Bio Chapter 12

anaphylactic shock is an example of an

allergic response

which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

A molecule that can elicit an adaptive immune response is called

an antigen

what prompts a newborn baby to start to breather?

an increase in the concentration of oxygen in the baby's blood

The relationship between spinal nerves and the spinal cord is most like the relationship between

an interstate highway and the many roads that intersect with it via on- and off- ramps

a tennis player serving the ball uses fast muscle fibers. The ATP needed to accomplish this would come from

anaerobic fermentation

which of the following statements about skeletal muscle fibers is true

each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin

Cut the DNA using a restriction enzyme

1st- a

Remove the bacterial plasmid/cut using a restriction enzyme

1st- a

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?

20

Isolate in insulin gene in human DNA using the same restriction enzyme

2nd- b

Separate the fragments using electrophoresis

2nd- b

Compare the bands of DNA

3rd- c

Insert the insulin gene into the bacterial plasmid/Seal with ligase

3rd- c

Analyze/Interpret the results

4th- d

Put the bacterial plasmid back into the bacterial cell where it can reproduce and synthesize the insulin protein

4th- d

Harvest/purify the insulin protein to be injected into patients

5th- e

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

98.5%

Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a chimpanzee?

98.8%

The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment is expected to be

9:3:3:1

Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false?

A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA.

when genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1 of the population it is known as

A. single nucleotide polymorphism.

which of the following statements about locomotion is true

locomotion requires animals to overcome friction and gravity

A transgenic animal is

An animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.

Broccoli, cabbages, and Brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by.

Artificial selection

genome sequence analysis suggest that neanderthals

Atleast sometimes had pale skin and red hair

which of the following cell types is responsible for the humoral immune response?

B cells

Imagine that long fins in zebrafish is a dominant trait. A breeder wants to set up a breeding program beginning with homozygous dominant long-finned fish. If she obtains a handful of the long-finned fish, how can she tell which if any of these are homozygous for the trait?

Cross the long-finned fish with short-finned fish; if the offspring are all long-finned, the long-finned parent is homozygous.

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

DNA fingerprinting

"Sticky ends" are

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base-pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

DNA ligase

DNA fragments that have matching sticky ends are joined by covalent bonds formed by the action of

DNA ligase

after dna fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base-pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

DNA ligase

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

DNA polymerase molecules

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

DNA profiling

which of the following statements about dna technology is false

DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells

Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?

Dd and Dd

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with?

Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics

Humans and chimpanzees have 90% identical genome sequences

False

tool use is uniquely human

False

An insect that has the genotype EeGGcc will have the same phenotype as an insect with the genotype _____.

EEGgcc

Which sentence best describes the true nature of natural selection?

Heritable traits that promote reproduction become more frequent in a population from one generation to the next.

The sickle-cell allele produces a serious blood disease in homozygotes. Why doesn't natural selection eliminate this allele from all human populations?

In populations were endemic malaria is present, heterozygotes have an important advantage: They are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive and produce offspring that carry the allele.

which of the following choices best describes a plasma cell?

It is a differentiated B cell

Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

It is fast and inexpensive

____ genes are responsible for coding for self-proteins.

MHC

the only recombinant cells that can correctly attach sugars on proteins to form glycoprotein products are

Mammalian cells

Which of the following statements comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis is true?

Men, but not women, can produce gametes throughout their lives.

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.

In an individual of genotype Aa, where are the A and a alleles physically located?

One allele is on one chromosome, and the other is in the same position (locus) on the homologous chromosome.

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ______, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.

PCR

which part of the diagram shows the alveoli?

Part D

which of the following statements regarding proteomics is correct?

Proteomics is the systemic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.

which of the following statements regarding repetitive dna is false?

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans

What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?

STR analysis

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?

Scientists think that the typical human gene probably specifies just one polypeptide.

Which of the following statements regarding sexual reproduction is true?

Sexual reproduction generates greater genetic variation than asexual reproduction.

A women struggling with bacterial illness is prescribed a months supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about 2 weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two week supply or should she continue taking the drug?

She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise the remaining bacteria in her system may recover, and they will probably be resistant

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response?

T cells

Which of the following has NOT been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified organisms?

The fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage.

which of the following statements about mammalian circulatory systems is false?

The left side of a mammals heart sends blood to the lungs

which of the following distingueshes the secondary immune response from the primary?

The secondary response is faster and stronger

which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers

Transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called

Transposable elements

the type of repetitive dna composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

Transposable elements

chimpanzees are humans closest living relatives

True

lower back pain can be attributed to walking upright, which formed the curvature at the base of the spine

True

Based on analysis of the STR sites shown, does the missing pilot belong to any of these three families?

Yes, family 3 matches.

changes occur within a sarcomere during muscle contraction. one change is that the

Z lines move closer together

The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder gridle is an example of

a ball and socket joint

one kind of vaccine consists of

a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe

a motor unit is

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

The speed of impulse conduction along an axon may be increase by

a myelin sheath

A nucleic acid probe is

a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.

An alimentary canal is best defined as

a tube-shaped compartment for the transport, digestion, and absorption of food

Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?

a very close match in the DNA profile

the neurotransmitter found at the synapse between nerves and human skeletal muscle cells is

acetylcholine

Natural Killer Cells

attack virus-infected cells by releasing chemicals that lead to the death of the cell

what type of immune response is always disadvantageous to a person?

autoimmune

action potentials normally travel along an axon

away from the cell body

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

blood pH and CO2 concentration

An adult humans red blood cells are formed in the

bone marrow

A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that

cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.

multipotent stem cells found in the red marrow inside bones

can differentiate into all blood cells and platelets

which blood vessels have the thinnest walls

capillaries

What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

capillary

Air leaving human lung during exhalation contains

carbon dioxide and unused oxygen

The function of a sperm cell's acrosome is to

carry enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg.

Plasma proteins are involved in all of the following activities except

carrying oxygen

the contacting surfaces of a moving joint, such as your hip joint, consist of

cartilage

the two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

labored breathing, coughing, lung infections, and respiratory failure are characteristics defining

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

increased brain size had many benefits for early humans. one example is

complex social structure with the ability to adapt to changing environments

Restriction enzymes

cut DNA at specific sites

As blood moves away from the heart towards the tissues, the relative size of blood vessels _____, the blood pressure ______, and the velocity of blood flow _______.

decreases...drops....slows

what part of the neuron carries signals toward the part of the cell that houses the nucleus

dendrite

multiple sclerosis results from an autoimmune disease that primarily involves

destruction of the myelin sheath

the sequence of events that cause a muscle to contract can be summed up in the correct order as

detach, extend, attach, pull

In a dialysis machine, wastes are removed from blood plasma by process of

diffusion

Parkinsons disease is associated with a deficiency in

dopamine

During which of the following stages of food processing is undigested material removed from the digestive tract

elimination

Animals that maintain internal body temperature using heat generated by their own metabolism are called

endotherms

cigarette smoke can affect the white blood cells that reside in our lungs, whose purpose is to

engulf foreign particles

To enhance heat loss, humans sweat, an adaption known as

evaporative cooling

Darwin was the first person to draw an evolutionary tree, a diagram that represents

evidence- based hypotheses regarding our understanding of patterns of evolutionary descent.

Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and trigger action potentials in receiving cells are called

excitatory

Darwins ideas about evolution were formed after observing marine iguanas on the galapagos islands

false

blood clots are formed by platelets and the plasma protein

fibrinogen

in all vertebrates, the brain consists of the

forebrain, midbrain,hindbrain

The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to

form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA

mammals have evolved a sophisticated mechanism for eliminating nitrogenous wastes that involves

forming urea and storing it in concentrated solution

action potentials relay different intensities of information due to the

frequency of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus

In the process of human gene cloning using recombinant plasmids, the bacterial plasmid

functions as a vector

During the process of electrophoresis, the _______ functions like a thick filter, separating the samples according to their size.

gel

The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines

gene cloning

Which of the following STDs is caused by a virus that can also cause cancer?

genital warts

A collection of DNA fragments obtained from the genome of one organism, inserted by recombinant DNA techniques into the genome of a host organism (one fragment per host genome), and maintained there is called a

genomic library

24. Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations.

germ

Biotechnology

has been around since the dawn of civilization

Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

helper T cells

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is

hemoglobin

A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ________ to transmit it to offspring.

heterozygous for the trait and able

Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species: both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

homology

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig or horse insulin.

nervous system effector cells

include muscle cells and gland cells

All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is ________ to the allele for white flowers.

incompletely dominant

when a salmon moves from the ocean to a freshwater environment, you would expect its urine volume to _______ and its rate of salt absorption to ______.

increases....increases

which of the following helps activate our nonspecific (innate) defense system?

inflammation

The number of proteins in humans

is much greater than the number of genes

walking upright has both pros and cons. some of the pros of walking upright include

looking large to predators, the ability to harvest more food, the ability to carry young.

Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because

it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure

A woman has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. At a fertility clinic, they discover that she has blocked fallopian tubes. Using modern technologies, some of her eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband's sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is successful, but the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type O. The woman claims that the child can't be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither parent is color-blind, although one grandparent (the woman's father) is also color-blind. As a genetic counselor, you would explain to the parents that

it is possible for the baby to have type O blood, since type O is inherited through a dominant allele.

which of the following is a hormone produced by adipose cells that help to control appetite?

leptin

Bone is composed of

living cells that secrete a surrounding matrix

Osteoporosis is characterized by

low bone mass and structural deterioration of the bone tissue.

The mucous-producing cells that line the stomach

lubricate and protect the stomach lining

which of the following wander through the interstitial fluid and consume any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter?

macrophages

Frequency-dependent selection, as seen in the case of the scale-eating fish in lake Tanganyika, tends to

maintain two phenotypes in a dynamic equilibrium in a population

what part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?

medulla oblongata

In "Cracking Your Genetic Code," what type of cancer was being targeted with drugs based on the genome of the cancer cells?

melanoma

which of the following cells are phagocytes?

monocytes and neutrophils

which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is true

motor neurons convey signals from the CNS to the effector cells

which division of the human nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscles?

motor system

a thick filament consists of

myosin

The electrical current in the electrophoresis chamber always runs

negative to positive

whats is the name of the functional unit of the kidneys

nephron

the functional unit of the nervous system is the

neuron

during transmission across a typical chemical synapse

neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the receiving cells plasma membrane

DNA ligase binds

nucleotides together

The reason animals need continuous supply of oxygen is

obtain energy from their food

organisms suffering from malnutrition may have a diet deficient in

one or more essential nutrients

Digestion begins in the

oral cavity

Which of the following correctly lists the order of the parts of the human digestive system, from first to last contact with food matter?

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization normally take place?

oviduct

The human lymphatic system consists of all of the following structures except the

pancreas

The basic function of the activated T cells is to battle

pathogens that have alreasy entered body cells

Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on

peas.

The autonomic nervous system

regulates the internal environment of the body

The main function of the AV node is to

relay a signal for the ventricles to contract

during gas exchange, body cells

release CO2 and take in O2

The liquid part of blood is called

plasma

Which of the following occurs during the process of labor?

positive feedback involving oxytocin and prostaglandins

blood flow through capillaries is controlled by

precapillary sphincters and smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles

Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the

pulmonary arteries

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

recombinant DNA

Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called

restriction sites

functionally, the muscle fibers fundamental unit for contraction is the

sarcomere

Which of the following produces a thick fluid containing fructose, which is used for energy by sperm?

seminal vesicles

one neurotransmitter associated with sleep, mood, attention, and learning is

serotonin

The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism.

shotgun

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

size

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

size.

which of the following structures constitutes part of the axial skeleton

skull

Muscles that are constantly active, such as those maintaining our body posture, having a high proportion of

slow, fatigue-resistant fibers.

In the digestive system, most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

which of the following can contribute to high blood pressure?

smoking

Human testes are positioned in an external sac rather than in the abdominal cavity

so the testes can be kept cooler than the body's interior.

Decisions regarding the human genome are the responsibility of

society as a whole (individuals, doctors, scientists, government)

The central communication conduit between the brain and the rest of the body is the

spinal cord

sweating commonly results in dehydration. Of the choices listed, which would be the best option for rehydration after intense exercise?

sports drink

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for the situation?

stabilizing selection

Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes?

step B

A vaccine works by

stimulating the immune system.

the gap between the transmitting and receiving neurons in a chemical synapse is known as the

synaptic cleft

muscles are connected to the bones by

tendons

Imagine that we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that three of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that

the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation.

arteries are distinguished from veins based on all of the following features except

the amount of oxygen present in the blood

which of the following statements regarding the brain is true

the blood-brain barrier helps to maintain a stable chemical environment for the brain

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

when comparing the differences between human and chimpanzee DNA

the differences are generally found in the gene switches that determine when and how genes are expressed.

The calcium that triggers muscle contraction is stored in

the endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

A primary immune response is

the immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen

which of the following statements regarding exercise is true

the main source of energy during aerobic exercise is ATP from aerobic respiration

which of the following statements best describes the power stroke of muscle contraction?

the myosin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

The signal that crosses a synapse is stopped when

the neurotransmitter is enzymatically broken down or transported back to the signaling cell

In order for gene therapy to be permanent,

the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply

Blue-footed boobies have webbed feet and are comically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as

the outcome of a tradeoff: webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food.

The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system consists of neurons in the digestive tract, the gallbladder and

the pancreas

which of the following statements about resting potential is true

the sodium-potassium pump contributes to the resting membrane potential

which of the following contributes to gas exchange in the human fetus

the stronger attraction that fetal hemoglobin has for oxygen when compared to adult hemoglobin

When DNA fingerprinting was first used,

the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed

Which of the following serves as an impenetrable barrier that prevents more than one sperm from fertilizing an egg?

the vitelline layer

According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when its

thin filaments slie towards each other across its thick filaments

what is the function of antidiurectic hormone?

to increase water reabsorption

which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

transporting nutrients to body cells

homo erectus was the first early human to spend most of its time walking upright

true

Sterilization, in which the sperm is surgically prevented from reaching the egg, is accomplished by

tubal ligation or vasectomy.

through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder?

urethra

cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by an ____ each time it contracts

ventricle

The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the

vital capacity

which of the following is a function of the nasal cavities in humans?

warming inhaled air

during production of urine, a major function of the kidney is

water conservation

skeletal muscles

work in antagonistic pairs

which part of a bone contains mostly stored fat?

yellow bone marrow

golden rice is golden in color because it is rich in

BEta-carotene

_________ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

Bacteria

genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector

Bacteriophages

which of the following animals requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to its overall body size?

Bear

Which of the following statements about genomics is false?

DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.

The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

Escherichia coli

The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

Escherichia coli.

In order to match the pilot's remains to the correct family using DNA profiling,

each of the 13 STR bands must match

Biotechnology

has been around since the dawn of civilization.

after binding to an infected cell, the cytotoxic T cell

releases a protein called perforin

An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that

the resulting DNA strand will lack introns.