Bio Ch 14

Bioprospecting

hunting for new organisms and new uses of old organisms

What are the most common types of animals? animals with backbones mammals humans insects and other invertebrates

insects and other invertebrates

The root -karyo means

kernel.

Which group of organisms includes species that can control or have strong influence over the activities of other organisms? Select all that apply. plants fungi mammals

mammals

After a long period of coevolution, the aerobic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the: endoplasmic reticulum. centriole. mitochondrion. nucleus. chloroplast.

mitochondrion.

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? ribosomes nucleus peroxisome nucleoid region capsule

nucleoid region

Most bacteria are likely harmless to humans, but the majority known are

pathogenic (Responsible for over 6 million deaths a year)

The root zoo- means

pertaining to animals.

The root myco- means

pertaining to fungi.

The root botan- means

pertaining to plants.

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. plasma membrane nucleoid region ribosome fimbriae cell wall

plasma membrane

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? protection DNA storage protein synthesis propulsion

protection

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized? ribosomes nucleus peroxisome nucleoid region capsule

ribosomes

The bacteria initially persist in the predatory cell because: the predator knows the bacteria will be useful later on. the predator was storing the bacteria temporarily, intending to digest them later. the predatory cell is unable to excrete them. the predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria.

the predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria.

Zoology is

the study of animals.

Botany is

the study of plants.

Most prokaryotes are

unicellular (Cocci, Baccilli, Spirilla)

Biopiracy

using the knowledge of the native people in developing countries to discover compounds for use in developed countries

Taq Polymerase

was discovered in Octopus Spring by Dr. Thomas Brock from Univ. Wisconsin

The root in- means

without.

Animalia

~1.3 million described species, with ~35 phyla recognized No cell wall - they have an extracellular matrix

Plantae

~280,000 species known and evolved from Green Algae EX: (Coleochaete, a simple charophycean/Chara, an elaborate charophycean) Plants have been present for over 400 mya, and evolution is marked by increasingly effective adaptations to land

Gymnosperms

- Cone bearing plants that resemble the first seed bearing plants

Angiosperms

- Flowering plants and the most specious group

Angiosperms

- Key innovation is the flower In angiosperms, we can see coevolution (two species in a relationship evolving adaptations to each other)

Microbiology

- The study of microorganisms

Pteridophytes

- Vascular plants that use spores to reproduce (Tree Fern and Club moss)

Antibiotics:

- a chemical that kills or disables bacteria

Mycelium

- a network or mass of filaments below ground that makes up the feeding body

Heterotrophs

- all animals get their carbon and energy by ingesting other animals (Three-toed Box Turtle ingesting a leaf and a strawberry)

Vertebrates

- animals with a backbone, only about 50,000 species

Multicellular

- in most cases body cells form tissues that become arranged as organs and organ systems

Invertebrates

- lack a backbone and account for 92% of the species (Earthworm and Jellyfish)

Microbes

- microscopic organism, especially Bacteria and Archaea (Escherichia coli, streptomyces griseus, halobacterium)

Bryophytes

- non vascular plants that use spores to reproduce (Moss)

Reproductive structure

- the mushroom produces tiny cells called spores in these structures

Hyphae

- the single filaments that make up the mycelium or sporocarp

Ecology

- the study of an organism and it's interaction with other organisms

Mycology

- the study of fungus

First Eukaryotes

-Tappania and Dikinsonia (2.1 bya)

Four eons in the geological record:

1) Hadean: The formation of the Earth (before 4.6 bya) 2) Archaean: The oldest known fossils of cells (prokaryotes) appear about 3.5 bya 3) Proterozoic: First Eukaryotes - Tappania and Dikinsonia (2.1 bya) 4) Phanerozoic: Consists of three Eras: Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

Three main types of Protists:

1) Animal-like (Ingestion) 2) Fungus-like (Absorptive) 3) Plant-like (Photosynthetic)

Plants can be harmful:

1) Carnivorous 2) Toxins (Poison ivy) 3) Parasitism (Mistletoe, Indian pipe)

Adaptations for life of land:

1) Moisture (Cuticle, Stomata and guard guard cells) 2) Obtaining resources (Plant roots provide anchorage and absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil) and (Stems provide structural support and may perform photosynthesis) and (Leaves perform photosynthesis) and (Stomata are tiny pores on leaves which allows diffusion of CO2 and O2 into the leaf) 3) Support structures (Cell wall is a relatively rigid structure that encloses the cells and gives them their shape and limits their expansion) 4) Reproductive strategies (The life cycles of all plants involve the alteration of generations)

Plants can be beneficial:

1) Primary producers 2) Carbon and oxygen cycle (Photosynthesis) 3) Medicinal uses (aspirin)

Domain Eukarya- "Four" Kingdoms:

1) The Protists 2) Fungi 3) Plantae 4) Animalia

The number of species described by science is between...

1.4 and 1.8 million

some scientist estimate that there is up to ______ million prokaryotic species that have not been described

100

During which 50-year period did the number of taxonomic orders increase most rapidly?

1750-1800

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad? 256 2048 32 8

256

According to the fossil record, approximately how many years ago did life begin on Earth? 250,000 3.6 billion 12.4 million 6000

3.6 billion

What total number of species on Earth can be estimated from the numbers of currently identified species? 2.4 million 1.3 million 8.7 million 5.9 million

8.7 million

Where would the greatest biodiversity be most evident? A multiple-acre pine tree farm A refuge for wild horses An apple orchard A 50-acre region of undisturbed rainforestA 50-acre region of undisturbed rainforest

A 50-acre region of undisturbed rainforest

What is observed in the fossil record? A. Rise and fall of groups of organisms B. Steady increase in the groups of organisms C. Nothing really important D. Humans have been around for billions of years

A. Rise and fall of groups of organisms

In animals, an extraembryonic membrane, called the _________, contains fluid that surrounds and protects the developing embryo. A. Amnion B. Allantois C. Chorion D. Yolk sac

A. Amnion

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Cnidarians? A. Cnidocytes B. No tissues C. Consists of true segments D. Ecdysis

A. Cnidocytes

Match the Example with the scientific assertion Humans are not a unique form of life.

All living organisms share a common ancestor, as evidenced by the commonality of DNA and ribosomes.

Chordates - Classes Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia are

Amniotes

Match the Example with the scientific assertion The group of organisms humans belong to is relatively small.

Animals with backbones make up only 4% of all animal species.

Match the Example with the scientific assertion Humans did not invent most drugs used to treat disease.

Antibiotics are prevalent in bacteria and fungi, whereas other drugs are derived from plants

Match the Example with the scientific assertion Humans are not the most common species on Earth.

As many as 8.7 million species are believed to exist today.

What evolutionary milestone is shown in the figure? A. Bacteria evolving into archaea B. Prokaryotes evolving into eukaryotes C. Protists evolving into animals D. Algae evolving into plants

B. Prokaryotes evolving into eukaryotes

Why is it so difficult for scientists to know how many species have already been described? A. Scientific journals do not publish accounts of new species B. There isn't one location for cataloguing all species C. Scientists are too busy testing hypotheses to investigate the number of species of Earth D. Many species are microscopic, so they are difficult to study

B. There isn't one location for cataloguing all species

What type of environment would you find a protozoan? A. Terrestrial B. Aquatic C. Air D. A and B E. A, B and C F. None of the above

B. Aquatic

All Fungi are ... A. Symbiotic B. Heterotrophic C. Flagellated D. Pathogenic E. Decomposers

B. Heterotrophic

The feeding body of a fungus is termed ... A. Sporocarp B. Hyphae C. Mycelium D. Arbuscules

B. Hyphae

A temporary projection from the cell of an amoeboid protozoan, and used for feeding and locomotion are termed ... A. Flagella B. Pseudopodia C. Cillia

B. Pseudopodia

Different phyla of fungi are distinguished from each other by what trait? A. Their methods of obtaining food B. The way they form spores C. The type of hyphae they form D. The type of antibiotics they produce

B. The way they form spores

With the evolution of ____, plants were able to grow taller. A. Seeds B. Vascular tissue C. Flowers D. Photosynthesis

B. Vascular tissue

Organisms that absorb nutrients from non-living organic material and converts them to inorganic form

Bacteria act as decomposers

The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

C

Which of the following is not a way that Bacteria differ from Archaeans? A. One type of RNA polymerase in Bacteria, many in Archaeans B. Cell wall composition C. Archaeans do not respond to antibiotics D. Plasma membrane

C. Archaeans do not respond to antibiotics

What is the primary mode of reproduction observed in prokaryotes? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Binary fission D. None of the above

C. Binary fission

Why are companies particularly interested in bioprospecting? A. Companies hope to become famous for discovering a new species. B. Companies hope to make more students interested in taxonomy. C. Companies hope to discover a species that contains an enzyme or another protein that can be marketed. D. Companies hope to discover how life on Earth began.

C. Companies hope to discover a species that contains an enzyme or another protein that can be marketed.

Paleozoic

Cambrian Explosion - Sudden increase in the phyla Ordovician Period - colonization of land by plants, fungi, and animals Silurian Period - Early vascular plants Devonian period - "Age of Fish" - bony fish diversify Carboniferous period - origin of reptiles and 1st seed plants Permian period - Radiation of reptiles and most present day insects

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? Cell wall Capsule Nucleoid Flagella

Capsule

The Protists

Catch all group of organisms making this a very diverse group of organisms (~60,000 known species) Found in aquatic environments (fresh, salt and body fluids) Locomotion by: 1) Flagella, 2) Pseudopodia, or 3) Cilia A diverse metabolism, but not as diverse as prokaryotes... There are several kinds of photosynthetic protists that some biologists consider to be algae (alga singular) Protists can be pathogenic (kissing bug) Protists can be be economically important (Brown algae: a kelp forest)

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which eukaryotic organelle descended from a prokaryotic cell? Chloroplast Ribosome Nucleus Golgi apparatus

Chloroplast

Basidiomycota

Club Fungus (Rusts and Smuts)

What evidence best supports an evolutionary classification? Comparing adult anatomy Comparing cell structures Comparing DNA Comparing fossils

Comparing DNA

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

D

What organelles do Prokaryotes lack? A. Nucleus B. Mitochondria C. Ribosomes D. A and B E. A, B and C

D. A and B

Which of the following is characteristic of Eukaryotes? A. Nuclear envelope B. Ribosomes C. Peptidoglycan D. A and B E. A, B and C

D. A and B

Which of the following is a benefit of plants? A. Primary producers B. Medicinal uses C. Cyclic cycle D. A and B E. A, B and C

D. A and B

Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish? Select all that apply. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives. The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. Fossil evidence shows there have always been four-limbed animals on Earth. Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos.

DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives. The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos.

Which of the following are adaptations of plants that allow for colonization of land? A. Leaves B. Cuticle C. Xylem D. A and B E. A, B and C

E. A, B and C

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Mollusca? A. Mesoglea B. Gastrovascular cavity C. Chitin D. Calcium carbonate endoskeleton E.Radula

E. Radula

Vertebrates-Chordates have four main characters

Embryonic Characters: 1) Notochord 2) Dorsal Hollow nerve cord 3) Post anal tail 4) Pharyngeal slits

All members in Eukarya are

Eukaryotes- Typically much larger than prokaryotes Some unicellular, some are multicellular Mitosis (in many species meiosis) occurs

Humans are the most evolved species on the planet. True False

False

True or False: A virus is considered a living thing because it contains genetic material and reproduces in a host cell.

False

Siphonostele

Ferns have a pith in the center of their stems, surrounded by a cylinder containing the vascular tissue.

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. Flagella Ribosomes Mitochondria Fimbriae Cell walls

Fimbriae

Match the Example with the scientific assertion Human civilization is not possible without the presence of certain other groups of organisms.

Flowering plants are arguably the most important group of organisms on land, providing the basis for human agriculture.

Aspergillosis

Fungi can cause disease

Domain Archaea differs from Domain Bacteria in many fundamental ways

Habitat is typically much more extreme in Archaeans Differ in cell wall composition Unlike bacteria they do not response to antibiotics Bacteria only have one kind of RNA polymerase, while Archaeans have several kinds (like Eukarya)

Viruses must be considered as they interact with living organisms

Infectious intracellular parasite composed of a strand of genetic information and a protein coating - must have a host to reproduce

What specific characteristics would identify a newly discovered organism as a prokaryote? It is unicellular and lacks a nucleus for the DNA. It is microscopic and grows in small colonies. It is unicellular and has DNA as genetic material. It has a cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles.

It is unicellular and lacks a nucleus for the DNA.

Invertebrates - Nematoda (Roundworms)

Key Characters: 1) Bilateral symmetry 2) Cuticle 3) Ecdysis 4) Distinct sexes

Invertebrates - Echinoderms (urchins, sea stars)

Key Characters: 1) Body made of Calcium Carbonate 2) Water Vascular System

Invertebrates - Arthropoda (insects, millipedes, centipedes)

Key Characters: 1) Jointed appendages 2) Exoskeleton 3) Nervous system 4) Sensory organs

Chordates - Amphibia

Key Characters: 1) "two lives" 2) Moist skin 3) Three chamber heart Frogs and Toads (~4200 species)

Chordates - Mammalia

Key Characters: 1) Amniote 2) Endotherms 3) Hair 4) Mammary glands 5) Distinct sexes 6) Enlarged brain Monotremes- only mammals to lay eggs

Chordates - Reptilia

Key Characters: 1) Amniote 2) Waterproof skin 3) Internal fertilization 4) Conservation of water 5) Ectothermy

Chordates - Aves

Key Characters: 1) Amniote (eggs) 2) Feathers 3) Unique bone structure 4) Parental care 5) Endothermy

Invertebrates - Porifera (Sponges)

Key Characters: 1) Asymmetrical 2) No true tissues 3) No organs 4) Hermaphroditic

Invertebrates- Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Key Characters: 1) Bilateral symmetry 2) Cephalization 3) Simple organ systems

Invertebrates - Mollusca (clams, octopus, squid)

Key Characters: 1) Mantle 2) Foot 3) Radula 4) Open circulatory system

Invertebrates - Cnidaria (Jellyfish)

Key Characters: 1) Radial symmetry 2) Gastrovascular cavity 3) Cnidocytes 4) Nerve net

Invertebrates- Annelida (Segmented worms)

Key Characters: 1) True Segments 2) Closed circulatory system

Which organelle appears to be a descendant of free-living bacteria? Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Ribosome

Mitochondrion

Fungi

More animal like than plant life (heterotroph) Like Fungi decomposing a log. Animalia 100,000 species of Fungi Unique body structure and modes of reproduction

Which statement best describes the relationship between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? No evolutionary relationship exists between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Of the two prokaryotic groups, one has a much closer evolutionary relationship with eukaryotes. Modern eukaryotic groups (plants, fungi, protists, and animals) evolved separately from a unique group of prokaryotes. All prokaryotes are very similar to each other and are more complex than eukaryotic cells.

Of the two prokaryotic groups, one has a much closer evolutionary relationship with eukaryotes.

Match the Example with the scientific assertion Our ability to learn about the natural world does provide us an advantage over many species, especially if we use this advantage wisely.

Our knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships among species can help us predict the traits of previously unknown species.

Ascomycota

Sac Fungi (Yeast and Truffle)

Which is true about modern biodiversity? Systematists are biologists who name and classify newly discovered species. Scientists have few ideas about how to determine the number of species that exist on Earth. The rate of discovery of new animal phyla is speeding up. The current mix of species on Earth has remained relatively unchanged over the history of life.

Systematists are biologists who name and classify newly discovered species.

Cenozoic

Tertiary period - Mammals, birds, and flowering plants diversify Quaternary period - Most modern organisms

What is adaptive radiation? The ability of a species to survive in all environments The beneficial interaction between two or more different species The diversification of one or a few species into a varied group of descendant species The development of specialized features in a particular species

The diversification of one or a few species into a varied group of descendant species

Match the Example with the scientific assertion Humans are a relatively young species, evolving late in the history of life compared with bacteria.

The first organisms were prokaryotes, which evolved at least 3.6 billion years ago

How are new species categorized by the scientific community? The process of describing and categorizing new species is performed by systematists. Pharmaceutical companies are responsible for naming new species related to their products. Amateur naturalists may propose a new species at any time. Agricultural firms must categorize plants discovered in their fields.

The process of describing and categorizing new species is performed by systematists.

How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur? There was no transition. Fish and tetrapods have always existed as they are today. The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms. The transition occurred in a few big steps, so there are very few intermediate forms. The transition occurred in one big step, so there are no intermediate forms.

The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms.

Biodiversity

The variation of life forms within given ecosystem, biome or from the entire Earth

Which of the following statements are supported by the data in these graphs? There are slightly more than 30 phyla of animals identified by scientists. The greatest number of new genera were identified in the period from 1800-1850.There are no more animal phyla left to discover. The number of orders of animals eventually identified by scientists is expected to be close to 510. There are more orders than genera of animals.

There are slightly more than 30 phyla of animals identified by scientists. The number of orders of animals eventually identified by scientists is expected to be close to 510

Systematics

There is some disagreement about the total number of species, which stems from the method of storing and cataloguing known species

Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods? They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 530 million years ago, when the first fish appear in the fossil record. They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record. They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in volcanic rocks older than 530 million years ago, when the first fish appear in the fossil record. They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in volcanic rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.

They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.

Levels of Classification

Three Domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in? Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp. Tiktaalik lived in a shallow, marine environment. Tiktaalik lived on dry, rocky slopes. Tiktaalik lived in cold, artic tundra.

Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.

Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth? Select all that apply. To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. It is just a matter of time before we find them all. Rocks contain the history of all life, if you know where to look. Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.

To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.

What is a transitional fossil? A transitional fossil is in the middle of a direct lineage stretching from ancient forms to organisms alive today. Transitional fossils only existed for a short period of time. Transitional fossils were poorly adapted to their environments. Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.

Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.

Mesozoic

Triassic period - Gymnosperms dominant plant; Dinosaurs evolve; origin of mammals Jurassic period - Dinosaurs and Gymnosperms are abundant Cretaceous period - Angiosperms appear and at the end of this period Dinosaurs go extinct

True or False: Common ancestors, or points of species divergence, are represented on a "tree of life" by nodes where branching occurs.

True

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.

True

Zygomycota

Zygote Fungi (Fungi on fruit and bread)

A(n) eukaryote is

a cell that contains a nucleus.

Which of the following is a tetrapod? Select all that apply. a mammal an amphibian a reptile a bird a fish

a mammal an amphibian a reptile a bird

A(n) animal is

a multicellular organism that must consume other organisms to survive and is motile for at least part of its life cycle.

Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics? Select all that apply. scales a neck fins with fin rays interlocking ribs flat head with eyes on top

a neck interlocking ribs flat head with eyes on top

A(n) mycologist is

a scientist who studies fungi.

Which characteristic is unique to humans? large population size ability to modify the environment ability to live independently as both single-celled and multicellular individuals ability to use the scientific method to understand the world

ability to use the scientific method to understand the world

A(n) invertebrate is

an animal that lacks a backbone.

The root anima- means

breath or soul.

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell? capsule fimbriae cell wall flagella nucleoid region

cell wall

After a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the: chloroplast. nucleus. mitochondrion. endoplasmic reticulum. centriole.

chloroplast.

Endosymbiotic theory

developed by Lynn Margulis (1981) to explain the evolution of eukaryotes