Bio-Chapter 19- Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny

Select the kingdoms that are included within the domain Eukarya

-protists -fungi -plants -animals

AAT GAC CCG GAA TTT. Which species below is most closely related to the ancestral species?

Human: AAT GAC GCG GAA TTT

Which of the following list best describes the features used to classify an organism as a member of Domain Bacteria? Multicellular, lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains introns but lacks ribosomes Unicellular, contains a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns Unicellular, lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains introns but lacks ribosomes Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns

Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns

Which of the following lists of features exemplifies the Domain Archaea? Unicellular, unbranched phospholipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, nuclear envelope and contain some introns Multicellular, varying branched lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns

Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns

Which of these structures can be said to be analogous to each other?

a bee wing and a bat wing

Similarities in structures due to convergent evolution are referred to as _____ structures

analogous

Similarity due to convergent evolution is called what?

analogy

Traits that are not used for determining the evolutionary relationships of an ancestors descendants are known as ______ traits

ancestral

The organism you'd most likely find in a high temperature, high salt environment

archaea

If you were using cladistics to construct a phylogenetic tree of birds, what is the best outgroup? bats eagles robins eastern bluebirds

bats

The mating call of leopard frogs is an example of a ___ trait that can be used to construct an evolutionary history of that group of frogs.

behavioral

Latin names are used in the ______nomenclature system

binomial

The amino acid sequences in cytochrome c were determined for chickens, ducks, and humans. Scientists found a difference of 3 amino acids between chickens and ducks, but between chickens and humans there were 13 differences. One may conclude that chickens are as closely related to humans as they are to ducks. chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans. chickens are more closely related to humans than they are to ducks. None of the above.

chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans.

_____ is a method that uses derived traits to develop the best hypothesis for a evolutionary history.

cladistics

A _____ is a diagram that uses cladistics in constructing a phylogeny of a group of organisms

cladogram

A(n) ____ ancestor is one that has given rise to two or more lines of descent.

common

In cladistics, _______________ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms. ecological niche common ancestry mating behavior observable traits All of the above.

common ancestry

A trait that is not found in a common ancestor to two species is called a ____trait

derived

Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms? Both traits are equally valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms. Neither trait is useful in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms. ancestral derived

derived

New traits that were previously unseen in an evolutionary history show divergence from an organisms ancestors. What are these traits called?

derived traits

Unlike other domains, the organisms in the domain ____ have membrane-bound nuclei.

eukarya

T/F: The fossil record gives us a complete and accurate record of past organisms

false

Of those listed, which level of classification is the most specific? Class Family Domain Kingdom Phylum

family

The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris. Canis represents the species _______. kingdom. genus name. species name. phylum name.

genus name.

Most bacteria are

heterotrophic

Structures that are similar to each other because of common descent are referred to as _____ structures

homologous

Structural similarity that stems from having a common ancestor is known as what?

homology

A study of echinoderm embryos, such as sea stars, confirms a similar developmental pattern to that of vertebrates. In both, the blastopore becomes the anus. This would be considered convergent evolution. homology. behavioral data. synapomorphy. analogy.

homology.

All of the following are true regarding systematics EXCEPT that it is the study of the diversity of organisms at all levels of organization. utilizes protein, DNA, and RNA comparisons to determine relatedness of individuals. relies on data from the fossil record, homology, and molecular data. is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

Based on this tree, the lineage leading to ________ was the first to diverge from the other lines. turtles crocodilians mammals dinosaurs birds

mammals

Species with more DNA similarities are

more closely related

The term taxon is used when classifying a group of ______ that all have a particular group pf characteristics

organisms

_____ are used in cladistics to detect ancestral and derived traits of characters in the ingroups

outgroups

The outlined group is: polyphyletic. monophyletic and paraphyletic are correct. paraphyletic. monophyletic.

paraphyletic.

Cyanobacteria obtain their nutrients through the process of

photosynthesis

The ______ of a group of organisms is its evolutionary history

phylogeny

Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of taxonomic classification?

phylum

A(n) _______ is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group. shared derived character analogous structure shared ancestral character divergence clade

shared ancestral character

Hair is a character shared by all mammals, but not found in their ancestral lineage. Hair is therefore considered to be a(n) clade. shared ancestral character (trait). shared derived character (trait). analogous structure.

shared derived character (trait).

Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy. class, order, family, genus, species, kingdom, phylum, domain genus, species, class, order, family, domain, kingdom, phylum species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

In binomial nomenclature, an organisms genus is followed by its

specific epithet

Taxonomy is branch of _____ that identifies, names, and organizes biodiversity into related categories

systematic biology

The study of the evolutionary history of biodiversity on Earth is called

systematics

The northern copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, the southern copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, and the cottonmouth is Agkistrodon piscivorous. Therefore, the copperheads are subspecies and the cottonmouth is a separate species. all are subspecies of Agkistrodon. they are all the same species. they are three distinct species.

the copperheads are subspecies and the cottonmouth is a separate species.

Which of the following best represents analogous structures? the arm of a human and the wing of a bat the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bee the arm of a human and the leg of a human

the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

A recent book by a reputable biologist suggests there is a deep, hot biosphere under the Earth's crust that may have more biomass than all life at the Earth's surface. This would primarily rely on what organisms? primitive heat-loving plants viruses fungi living on the detritus from above primitive animals thermoacidophilic archaea

thermoacidophilic archaea

Only two kingdoms were recognized in Aristotle's time. Identify both

-plantae -animalia

Early biologists referred to animals as ''simple" and ''advanced," but now it is more accurate to use the following terms: ''simple" and ''complex," since anatomy terms are more exact. ''primitive" and ''derived," since some early forms became very complex and some evolved forms are derived from them but lost characters and are simple. ''allopatric" and ''sympatric," since the species is most important. ''evolved" and ''un-evolved," since everything ties together with evolution. "generalists" and ''specialists," since this is how biologists classify characters.

''primitive" and ''derived," since some early forms became very complex and some evolved forms are derived from them but lost characters and are simple.

Select the five kingdoms used in the five kingdom system

-Monera -Animalia -Plantae -Fungi -Protista

Thermoacidophiles prefer which of the following characteristics in an environment?

-acidity -high temperature

Which of the following are the major sources of evidence for tracing phylogeny?

-behavioral traits -morphological traits -molecular traits -fossil traits

Which of these characteristics of cladograms increase parsimony?

-decrease in number of ancestors -decrease in the number of clades

Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming organisms. It consists of two parts. The first part is the ____ while the second is the specific ____

-genus -epithet

In cladistics, shared derived traits occur only in the ____, while the _____ is included in the cladogram as a basis for determining which traits are shared derived traits

-ingroup -outgroup

Nucleic acid changes can be used as a kind of molecular clock to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time under which conditions?

-when the changes are neutral -when the changes accumulate at a fairly constant rate

Phylogenetic trees with proportional branch lengths indicate relatedness among organisms. indicate the relative number of nucleotide pair differences between groups. are constructed by comparing DNA sequences of homologous genes and calibrating this molecular clock with the fossil record. All of the above are true. indicate relatedness evolutionary time.

All of the above are true.

Which of the following features would be used to construct a phylogenic tree? homologous structures fossil record data DNA-DNA hybridization amino acid sequences All of the above.

All of the above.

If a phylogeny is based on the natural evolution of organisms, it could explain the variations among fossils from rock strata. explain why there are similarities and differences among modern living groups. reflect patterns of shared and unique sections of DNA among groups of animals. help predict where unresearched features will be in common, such as how widely a medicine will be effective among animals. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Nonscientists often use the words ''name," ''identify," and ''classify" interchangeably. When they want to know what an organism is, they may ask "Can you name this?" or "Can you identify this?" or "Can you classify this?" Which of the following is/are correct usage(s) of the term(s)? Only the scientist who first describes a new species actually names it. Classifying is grouping, and to classify something requires several organisms so you can group one as closer to a second and distant from a third. A farmer is using a key to detect pest insect species in his fields is identifying insects but not naming or necessarily classifying them. A scientist who publishes the name and description of a new species must necessarily also know both how to identify and classify the species. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with the naming, identification, and classification of organisms. uses a binomial system developed by Linnaeus. uses reproductive isolation as the basis of definition of a species. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore, it belongs to the genus Heraclides. it belongs to the species cresphontes. the specific epithet is cresphontes. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The use of a molecular clock may be used to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time if nucleic acid changes are neutral and not tied to adaptation. if nucleic acid changes occur at a fairly constant rate. but still needs to be calibrated with the fossil record. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which kingdom or supergroup is characterized by organisms that are heterotrophic by ingestion? Plant Fungi Protists Animal

Animal

Which Domains did Kingdom Monera get divided into? Bacteria & Eukarya Archaea & Eukarya Archaea & Bacteria Protista & Archaea

Archaea & Bacteria

Which of the following Domains includes the majority of the organisms that were previously classified in Kingdom Monera? Bacteria and Eubacteria Protista and Eukarya Archaea and Algae Eukarya and Bacteria Archaea and Bacteria

Archaea and Bacteria

Into what three domains are all living things categorized?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

______ is the process of naming and assigning organisms to a taxon. Cladistics Taxonomy Phylogeny Classification None of the above

Classifcation

Single celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains? Fungi Animalia Eukarya Plantae

Eukarya

The domain Archaea is more closely related to the domain _____ than to the domain____

Eukarya; Bacteria

Match the name of the kingdom found in the domain Eukarya on the left with the right

Fungi=molds Animal=insects Plant=cactus Protista=green algae

Which is the correct binomial nomenclature?

Genus species

Who developed the taxonomic system of binomial nomenclature

Linnaeus

Which kingdom contains bacteria and other prokaryotes?

Monera

When comparing archaea with bacteria both archaea and bacteria are easily cultured and studied in the laboratory. the chemical nature of the cell wall of archaea and bacteria is identical and shows their early relationship. bacteria are not very diverse and are limited in distribution, while archaea are far more diverse and found everywhere. the archaea and bacteria are cases of reduction in traits and are both derived from early eukarya. None of the choices are true.

None of the choices are true.

Which kingdom is correctly described? Animalia: multicellular and heterotrophic by absorption Plantae: multicellular and photoautotrophic Fungi: multicellular and heterotrophic by ingestion Protista: unicellular and heterotrophic only

Plantae: multicellular and photoautotrophic

The evolution of organisms in the three domains and four kingdoms is most accurately described by which sequence? Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals Prokaryotes to Protists, separately to Animals and Plants with Fungi a loss of plant photosynthesis Prokaryotes to Protists to Plants, from Plants separately to both Animals and Fungi Protists to Prokaryotes to Fungi, from Fungi separately to Plants and Animals Prokaryotes to Fungi to Protists to Plants to Animals

Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals

How are organisms in a particular taxonomic category grouped together?

They share a trait or set of traits

T/F: Because mitochondrial DNA mutates faster than nuclear DNA, it is more useful for tracing phylogeny

True

How is convergent evolution best explained?

Two different species develop similar traits due to adaptation to similar environments.

The highlighted grouping in the cladogram is a ____________ grouping. monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic None of the above.

polyphyletic

Prokaryotes were divided into two groups because of the differences in their _____sequenes

rRNA

Halophiles are commonly found in environments that contain high _____ concentration

salt