Bio - Ch 46 Learning Curve

An examination of geologic processes that drive the long-term carbon cycle shows that: A) more carbon is moved from the atmosphere into geologic reservoirs than is released from geologic reservoirs into the atmosphere. B) less carbon is moved from the atmosphere into geologic reservoirs than is released from geologic reservoirs into the atmosphere. C) the same amount of carbon is moved from the atmosphere into geologic reservoirs as the amount released from geologic reservoirs into the atmosphere.

A

Consider the levels of atmospheric CO2 shown in the graph. Why isn't the point for CO2 concentration the same for April 2015 and April 2016? A) There is a continual rise from one year to the next in CO2 levels on the planet. B) Respiration levels remain constant over time, but there is variation in the amount of CO2 produced through respiration. C) There is variation in the instruments that collect CO2 data. D) There are seasonal fluctuations in CO2 levels during different seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.

A

If we were able to restore the forests in the Northern Hemisphere that have been clear-cut in the past 300 years, what changes to the data shown in the graph would you expect? A) The year-to-year oscillation in CO2 levels would be more pronounced in that more CO2 could be absorbed each season. B) The oscillation would increase because respiration levels would increase. C) There would be no change in atmospheric CO2 levels because the amount released to the atmosphere is too great to be absorbed through photosynthesis.

A

Researchers are measuring Earth's atmospheric CO2 levels, gathering data on CO2 levels in northern and then southern hemispheres. What do you expect that they will find? A) Because atmospheric CO2 measurements represent global amounts, measurements in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere will be approximately the same. B) Atmospheric CO2 measurements will be greater in the Southern Hemisphere. C) Atmospheric CO2 measurements will be greater in the Northern Hemisphere.

A

The carbon and nitrogen cycles are related to one another because: A) All of these choices are correct. B) both are required to make the primary biological molecules (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and sugars). C) both are liberated into the environment when organisms decompose. D) microorganisms have important roles in the cycling of each.

A

Botanists are comparing the metabolic pathways for photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and redwood trees. What do you expect that they will find? A) These two pathways will utilize two chemically different types of chlorophyll. B) These two pathways will actually be quite similar, though subtle differences may exist. C) These two pathways will demonstrate dramatic differences. D) It is impossible to compare metabolic pathways used in bacteria and eukaryotes.

B

By eating primary producers, primary consumers are able to obtain _____ for making nucleic acids. A) oxygen B) phosphorous C) magnesium D) glucose

B

Energy flow through ecosystems can be depicted using a(n): A) food web. B) trophic pyramid. C) ecosystem. D) food chain. E) Calvin cycle.

B

Many organisms make up a food web. If snakes are removed from the food web, then: A) tertiary consumers will eat fewer birds. B) tertiary consumer population sizes will decrease. C) small mammal populations will decrease. D) primary productivity will increase.

B

The _____ cycle deals with geological processes and carbon reservoirs, some of which have been built up or take place over a period of millennia. In contrast, the _____ cycle involves biological processes that are carried out on a daily and/or seasonal basis. A) short-term carbon; rapid carbon B) long-term carbon; short-term carbon C) short-term carbon; long-term carbon D) long-term carbon; intermediate carbon

B

The majority of carbon stored in abiotic reservoirs is in the form of: A) CO2. B) CaCO3. C) C6H12O6. D) CH4. E) H2CO3.

B

A team of scientists studying a material have determined that 12C, 13C, and 14C occur in the material in a ratio of 1000:10:1. How did they most likely differentiate between these forms of carbon? A) by the number of protons in 12C, 13C, and 14C B) by the number of electrons in 12C, 13C, and 14C C) by the number of neutrons in 12C, 13C, and 14C D) by the number of positrons in 12C, 13C, and 14C E) by the biomasses of 12C, 13C, and 14C

C

Examining the relationship between primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers is one way to track the flow of _____ through a system. A) energy contained in fossil fuels B) energy contained in proteins C) energy contained in organic compounds D) energy in the form of heat

C

Following the 10% rule for energy moving through a trophic pyramid, an increase of 10% at the level of primary producer would increase the biomass supported in the secondary producer trophic level by: A) 10% B) 1% C) 0.1% D) 0.01%

C

If all volcanic activity were to stop tomorrow, there would be a _____ reduction in carbon flux into the atmosphere. A) 33% B) 66% C) 99%

C

In which period shown on the figure would you expect glacial ice to be the lowest? A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic

C

Photosynthesis and respiration both play a major role in the _____ carbon cycle and can affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a seasonal or annual basis. A) None of the other answer options is correct. B) long-term C) short-term

C

The equation CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2 takes into account which of these processes associated with the long-term carbon cycle? A) volcanism B) subduction C) chemical weathering D) plate tectonics E) bacteria-based oxidation

C

Which of these relationships best depicts the amount of carbon stored in the atmosphere, sedimentary rocks, living organisms, and soil? A) soil < living organisms < sedimentary rocks < the atmosphere B) the atmosphere < soil < living organisms < sedimentary rocks C) living organisms < the atmosphere < soil < sedimentary rocks D) soil < the atmosphere < sedimentary rocks < living organisms E) sedimentary rocks < soil < living organisms < the atmosphere

C

A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies are known together as a(n): A) species. B) population. C) community. D) ecosystem.

D

Consider the figure shown. Which organism would have the least effect if removed from the food web? A) fox B) grasshopper C) duck D) raccoon

D

Imagine that a research team has discovered a leaf fossil from the Cambrian Period that is 500 million years old. They notice that the leaf had very few stomata compared to present-day leaves. What does this tell the researchers about atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cambrian Period? A) Atmospheric CO2 levels are not correlated with numbers of stomata. B) Atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cambrian Period were equal to present-day levels. C) Atmospheric CO2 levels were lower during the Cambrian Period than today. D) Atmospheric CO2 levels were higher during the Cambrian Period than today.

D

Which of the statements explains how an oxygen-rich atmosphere became possible on Earth? A) Photosynthetic organisms have existed on earth longer than heterotrophs. B) The number of plants is greater than the number of animals. C) Rates of carbon fixation and respiration are equal. D) Rates of oxygen consumption are lower than rates of photosynthesis.

D

Which of the statements is true regarding chemical weathering? A) It plays a major role in the short-term carbon cycle. B) It releases CO2 into the atmosphere. C) It relies on the acid SiO2. D) It contributes to the accumulation of CaCO3 in oceans. E) It relies on bacteria to break down rocks.

D

To some extent, Earth's surface reflects solar radiation (in the form of heat), which is subsequently absorbed by certain _____ gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and CO2. A) inert B) absorbent C) None of the answer options is correct. D) heavy E) greenhouse

E

Which of the answer choices would not be expected to affect primary production? A) sunlight B) water C) nutrients D) biomass of producers E) biomass of primary consumers

E

If all of the tertiary consumers were removed from an environment, the associated food web, and thus the carbon cycle, would collapse. true/false

false

Most phosphorus on the planet is found in living organisms. true/false

false

Charles Keeling's work demonstrated that, over the last five decades, atmospheric CO2 levels have increased. True/false

true

The evolution of biodiversity on the planet can be linked to patterns in the carbon cycle over time. true/false

true

The long-term and short-term carbon cycles are connected by the fact that some of the carbon contained in C6H12O6 (or other organic molecules) in plants is incorporated into sedimentary rocks or oil; carbon in sedimentary rock and oil is not immediately cycled back to the atmosphere. true/false

true