Golgi for processing, and then travel to various destinations via vesicles.

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules.

Singer and Nicolson 1972

Fluid mosaic model

Prokaryotes are in the kingdom

Monera

Which answer is the best match between a specialized cell type and its subcellular structure? See Section 7.3 (Page 154) .

Muscle cells: packed with mitochondria Mitochondria produce the ATP required for sliding motion of muscle fibers to occur.

A by-product of peroxisomes

Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of their metabolic processes.

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

Phagocytosis occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle.

process of Pinocytosis

Pinocytosis is "cell drinking." the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid

Polar

Polar Covalent involve at least one O2

What path does a protein in the secretory pathway take, starting from its site of synthesis?

Proteins are synthesized in the rough ER, modified in the Golgi apparatus, and carried in secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they are secreted.

How are proteins transported to their correct location in the cell? See Section 7.5 (Page 158) .

Proteins contain molecular "zip codes" that allow them to be shipped to the correct cellular compartment. Correct. For example, proteins destined for the nucleus contain a nuclear localization signal, and other proteins contain an ER signal sequence.

ribosomes are composed

RNA and Protein

Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, stores, and packages products of the ER.

Robertson 1959

Unit Mmebrane SEM picture

axenome

a 9+2 structure a characteristic found in cilia and flagella in eukaryotes

Microfilaments

a component of the cytoskeleton

Microtubules Hollow tube

alpha, beta tubular dimers maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push) move cells via flagella or cilia move chromosomes during cell division assist formation of cell plate during plant cell division provide tracks for intracellular transport

SER

enzymes may synthesize lipids reservoir for Ca 2+ ions that can be released to trigger a wide array of activities in the cell

Basal Bodies

have the same identical structure as centrioles

Microtubules

hollow rods that shape and support the cell Play a role in organelle movement

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

into ... membranous vesicles

basal bodie

is identical in structure with a centriole, plays a central role int he growth of the adenoma.

Davson and Danielli 1935

lipid bilayer+plus proteins

Charles Overton 1980s

lipid nature membrane

alpha-proteobacteria gave rise to

mitochondria

Ribosomes are manufactured by the

nucleolus

Ribosomes are the site of

protein synthesis

these organelles manufactures proteins bound for secretion out of the cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum The ribosomes associated with the rough ER synthesize secretory proteins bound for the exterior of the cell. Further processing and packaging occurs in the Golgi apparatus.

proteins produced in the rough ER have many functions:

some act as membrane transport proteins or pumps some carry messages to other cells others catalyze reactions

Microfilaments Actin microfilaments

subunit ACTIN -motor protein is myosin -myosin head attached to actin -as actin subunit moves to the right, myosin becomes closer to the + end of the act subunit

Ribosomes in the RER

synthesize proteins

what does 9+2 arrangement mean

there are 9 microtubule pairs and 2 central microtubules

Nucleolus

where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured and the large and small subunits are assembled