Bio chapter 20 smartbook unit 4

In order to attach to surfaces or other cells, bacteria use the

fimbriae

The short bristle-like fibers that may allow a prokaryote to attach to the surface of a host cell are called

fimbriae

The prokaryotic structure that rotates 360 degrees to allow for cellular movement is called a

flagellum or flagella

The prokaryote cell wall prevents the cell from bursting or collapsing due to changes in the

fluid levels inside the cell

An organism that is unable to grow in the presence of oxygen gas is a(n)

obligate anaerobe

The unique molecule found in bacterial cell walls, which is composed of unique combinations of sugars and amino acids, is called

peptidoglycan

An organism that synthesizes organic molecules using solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide are called

photoautotrophs.

Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles typical of eukaryotes are referred to as

prokaryotes

Bacteria are classified as _____ cells.

prokaryotic

Which of the following domains of life contain prokaryotes?

Bacteria Archaea

Most prokaryotes reproduce via which process or processes?

Binary fission

In 1884, while investigating the cause for rabies, a chemist named ... suggested the presence of a pathogen smaller than a bacterium, which he called a virus.

Louis Pasteur

Who was the first person to suggest the existence of a virus, suspecting that it was the cause of rabies?

Louis Pasteur

How are viruses classified?

Only lower taxonomic levels are used for virus classification, including genus and species.

The enzyme reverse transcriptase, found in retroviruses, converts the viral ... to ...

RNA, DNA

Which of these best describes a photoautotroph?

Uses the sun's energy and carbon dioxide to create organic compounds

A new or previously uncommon illness that becomes more prominent because of its ability to cause serious disease is called a(n) .... virus

emerging

extension of the viral range viral mutation

endocytosis.

Which of the following are common methods by which a virus can rapidly "emerge" and cause human illness?

extension of the viral range viral mutation

What is the term for an organism that can grow both in the presence and absence of oxygen gas?

facultative anaerobe

What characteristics do viruses share with living organisms?

genes the ability to evolve

Viruses are .... specific because each can only infect one type of living cell.

host

The domain Archaea is considered distinct from domain Bacteria due to differences in which of these?

rRNA

A virus with an RNA genome that utilizes reverse transcriptase is called a

retrovirus

A virus with an RNA genome that utilizes reverse transcriptase is called a(n)

retrovirus

The viral enzyme found in retroviruses, which is capable of converting the viral RNA genome into a DNA copy, is called

reverse transcriptase

What portion of an enveloped animal virus binds to the host cell plasma membrane?

spikes

A relationship involving members of two species living together in an intimate way, in which one individual benefits from the relationship while the other either benefits, is unharmed, or is harmed is called a ... relationship

symbiotic

The type of archaea that lives in hot, acidic, aquatic habitats, such as hot springs or near hydrothermal vents is called a

thermoacidophile.

On average, the size of a virus is about 10-400

nanometers (nm).

An organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen gas is a(n):

obligate anaerobe

Viruses are obligate intracellular ...... and must use another living cell to replicate.

parasites or parasite

Order the steps of viral reproduction beginning with the first step at the top.

1) attachment 2)penetration 3)Biosynthesis 4)Maturation 5) Release

Attachment Penetration Biosynthesis Maturation Release

1)A virus binds to a specific host cell. 2)A host cell engulfs the virus or the virus injects its genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell. 3)New viral components are synthesized. 4)Viral components are assembled into new viruses. 5)New viruses exit the host cell via lysis or budding.

Select all of the following choices that correctly matches a virus to its specific type of host cell:

1)Human immunodeficiency virus - specific blood cells 2)Hepatitis virus - liver cells 3)Rabies - cells of mammals

Select the descriptions of viruses. Multiple select question.

1)Obligate intracellular parasites 2)Cause AIDS, chickenpox, and measles

1) Commensalism 2)Parasitism 3)Mutualism

1)symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited 2)symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while harming the other. 3)symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the association.

A= capsule B= Plasma membrane C= Cell Wall D= Ribosome

A B C D

A) Fimbriae B) Nucleoid C) Conjugation pilus D) Flagellum E)Cytoplasm

A B C D E

Which prokaryotic cell structure prevents the cell from bursting or collapsing due to fluctuations in the amount of fluid inside the cell?

Cell Wall

Once inside of a host cell, the genome of a retrovirus is converted into ______.

DNA

True or false: Like bacteria, a single type of virus can infect many different types of organisms.

False

True or false: Viruses are simple to classify and name.

False

Which bacterial structure is used for locomotion?

Flagellum

In its actions as an obligate intracellular parasite, what does a virus direct a host cell to duplicate because it cannot do so on its own?

Genetic material

Peptidoglycan is a molecule that is found where in a bacterial cell?

The cell wall

A bacteriophage is a

a virus that infects a bacterium

The thermoacidophiles living in hot springs would be classified as

archaeans.

The most common type of prokaryote are the ______.

bacteria

A bacteriophage is a viral parasite of

bacteria or bacterium

A virus that infects only bacterial cells is called a(n)

bacteriophage

Prokaryotic reproduction occurs asexually in a process called .... , ...... that can be as fast as 12 minutes.

binary, fission

The group of Archaea known as halophiles are classified as

chemoheterotrophs

Photoautotrophic, gram negative bacteria that perform photosynthesis in the same manner as plants are called

cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that first introduced oxygen into the atmosphere, but can appear blue, red, and even black are called

cyanobacteria.

A virus is similar in size to a(n)

large protein

Archaeans differ from bacteria in that their cell membranes have unusual types of ... and their cell walls do not contain ....

lipids, peptidoglycan

A host cell carries a prophage during the viral reproductive cycle called the .... cycle

lysogenic

Viral DNA becomes incorporated into bacterial DNA, with no destruction of host DNA, and becomes what is known as a prophage during the .... cycle of viral replication.

lysogenic

Viral DNA becomes incorporated into bacterial DNA, with no destruction of host DNA, and becomes what is known as a prophage during the ..... cycle of viral replication.

lysogenic

The viral reproductive cycle that terminates with the destruction of the host cell through cell lysis is called the .... cycle

lytic