BIO CH13

Which domains identify organisms that have prokaryotic cells?

Archaea and Bacteria

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

Disruptive selection

_____ favors phenotypes at both ends of a range over intermediate phenotypes. This type of selection may occur when the habitat is varied.

Disruptive selection

Which one of the following was an assumption of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support.

While on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin was strongly influenced by this book.

Principles of Geology

Similarity resulting from common ancestry is known as ________.

homology

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more _____ than other members of a population.

offspring

In sexual selection, individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates than other individuals. This often results in _____, differences between the sexes in size, appearance, and behavior.

sexual dimorphism

What is the term used to indicate apparent physical differences between males and females of the same species beyond the obvious differences in reproductive organs?

sexual dimorphism

The average birth weight of human babies has remained within the range of approximately 6.5 to 9 lbs. over many generations. This is the result of __________.

stabilizing selection

Natural selection is best described as __________.

differential (unequal) survival and reproduction

The ______ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.

diversity

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.

flipper

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their _____ and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

inherited traits

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called __________.

natural selection

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called ______.

natural selection

Natural selection __________.

relies on variation among individuals in a population

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the _____ of life.

unity

According to current evolutionary theory, which of the following is true?

Populations are the units of evolution.

Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image? It's got the teradactal bone structure.

A - the cat one. The digits of a cat are homologous to those of these whale bones.

Which of the following is a consequence of natural selection?

Evolution

How did Dr. Allison test his hypothesis that sickle cell disease was connected to malaria?

He expanded his study area beyond Kenya to the rest of East Africa to see if malaria and sickle disease were connected. He evaluated blood samples for malaria parasites and the presence of sickle cells. Dr. Allison gathered blood samples from more than 5,000 children in East Africa. He analyzed the samples to identify malaria parasites and sickle cells. He found that children carrying the sickle cell character (or trait) had a lower parasite count, as if they were partially protected against malaria.

How does Dr. Allison's work provide an example of natural selection in humans?

In areas without malaria, individuals with two sickle cell alleles reproduced at lower rates than those without sickle cell disease. In areas with malaria, individuals with one sickle cell allele reproduced at higher rates than those with no sickle cell alleles.

In some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies?

Individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population.

Back in the fossil field, you have discovered many fossils that are similar to Neko borgus. You notice, however, that the more recent Neko fossils tend to be larger than those that are more ancient. The most plausible conclusion is that __________.

Neko has been subjected to directional selection

Which of the following statements is true? New alleles originate by mutation. Environmental influences have nothing to do with variation in phenotype within a population. Environmentally induced traits are passed on to offspring. New alleles originate through sexual reproduction.

New alleles originate by mutation.

The figure shows an evolutionary tree of tetrapods (four-limbed animals). Part A Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the figure. Blue labels represent homologous structures, and pink labels represent different categories of the animal groups shown in the tree. Part B Which of the following is most closely related to the lizard and snake group? Part C Snakes are tetrapods that don't have legs. What could explain that?

Part A Group 1 (Left to Right) tetrapod limbs amnion feathers Group 2 (Left to Right) birds reptiles amniotes tetrapods Part B birds Part C An ancestor of snakes had tetrapod limbs.

Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated.

The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency.

Which mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck?

evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics

Of the following evolutionary forces, which consistently pushes populations toward a better "fit" with their environments?

Natural selection

Compare sickle cell disease and malaria.

Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases.

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of ____ to the environment.

adaptations

The correct order, from least to most inclusive, of the classification categories is __________.

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its __________.

contribution to the gene pool of the next generation - Those organisms with adaptations best suited to the current environment will make the most significant contribution to the next generation.

Which of the following is a true statement?

Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a recent common ancestor.

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

Stabilizing selection

_____ favors intermediate phenotypes, selecting against phenotypes at both ends of a range and reducing variation.

Stabilizing selection

If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true?

The person is susceptible to malaria. The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus. A person with two copies of any allele is homozygous. A person with two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele is more susceptible to malaria than someone with a sickle cell hemoglobin allele.

A population of small fish lives in a lake with a sandy bottom. Large shore birds prey on these fish. Although most of the fish are the same light brown color as the sandy lake bottom, about 10% are mottled. A construction company begins dumping loads of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which outcome would you predict?

The proportion of mottled fish in this population will increase over time.

To help prevent the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, you should __________.

take the full course of any antibiotics your doctor has prescribed

Darwin's theory of evolution was inspired largely by his observations in __________.

the Galápagos Islands

Which of the following is the most recent example of an evolutionary change in populations?

the evolution of pesticide-resistant insects

Anatomical structures such as the tailbones of humans are not critical to survival but may be very important to other animals, such as our primate relatives. In humans, the tailbone could be considered __________.

vestigial

The results from Angilletta's observational experiment show that urban ant populations have higher heat tolerance than rural ant populations. A reasonable explanation for this difference is that urban ants evolved higher heat tolerance over generations as individuals with lower heat tolerance died and failed to reproduce. In the urban heat island of a city, natural selection favors organisms with higher heat tolerance. Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag the blue labels to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag the pink labels to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance.

1) more; strongly 2) slightly more; weakly 3) no change; not 4) less; not

Can you identify the process by which natural selection acts on an insect population exposed to pesticides? Drag the labels onto the flowchart to place them in the correct sequence.

1) pesticide applied 2) some have gene makes resistant 3) surviving insects reproduce

Angilletta chose to measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from several locations in and around São Paulo. Ants were gathered from four urban locations and five rural locations, as indicated in the satellite image below. Sites 1-4 are urban, and sites 5-9 are rural. The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph.

1) urban more than rural 2) urban slightly more than rural 3) urban slightly less than rural 4) urban less than rural 5) little to no difference 6) flaw

Natural selection: Camouflage Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence.

1.) a drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown 2.) green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles 3.) brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. the brown allele increases in frequency

Which of the following are examples of evolution?

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following provide(s) evidence for the process of evolution?

All of the listed responses are correct.

What type of supportive evidence for evolution has been obtained from comparing the forelimbs of different mammals?

Anatomical homology

In the modern system for classifying life used by many biologists, the three domains are __________.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What observation concerning the geographic distribution of species on the Galápagos Islands helped Darwin formulate his ideas about the mechanisms of evolution?>

Darwin observed that most of the animals that inhabit these remote islands are not found anywhere else in the world, but they resemble South American species. Furthermore, each island has its own unique species.

From the following list of molecules, where would a genetic mutation first appear?

DNA

____ favors phenotypes at one end of a range and is common in periods of environmental change.

Directional selection

Which of the following statements about early ideas of evolution is true? Charles Darwin came up with the idea that species evolve. Aristotle thought that species evolved. Fossil discoveries in the early 1800s convinced many naturalists that species are not fixed and can change over time. Lamarck suggested the idea of natural selection.

Fossil discoveries in the early 1800s convinced many naturalists that species are not fixed and can change over time.

In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize?

He hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease. On the basis of this hypothesis, Dr. Allison predicted high frequencies of sickle cell disease only in areas where malaria is common.

Which of the following is not homologous to the others?

Insect wing

__________ proposed that species evolved by the inheritance of characteristics acquired by their parents.

Lamarck

__________ proposed that geological processes are still ongoing.

Lyell

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas.

Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

Which process causes the appearance of new alleles in a population?

Mutation

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection did not include which of the following?

Organisms that are driven to become perfect

Is the layering of fossils in the Earth used to support evolution?

Yes, fossils are laid down in chronological order, and therefore we can observe changes in species over time.

BioFlix Activity: Mechanisms of Evolution -- Which Mechanism?

a) gene flow b) natural selection c) natural selection d) genetic drift e) natural selection

In 1859 Charles Darwin wrote, "The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree.... As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications." At the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is __________.

an organism that is a common ancestor to all living organisms

Blue poppies native to China are grown at a plant-breeding center in California. Those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate. This evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to __________.

directional selection - The characteristics of the poppies shifted in response to the changed environment.

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that __________.

embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other

Organisms from the same phylum all belong to the same __________.

kingdom

The most inclusive category among the following is __________.

kingdom

In a type of sexual selection often called _____, individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. This choice is often based on the showy appearance or behavior of the male.

mate choice

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is ''descent with _____.''

modification