BIO CH 51

which of the following is true about imprinting? A. it may be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli B. it happens to many adult animals, not to their young C. it is a type of learning that does not involve innate behavior D. it occurs only in birds E. it causes behaviors that last for only a short time (sensitive period)

A

During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations? A. The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. B. the first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation C. the first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not D. both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion

B

Females are typically larger and more ornamented than males where ___ occurs A. monogamy B. polyandry C. polygamy D. polygyny

B

Karl von Frisch demonstrated that European honeybees communicate the location of a distant food source by A. emanating minute amounts of stimulus phermone B. performing a long, straight run during a waggle dance C. varying wing vibration frequency D. performing a short, straight run during a waggle dance E. performing a round dance with fast rotations

B

Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior? A. the dog has been classically conditioned B. the dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning C. the dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern D. the dog is trying to protect its territory

B

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by ___ A. vibrating its wings at varying frequencies B. performing a round dance C. performing a waggle dance D. visual cues

B

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of .25? A. a father to his daughter B. an uncle to his nephew C. a brother to his brother D. a sister to her brother

B

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by A. observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior B. listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song C. listening to a song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species D. performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species

B

female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating and egg laying, leave the clutch of young with the male to incubate. this sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. which best describes this behavior? A. monogamy B. polyandry C. promiscuity D. polygyny

B

learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called A. cognition B. classical conditioning C. operant conditioning D. trial and error E. concept formation

B

research has shown that nocturnal animals navigate using A. olfactory cues B. the North Star C. the moon D. landmarks E. gravity

B

which of the following shows the adaptive significance of cognition mapping to animals that employ this type of learning? A. it increases the ability to visually recognize landmarks B. cognitive maps reduce the amount of detail required to remember the location of an object in the animal's environment C. animals can locate essential locations by planning and memorizing getaway routes D. animals can determine their position relative to landmarks by a triangulation

B

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because A. sandhill crane paretns did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs B. the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers" C. none of the fosted whooping cranes formed a mating pair bond with another whooping crane D. sandhill crane paretns rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation

C

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey? A. Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes B. Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social C. Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent D. Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them

C

a female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. what is a proximate cause of this increased urination? A. it announces to the males that she is in heat B. female cats that did this in the past attracted more males C. it is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle D. the female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats E. all options are ultimate causes

C

circannual rhythms in bird are influenced by A. periods of food availability B. reproductive readiness C. periods of daylight and darkness D. magnetic fields E. lunar cycles

C

every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his tropical fish. after a few weeks, the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. this is an example of A. cognition B. imprinting C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning E. maturation

C

if mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, it would indicate which of the following? A. a defective gene B. trial-and-error learning C. a misdirected response to a sign stimulus D. a natural behavior variation in the mayfly population E. aberrant behavior due to insecticide poisoning

C

some dogs love attention, and fred the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. what describes this behavior? A. the dog is performing a social behavior B. the dog has been classically conditioned C. the dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning D. the dog is trying to protect its territory

C

the behavior of most animals is influenced by periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. fiddler crabs' courtship behaviors are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2 day cycle of the moon. what is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues? A. the fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual so individuals need light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays B. egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days C. by courting at full and new moons. fiddler crabs link their reproduction to times of highest tides that disperse larvae to safer, deeper waters D. the algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism blooms on a monthly cycle, so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their life E. it takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity

C

what is the fitness benefit of polygamy in birds that rear precocious young? A. females will copulate with many males to ensure that all of their eggs are fetilized B. females dont have to decide on one mate, and can copulate with as many males as she deems worthy to share her genes with in reproduction C. fit males dont have to help feed and rear young and can spend time seeking and mating with many females D. females dont have to spend time rearing young and can mate and rear additional broods during a breeding season E. both male and females spend little time with courtship and brood-rearing and dont tax their own physiology so they can breed again in subsequent breeding seasons

C

which of the following is most likely associated with the evolution of mating systems? A. population density B. territoriality C. sexual dimorphism D. certainty of paternity

C

Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called __ A. autotrophy B. heterotrophy C. search scavenging D. optimal foraging

D

a guinea pig loves the lettuce kept in the refrigerator and squeals each time the refrigerator door opens. what term best applies to this behavior? A. sign stimulus B. cognition C. imprinting D. classical conditioning E. operant conditioning

D

among songbirds, a "crystallized" song is one that A. is beyond the range of human hearing B. is perfected by juveniles C. extremely young chicks sing D. is a perfected species-specific song E. warns of predators

D

imagine you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. the best way to proceed is A. observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits B. perform within population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. do this in the lab and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior C. bring animals into the lab and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate D. perform within population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. raise the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring E. all of these

D

in the evolution of whelk-eating behavior in crows, which of the following was optimized through natural selection? A. the average size of the shells dropped by the birds B. the average thickness of the shells dropped by the birds C. the average number of drops required to break the shell D. the average total energy used to break shells E. the average height a bird flew to drop a shell

D

the central concept of sociobiology is that A. human behavior is rigidly predetermined B. the behavior of an individual cannot be modified C. human behavior consists mainly of fixed action patterns D. most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis E. the social behavior of humans is homologous to the social behavior of other animals

D

animal communication involves what type of sensory information? A. visual B. auditory C. olfactory D. tactile E. visual, olfactory, auditory, and tactile

E

the "fru" gene in fruit flies A. controls sex-specific development in the fruit fly B. is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many genes C. can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors D. programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors E. all are correct

E

optimal foraging

animals won't spend 500 calories getting food worth 20 calories

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?

auditory

a mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell

imprinting

a human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly the first time it is breast feed

innate learning

through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to get a food reward

operant conditioning

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

visual

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior? A. copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it B. the sound from the earphone irritates the males, causing them to attempt to sting it C. the reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic D. through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation

A

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual _ A. addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire B. elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year C. renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors D. crystallization of subsong into adult songs

A

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually A. olfactory and auditory B. tactile and visual C. visual and auditory D. visual and olfactory

A

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection? A. By his/ her reactions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. B. The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior. C. Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. D. Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

A

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey? A. Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. B. Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. C. Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. D. Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes

A

Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior? A. The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population B. The total of all the behavioral display, both male and female, is related to courtship C. The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on. D. The evolutionary "game" is played between predator and prey. The prey evolves a behavior in response to the nature of the predatory behavior.

A

a cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, playing the sound of a female mosquito. all the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through copulation steps. whats the best behavioral explanation? A. copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it B. the reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has the slightest female characteristic C. through classical conditioning, the males have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation D. the sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquito causing them to attempt to sting it

A

a salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. what term best applies to this behavior? A. imprinting B. classical conditioning C. sign stimulus D. cognition E. operant conditioning

A

fred and joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another, fred is courting a female. fred grunts as joe comes near. as joe continues to advance, fred begins drumming and bares his teeth. joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. this is repeated several times through mating season. what's the most specific behavior? A. agonistic behavior B. territorial behavior C. learned behavior D. social behavior E. fixed action pattern

A

parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. what term best applies to this behavior? A. sign stimulus B. cognition C. imprinting D. classical conditioning E. operant conditioning

A

which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause? A. a female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing only slightly each day B. a goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator C. a cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition D. a male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position

A

which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that moths stop flying in response to high intensity bat sounds? A. play pre-recorded high intensity bat sounds to flying moths B. isolate and characterize the neurons that control flight muscle C. put bats and moths in an enclosure and makes detailed observations of predator-prey interactions D. observe responses of moths to bats in nature

A

which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection? A. in each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes B. the behavior varies among individuals C. an individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed D. some component of the behavior is genetically inherited E. an individual's genotype influences its behavioral phenotype

A

one way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. if the curly-whiskered rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive, how would you set up a cross -fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression? A. cross the curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive B. place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. then you would compare the outcomes C. remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environments, and compare the outcomes D. see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression E. replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response

B

pair bonding in population of prairie voles can be prevented by A. the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles B. administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the CNs of males C. administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles D. dying the coat color from brown to blonde in either male of female prairie voles E. allowing the population size to reach critically low levels

B

the presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that A. aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals B. genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes C. companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other D. critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection E. natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants

B

upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foaging members of the prairie dog community. what behavior is this? A. agonistic behavior B. altruistic behavior C. innate behavior D. imprinting

B

what is the normal imprinting stimulus to a hatchling graylag goose? A. an image of a model of an adult grayleg goose B. a nearby object that is moving away C. recognition of its biological mother D. any other adult of its own species E. any human

B

which might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging? A. prey defenses B. all the options are correct C. risk of predation D. prey size E. prey density

B

the color of throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards is determined by A. frequency of homozygous recessive genotype B. ambient temperature - blue = cold, orange = normal, yellow = hot C. stage of development/maturity D. their receptiveness to mate E. the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat color phenotypes

E

which of the following statements is true about certainty of paternity? A. young or eggs laid by a female are likely to contain the same genes as another female's eggs in a population of birds B. certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the acts of mating and birth are separated by time C. males that guard females they have mated with are certain of their paternity D. certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization E. paternal behavior exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection

E