Bio Chapter 15

Each amino acid has a specific tRNA molecule that can transport it to the site of protein synthesis. Therefore, in humans the number of different tRNA molecules would be A. 3. B. 20. C. 40. D. 80. E. thousands.

20

Prokaryotes have one type of RNA polymerase. Eukaryotes have ____ types of RNA polymerase. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 16 E. 64

3

The nucleotide sequence of a mRNA codon is composed of how many bases? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 16 E. 64

3

The number of nucleotides required to specify an amino acid is A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. E. a variable number

3

DNA and RNA nucleotides are composed of five carbon sugars, phosphate, and nitrogen bases. How many total nitrogen bases are there for use in the two nucleic acids? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

5

How many unique mRNA codons can be constructed from the four different RNA nucleotides? A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 32 E. 64

64

Consider the following sequence: 5'AUGGCUACAGAUAGCUGGGGCUGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA3' Translated, the corresponding protein contains how many amino acids? A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 13

7

What would happen if snRNAs could not recognize the branch point? A. A lariat structure could not form. B. snRNAs could not base-pair with the 5' end of the intron. C. The 3' poly A tail could not be added to the transcript. D. The 5' cap could not be added to the transcript.

A lariat structure could not form.

If the DNA triplet code were ATG CGT, the tRNA anticodons would be A. AUG CGU. B. ATG CGT. C. UAC GCA. D. UAG CGU

AUG CGU

You are working to characterize a novel protein in mice. Characterization of the mRNA expression pattern revealed that the gene is highly expressed in brain, muscle, liver, and pancreas. To determine the size of the corresponding protein, you make protein extracts from each of the tissues. Using an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal portion of the protein, you perform an analysis that allows you to visualize the extracted protein. Interestingly, you can detect the protein in brain, muscle, and liver, but not the pancreas. Assuming your extracts and reagents are good, and there is no human error, what is the most likely explanation for this result? A. Transcription levels in pancreas are too low. B. Translation levels in pancreas are too low. C. Alternative splicing in the pancreas leads to protein degradation. D. Alternative splicing in the pancreas yields a protein missing the portion of the protein to which the antibody was raised.

Alternative splicing in the pancreas yields a protein missing the portion of the protein to which the antibody was raised

The "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis was proposed by A. Watson and Crick. B. Griffith. C. Garrod. D. Franklin. E. Beadle and Tatum.

Beadle and Tatum.

Consider the following sequence: 5'AUGGCUACAGAUAGCUGGGGCUGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA3' What is the anticodon for the fourth codon? A. AGC B. UCG C. GAU D. CUA

CUA

The basic genetic information of the cell; contained in chromosomes. A. DNA B. RNA polymerase C. mRNA D. rRNA

DNA

Would you expect DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase to have a higher fidelity (accuracy) rate? Why? A . DNA polymerase has a lower fidelity rate than RNA polymerase. DNA replication can tolerate many errors. By comparison, aberrant RNA molecules can less easily be degraded and replaced with new, correct RNA molecules. B . DNA polymerase has a higher fidelity rate than RNA polymerase. DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors. By comparison, aberrant RNA molecules can easily be degraded and replaced with new, correct RNA molecules. C . DNA polymerase has the same fidelity rate compared to RNA polymerase. DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors but neither can RNA replication.

DNA polymerase has a higher fidelity rate than RNA polymerase. DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors. By comparison, aberrant RNA molecules can easily be degraded and replaced with new, correct RNA molecules.

The Central Dogma of biology is stated as A. proteins→ RNA→ DNA. B. RNA→ DNA→ proteins. C. DNA→ proteins→ RNA. D. DNA→ RNA→ proteins.

DNA→ RNA→ proteins.

In eukaryotes, the empty RNA molecules exit the ribosome from the A. E site. B. P site. C. A site. D. active site. E. allosteric site.

E site

You are conducting a genetic screen to isolate nutritional mutants in yeast. Specifically, you want to isolate a histidine leucine double mutant. You start with a wild type yeast strain and mutagenize it with a UV light. Which of the following outlines the remaining steps for isolating such a mutant? A . Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Grow yeast on minimal media, as well as on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media supplemented with both histidine and leucine. B . Grow mutagenized yeast on minimal media. Grow yeast on rich media, as well as on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on rich media, do not grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media supplemented with both histidine and leucine. C . Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Grow yeast on minimal media, as well as on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that grow on minimal media, grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do not grow on minimal media supplemented with both histidine and leucine. D . Grow mutagenized yeast on minimal media. Grow yeast on rich media, as well as on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that grow on rich media, grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do not grow on minimal media supplemented with both histidine and leucine.

Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Grow yeast on minimal media, as well as on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media supplemented with both histidine and leucine.

Of the types of RNA polymerase that are known, which one is the most complex? A. I B. II C. III D. IV

II

Eukaryotic organisms and prokaryotic organisms differ in how gene information is processed. Select the statement that best explains this difference. A . Prokaryote genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is translated immediately. Eukaryote genes contain long sequences of nucleotides that do not code for amino acids and have to be removed from the primary transcript. B. Prokaryote genes are transcribed directly into a polypeptide, while eukaryote genes have mRNA and tRNA involved in polypeptide assembly. C. Prokaryote genes are translated before being transcribed into mRNA. Eukaryotic genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated. D . Prokaryote genes are edited of all introns before being transcribed into mRNA, while eukaryotic genes are edited after mRNA formation

Prokaryote genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is translated immediately. Eukaryote genes contain long sequences of nucleotides that do not code for amino acids and have to be removed from the primary transcript.

Ribosomes are complex arrangements of A. RNA and DNA. B. RNA and large proteins. C. RNA and sugars. D. DNA and proteins. E. nucleosomes and RNA

RNA and large proteins

An enzyme that synthesizes all three forms of RNA; present in the nucleus of eukaryotes. A. DNA B. RNA polymerase C. mRNA D. rRNA

RNA polymerase

The different components of the protein synthesizing machinery include all of the following except A. mRNA. B. tRNA. C. ribosomes. D. amino acids. E. RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

The enzyme that initiates transcription is A. RNA polymerase. B. DNA polymerase. C. carbonic anhydrase. D. ATP synthetase. E. transformation principle

RNA polymerase

Transcription in prokaryotes is carried out by the enzyme _______, which unwinds and transcribes the gene. A. DNA polymerase B. DNA helicase C. DNA gyrase D. RNA ligase E. RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Transcription is the first stage in the Central Dogma. Transcription is initiated by A. DNA polymerase binding to the promoter. B. RNA polymerase binding to the promoter. C. mRNA polymerase binding to the promoter. D. tRNA polymerase binding to the promoter.

RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.

How do retroviruses, such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), violate the central dogma of molecular biology? A . Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome. These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication. Following genome replication, the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein. The conversion of RNA → DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma, which states DNA → RNA → protein. B . Retroviruses have a DNA genome rather than an RNA genome. These viruses convert their DNA genome into RNA for the purpose of replication. Following genome replication, the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein. The conversion of RNA → DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma, which states DNA → RNA → protein. C . Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome. These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication. Following genome replication, the RNA is transcribed back into DNA and then translated into protein. The conversion of RNA → DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma, which states DNA → RNA → protein.

Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome. These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication. Following genome replication, the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein. The conversion of RNA → DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma, which states DNA → RNA → protein.

Given the sentence "THE FAT CAT ATE THE RED RAT," which of the following would represent a frameshift mutation? A. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RED RAT B. THE CAT ATE THE RED RAT C. THE FAC ATA TET HER EDR AT D. THE FAT RAT ATE THE RED RAT

THE FAC ATA TET HER EDR AT

Which of the following is not true about eukaryotic DNA? A. It is an exceedingly long and fragile molecule. B. It is packaged into successively compact formations. C. The entire molecule has encoded information for protein synthesis. D. In the condensed form, it is transcriptionally inactive. E. It must be unpackaged before it can be transcribed into RNA

The entire molecule has encoded information for protein synthesis.

Humans and a bacterium make human insulin. How is this possible? A. The human insulin gene appears naturally in the bacteria. B. The human insulin gene is a mutated form of a bacterial gene for bacterial insulin. C . The human insulin gene was inserted into a bacterium's genome, and since the genetic code is nearly universal, the bacterium is able to produce human insulin. D. The human insulin gene appears in bacteria that have been exposed to radiation treatments for diabetes. E. The human insulin gene appears naturally in the bacteria that is an inhabitant of the GI tract of diabetic patients

The human insulin gene was inserted into a bacterium's genome, and since the genetic code is nearly universal, the bacterium is able to produce human insulin.

How would a large chromosomal inversion affect the transcription of internal genes? A. The inversion may have no effect on transcription. B. The genes would not be expressed because they would now be oriented in the wrong direction. C. The genes would be now expressed in the 3' to 5' direction. D. It would lead to a tandem duplication.

The inversion may have no effect on transcription.

What problem is overcome by the presence of more than one promoter element? A. The transcription start site can be identified. B. The orientation of transcription can be established. C. Binding sites for both the core polymerase and holoenzyme are provided. D. The transcription bubble can be properly formed

The orientation of transcription can be established.

Within the transcription bubble, the first 9 bases of a newly synthesized RNA strand temporarily form a helix with the template DNA strand. How might transcription be affected if helix formation could not occur? A. Clearance of the promoter will be inhibited. B. The RNA polymerase will be unable to unwind the DNA duplex. C. The position of the 5' end of the RNA will be unstable, inhibiting elongation. D. The position of the 3' end of the RNA will be unstable, inhibiting elongation

The position of the 3' end of the RNA will be unstable, inhibiting elongation

There are 45 different kinds tRNA (anticodons) available to serve as amino acid carriers, but there are 64 mRNA codons. Why aren't the tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons equal in number? A . The reason is that the third base pair on the tRNA allows some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can recognize more than one mRNA codon. B . The reason is that some tRNA anticodons can misread some of the mRNA codons, which creates a "wobble" in the tRNA anticodons that can be repaired by RNA repair enzymes. C . The reason is that the third base pair on the mRNA codon allows some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can recognize more than one mRNA codon. D. The reason is that the tRNA has the flexibility to choose which mRNA codons are necessary for building the polypeptide chain.

The reason is that the third base pair on the tRNA allows some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can recognize more than one mRNA codon

Why are there only 45 different tRNA anticodons rather than 64 to match each of the mRNA codons? A. The first nucleotide of a tRNA anticodon allows some flexibility or "wobble." B. The second nucleotide of a tRNA anticodon allows some flexibility or "wobble." C. The third nucleotide of a tRNA anticodon allows some flexibility or "wobble." D. The remaining 19 tRNA anticodons are used for initiation and termination of protein synthesis

The third nucleotide of a tRNA anticodon allows some flexibility or "wobble.

If the sequence of bases in a section of DNA is ATCGCTCC, what is the corresponding sequence of bases in mRNA? A. ATCCGATT B. TAGGCUGG C. UAGCGAGG D. TATCGGCC E. AUCCGAUU

UAGCGAGG

Initiation of transcription differs from initiation of DNA replication in several ways. One such difference is that transcription does not require A. GTP or ATP. B. any enzymes. C. a primer. D. a DNA template strand.

a primer

The initiation complex for protein synthesis contains all of the following except A. a small ribosomal subunit. B. mRNA. C. tRNA with methionine. D. a release factor. E. an initiation factor.

a release factor

What is the likely consequence of a mutation in a point mutation affecting a branch point? A. no effect, since branch points are located in introns B. a splicing error C. failure of snRNAs to recognize 5' end of intron D. no exon shuffling

a splicing error

Specific amino acids are attached to tRNA molecules by A. activating enzymes. B. codons. C. anticodons. D. ribosomes. E. initiation factors

activating enzymes

The tRNA nucleotide sequence that lines up on the mRNA is A. an intron. B. an exon. C. a release factor. D. an initiation factor. E. an anticodon.

an anticodon

As part of your research project, you are characterizing the 5' regulatory region of a gene. Specifically, you want to determine the region necessary for expression. You make successive deletions from the 5' end of the gene and assay for transcriptional activity by measuring production of an enzyme. Consider the following experimental results below. The sequences given refer to base pairs and are relative to the start site of transcription. Sequencetested Transcriptional activity Control -150 to +50 100% Sample 1 -120 to +50 66% Sample 2 -90 to +50 63% Sample 3 -60 to +50 67% Sample 4 -30 to +50 67% Sample 5 0 to +50 0% The results suggest that regulatory region(s) lie A. between -150 to -120 and between -30 to 0. B. between -30 and 0 only. C. between -120 and -30. D. between -120 to -90, between -30 to 0.

between -150 to -120 and between -30 to 0.

Which of the following is required for formation of the transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes? A . binding of a transcription factor to the TATA box, recruitment of additional transcription factors, and recruitment of RNA polymerase II B. binding of a transcription factor to the operon, recruitment of additional transcription factors, and recruitment of RNA polymerase III C. binding of a single transcription factor to the TATA box and recruitment of RNA polymerase II D. binding of RNA polymerase II to the TATA box and core promoter

binding of a transcription factor to the TATA box, recruitment of additional transcription factors, and recruitment of RNA polymerase II

The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the ______ strand. A. coding B. non-coding C. replicate D. inert

coding

The 3-nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is called the A. codon. B. anticodon. C. amino acid. D. transcript. E. template.

codon

Crick and his colleagues proposed that the genetic code consisted of a series of blocks of information, called _____, each corresponding to an amino acid in the encoded protein. A. alleles B. codons C. DNA D. polypeptides

codons

The location of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is the A. nucleus. B. cytoplasm. C. plasma membrane. D. Golgi apparatus. E. vacuole.

cytoplasm

In eukaryotes, mRNA processing involves all of the following events except A. elongation of the transcript. B. addition of a 5' cap. C. addition of a poly A to the 3' end. D. pre-mRNA splicing. E. association with the spliceosome

elongation of the transcript

One hypothesis proposed to account for intron-exon arrangements found in genes is called A. intron shuffling. B. exon shuffling. C. domain shuffling. D. functional domain shuffling.

exon shuffling.

Most eukaryotic genes contain coding sequences called ________ that are interspersed with noncoding sequences. A. introns B. exons C. codons D. DNA

exons

Gene ________ refers to the combined processes of transcription and translation. A. expression B. replication C. modification D. regulation

expression

The coded order of nucleotides in a DNA specifies the order of specific amino acids to be assembled into a polypeptide chain. This code is therefore called the ________ code. A. mitochondrial B. ribosomal C. DNA D. genetic

genetic

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are modified A. in the cytoplasm. B. at the ribosome. C. in the nucleus. D. at the Golgi complex. E. at the initiation of transcription.

in the nucleus

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are occasionally interspersed with non-coding sequences that must be removed before protein synthesis. These are called A. anticodons. B. introns. C. exons. D. nucleosomes. E. chromomeres.

introns

Noncoding DNA that interrupt the nucleotide sequence of a gene are called A. exons. B. introns. C. axons. D. anRNPs (snurps). E. spliceosome.

introns

Consider the following sequence: 5'AUGGCUACAGAUAGCUGGGGCUGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA3' The given sequence A. is from a prokaryote. B. is from a eukaryote. C. can be from either a prokaryote or a eukaryote. D. is from neither a prokaryote nor a eukaryote.

is from a eukaryote.

As part of your research project, you are characterizing the 5' regulatory region of a gene. Specifically, you want to determine the region necessary for expression. You make successive deletions from the 5' end of the gene and assay for transcriptional activity by measuring production of an enzyme. Consider the following experimental results below. The sequences given refer to base pairs and are relative to the start site of transcription. Sequencetested Transcriptional activity Control -150 to +50 100% Sample 1 -120 to +50 66% Sample 2 -90 to +50 63% Sample 3 -60 to +50 67% Sample 4 -30 to +50 67% Sample 5 0 to +50 0% The analyzed regulatory region A. is from a prokaryotic gene. B. is from a eukaryotic gene. C. can be from either a prokaryotic or eukaryote gene. D. cannot be determined from the information provided.

is from a eukaryotic gene.

The sites A, P, and E are progressively occupied by amino acids being assembled into a chain in protein synthesis. These sites are part of A. small ribosomal subunit. B. large ribosomal subunit. C. mRNA. D. tRNA. E. DNA (the gene itself)

large ribosomal subunit

Single long strand that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotes; contains information for polypeptide assembly. A. DNA B. RNA polymerase C. mRNA D. rRNA

mRNA

Which of the following best identifies the various types of RNA that play a role in protein synthesis in eukaryotes? A. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, SRP RNA, and miRNA B. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, SRP RNA, and miRNA C. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA D. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, and SRP RNA E. mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, and SRP RNA

Protein synthesis proceeds by the ribosome A. alternating between many chains. B. moving three nucleotides at a time on the mRNA. C. attaching amino acids in a random fashion. D. selecting the tRNA molecule that fits. E. attaching amino acids to the growing chain without charged tRNAs.

moving three nucleotides at a time on the mRNA

The codons that serve as "stop" signals for the protein synthesis are called A. anticodons. B. release codons. C. nonsense codons. D. amino acid codons. E. tRNA codons

nonsense codons

Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as A. nucleotides. B. complementary base pairs. C. amino acids. D. genes.

nucleotides

In eukaryotic cells, mRNA is made as a copy of the DNA coding information in the A. cytoplasm. B. mitochondria. C. ER. D. nucleus. E. plasma membrane.

nucleus

The bond that forms between the newly added amino acid and the previous amino acid on the chain is called a A. hydrogen bond. B. hydrophobic bond. C. hydrophilic bond. D. phosphodiester bond. E. peptide bond.

peptide bond

If you wanted to block transcription of a group of functionally related genes in a prokaryote, you could place an obstacle A. upstream of both the promoter and operon. B. downstream of both the promoter and operon. C. place an obstacle downstream of the promoter, but upstream of the operon. D. place an obstacle upstream of the promoter, but downstream of the operon.

place an obstacle downstream of the promoter, but upstream of the operon.

Messenger RNA molecules are copies of DNA; they travel to the ribosomes to direct the assembly of ____________. A. proteins B. amino acids C. polypeptides D. fatty acids

polypeptides

The hereditary information in DNA is conveyed through the A. production of all three kinds of RNA molecules. B. production of a lipid bilayer. C. production of DNA copies. D. production of many proteins and polypeptides. E. production of all of the codons.

production of many proteins and polypeptides

The many different functions and behaviors of living organisms are essentially based on the performance of their cells. The cells' performance in turn is dependent upon the A. production of many varieties of polypeptides and proteins. B. production of correct membranes. C. proper conformation for water in the cells. D. production of steroids and hormones. E. ability to reproduce.

production of many varieties of polypeptides and proteins

Transcription begins at a RNA polymerase-binding site called a _____. A. ribosome B. replicator C. inducer D. promoter

promoter

The connection that exists between genes and hereditary traits requires the deciphering of the information encoded in genes into A. amino acids. B. nucleotides. C. proteins. D. histone molecules. E. complementary bases

proteins

The essence of heredity is the ability of cells to use the information in their DNA to bring about the production of particular ________, thereby affecting what the cells will be like. A. proteins B. ribosomes C. RNAs D. helicases

proteins

Exists as a complex with many large proteins in ribosomes; many different kinds of molecules. A. DNA B. RNA polymerase C. mRNA D. rRNA

rRNA

Protein synthesis takes place on A. the plasma membrane. B. the nucleus. C. ribosomes. D. lysosomes. E. microbodies

ribosomes

The polypeptide-making organelles residing in the cytoplasm are large protein aggregates to which RNA is associated. They are called A. ribosomes. B. Golgi bodies. C. lysosomes. D. the endoplasmic reticulum. E. mitochondria

ribosomes

Which type of RNA is thought to help protect cells from viral attack? A. sn RNA B. siRNA C. SRP RNA D. mRNA

siRNA

Which of the following types of RNA recognize the intron/exon junctions? A. miRNA B. SRP RNA C. snRNA D. siRNA

snRNA

When multiple snRNPs combine to form a larger complex called a ___________ the intron loops out and is excised. A. synapse B. introsome C. exon D. spliceosome

spliceosome

Following transcription, the intron sequences are cut out of the primary transcript and the ends are joined again prior to its use in protein synthesis. This processing of the RNA is called RNA __________. A. modification B. translation C. splicing D. transcription

splicing

You are constructing a model of the RNA holoeznyme. You should A. start with the α subunits and then add the core polymerase consisting of the β β' σ subunits. B. start with the core polymerase consisting of the β β' subunits and then add the α σ subunits. C. start with the core polymerase consisting of the β β' σ subunits and then add the α subunit. D. start with the core polymerase consisting of the α β β' subunits and then add the σ subunit

start with the core polymerase consisting of the α β β' subunits and then add the σ subunit

Amino acids are transported to the ribosome for use in building the polypeptide by A. mRNA molecules. B. tRNA molecules. C. DNA polymerase molecules. D. rRNA molecules. E. DNA ligase molecules

tRNA molecules

RNA splicing in eukaryotic cell protein synthesis means A. that the product of translation, called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript. B. that the product of transcription, called the secondary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature tRNA transcript. C. that the product of translation, called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature tRNA transcript. D. that the product of transcription, called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript.

that the product of transcription, called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript

The genetic code operates on all the following principles except A. all four of the nucleotide bases must be used. B. each combination of any three nucleotides can act as a codon. C. the first nucleotide in every codon is always the same. D. a particular codon always specifies the same amino acid.

the first nucleotide in every codon is always the same.

The 3' Poly-A tail is attached to A. the Poly-A polymerase enzyme. B. the mRNA. C. the tRNA. D. the coding strand of the DNA molecule. E. the template strand of the DNA molecule

the mRNA

Besides the triplet nature of the genetic code, the other major piece of information that was provided by Crick and his coworkers is that A. each codon specified a different amino acid. B. the code of all DNA molecules is the same. C. the proteins made from the coded information are always the same. D. the reading of the code occurs without any punctuation. E. the genetic code is the same in all organisms with no exceptions.

the reading of the code occurs without any punctuation

Translocation is a process that involves A. moving of mRNA molecules. B. moving of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. C. the actual moving of the amino acids to the ribosomes by the tRNA molecules. D. the ribosome moving one more nucleotide along the mRNA molecule. E. the ribosome moving three more nucleotides along the mRNA molecule.

the ribosome moving three more nucleotides along the mRNA molecule.

The expression of a gene involves two phases, ___________ and translation. A. replication B. transcription C. unwinding D. condensation

transcription

The process in which an RNA polymerase molecule assembles an mRNA molecule whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA sequence is called A. gene amplification. B. translation. C. transcription. D. polypeptide sequencing. E. complementary base pairing.

transcription

The transfer of information from DNA to mRNA is referred to as A. transcription. B. translation. C. transformation. D. transference. E. translocation.

transcription

Gene expression includes which two of the following processes? A. transcription and replication B. replication and repression C. protein synthesis and replication D. mutation and cell division E. transcription and translation

transcription and translation

Cells can conserve energy and resources by making proteins only when they are needed. Which of the following levels of control is the most energy-efficient? A. transcription regulation B. degrade the mRNA after it is made C. prevent translation of the mRNA at the ribosome D. degrade the protein after it is made

transcription regulation

Because nucleic acid sequence information is changed into amino acid sequence information, polypeptide synthesis is known as A. breaking the code. B. decoding. C. transcription. D. translocation. E. translation.

translation

In _________, a ribosome assembles a polypeptide, whose amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA (which itself is a copy of the template DNA). A. transcription B. translation C. replication D. synthesis

translation

Ribosome movement along the mRNA transcript is called A. transcription. B. translation. C. replication. D. translocation. E. mutation.

translocation

The process that occurs when a ribosome moves three more nucleotides along the mRNA molecule in the 5' to 3' direction is referred to as A. transduction. B. translation. C. translocation. D. transposon

translocation

The mutation responsible for Huntington's disease is a A. missense mutation. B. nonsense mutation. C. frameshift mutation. D. triplet repeat expansion mutation.

triplet repeat expansion mutation.

Similar to the complementary purine-pyrimidine relationship observed in DNA, which of the following choices pairs with adenine in RNA? A. thymine B. cytosine C. guanine D. uracil

uracil