BIO CH 3

hydrolysis/ CATABOLISM

"to split water" `"breaking polymers into monomers" `polymers are broken down into monomers in this process; a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakdown. During these reactions, the polymer is broken into two components: one part gains a hydrogen atom (H+) and the other gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH-) from a split water molecule.

dehydration synthesis/ ANABOLISM

(condensation) "to put together while losing water" `"building monomers into polymers" `when monomers release water molecules as byproducts (the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer)

chemical formula for glucose and description

C6H12O6 `used for energy in body. `isomeric monosaccharides (hexoses); glucose is an aldose

dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or "sped up," by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. These reactions are similar for most macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific for its class.

what role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. This creates an opening in the outer shells of atoms in the monomers, which can share electrons and form covalent bonds.

monosaccharides

`(mono- = "one"; sacchar- = "sweet") are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose. `the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven `most end with the suffix -ose

biological macromolecules

`large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. `they are organic, meaning they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements.

Carbohydrates

`provide the body with energy. `3 subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides `the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules.

polysaccharides

`when monosacc- join together to form long chains (that may be straight or narrated) EX: starch `does not show a reaction in Benedict's reagent because of the # of free aldehyde groups

disaccharide

`when two monosacc- are joined together. `form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (also known as a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis)

four major classes of biological macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

polymers

monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules

monomers

single subunits, or building blocks

metabolism define and =

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life; both breaking down and building up. metabolism --> catabolism + anabolism