Bio Chapter 2 sections 3-4

What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules?

16. The function of a Carbohydrate is it is the main source of energy for living things. The breakdown of the sugars gives us immediate energy for activities in the cells. The extra sugar stored as complex carbohydrates are called starches. The stored energy in our muscles provides us movement. Another function is structural purposes for plants, animals, and other living things. The starches of plants give them their strength and rigidity. The functions of Lipids are they are used to store energy. Lipids can either have the maximum of hydrogen atoms in it (saturated) or have at least one carbon-carbon double bond (unsaturated.) Lipids also make up important biological cell membranes and waterproof coverings. The synthesized steroids by the body are lipids as well. They serve as chemical messengers. The functions of proteins are they control the rate of reaction, regulate cell processes, form important cell structures, or transport substances to help fight diseases. The functions of Nucleic Acids are they transmit and store heredity, or genetic, information. Examples are RNA and DNA.

Catalyst

By lowering s reaction's activation energy, a catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ratio of usually 1:2:1. Our main source of energy is Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can also be used for structural purposes by plants, animals, and other living organisms.

Amino Acid

Compounds with two ends: an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH.) A polypeptide is formed when peptide bonds link amino acids together. They are assembled into polypeptide chains according to the information coded in DNA, and more than 20 amino acids are found in nature.

What roles do enzymes play in living things and what affects their function (activity)?

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells. An example is the enzyme in my bloodstream called carbonic anhydrase. This enzyme speeds up the reaction by a factor of 10 million to make sure that the carbon dioxide is removed from my blood immediately. Enzymes are usually very specific to catalyzing only one reaction. Enzymes control the chemical pathways, make materials that cells need, release energy, and transfer energy. The variables that affect their function are temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules. Enzymes work their best in ionic conditions and pH values.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

In a chemical energy, the old bonds need to build up enough energy to break their bonds to form new ones to make sure they are changed after the bonding. Enzymes give the reactants a site for them to react with enough energy to release the new products.

Substrate

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactants of the reaction are called substrates. The active site is where the substrates bind to the enzyme.

Lipid

Lipids are large biological molecules that are non-polar or not soluble (do not dissolve in water) because they aren't attracted to the opposite poles in a water molecule. Lipids are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen but mostly Hydrogen and Carbon. They are categorized into fats, oils, and waxes. They store our energy and

Monosaccharide

Simple sugars that end in -ose. Examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Active Site

The place where the substrates meet with the enzyme. The active site and substrates fit perfectly just like a lock and key.

Monomer

The smaller particles that are joined to the macromolecules in polymerization. They could be identical to one another or different from each other.

Activation Energy

Whether the final chemical reaction absorbs energy or releases energy; activation energy is needed to get the reaction started up.

Protein

a macromolecule (assembled from polymers of molecules called amino acids) that is made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. It is a molecule that is built from one or more polypeptides. A protein can control the rate of reaction and regulate the cell processes, and from crucial cellular structures or transport substances out or into cells to help battle a disease.

Nucleic Acid

a macromolecule (assembled from single monomers called nucleotides) that is made of Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. They store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. The two kinds of Nucleic Acids are RNA (ribonucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose.)

Enzyme

proteins that behave as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction that takes place in a cell. As the enzyme lowers the activation energy, a dramatic effect occurs to which how quickly the reaction will be completed. Factors such as temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules affect the activity of enzymes. Some of the roles an enzyme plays are: controlling chemical pathways, making materials cells need, releasing energy and transferring information.

Nucleotide

the polymers that are made from single monomers that make up nucleic acids. It consists of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group (-PO4), and a 5-carbon sugar. A well-known nucleotide, ATP, plays a critical role in grabbing and transferring chemical energy.

Polymer

the small units, monomers, combine together to form polymers. Polymers, large carbon molecules, are also known as macromolecules or many molecules.