Bio Chapter 36

Identify the role(s) of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in human reproduction.

-FSH stimulates the growth of new follicles in the ovary. -FSH promotes the activity of Sertoli cells, which nourish sperm developing within seminiferous tubules.

The first stage of embryonic development is _____. This process produces _____.

Gastrulation and organogenesis are developmental stages that follow cleavage.

What is the fundamental difference between male and female vertebrates?

Males produce many, motile gametes and females produce few, stationary gametes.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning mating behavior in asexually reproducing species?

Mating behavior is a stimulus that can help to bring about ovulation in asexually reproducing species.

Which of the following statements correctly describes how the production of human sperm and eggs differs?

Meiosis is an uninterrupted process in males, whereas in females it resumes when a follicle matures and is only completed when a sperm penetrates the egg.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sexual reproduction?

Most animals produce offspring by sexual reproduction

Which of the following is a difference between reproduction of humans (and other primates) and all other mammals?

Only humans (and other primates) have menstrual cycles.

In which location does fertilization usually take place in a human female?

Oviduct

The anatomical location for the typical union of a sperm and an egg (conception) is the

Ovulation releases the eggs into the abdominal cavity, where they are swept into the oviduct.

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

Ovule (analogous to the ova)

Which of the following is the correct path that sperm travel in leaving the body of a human male?

Seminiferous tubule - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

Which of the following correctly traces the path of sperm from their site of production to their exit from a man's body?

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules, mature in the epididymis, and during ejaculation pass through the vas deferens into the urethra. seminiferous tubule → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in the development of sperm in the process of spermatogenesis?

Spermatogonial stem cell - spermatogonium - primary spermocyte - secondary spermocyte - early spermatid - sperm cell

Which statement about human reproduction is FALSE?

The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

What is the "twofold" cost of sex?

The higher number of female offspring produced by an asexual female

Animals utilizing external fertilization are typically

aquatic animals

An embryonic cell that is "totipotent" is one that can

by itself, give rise to the entire embryo, as cleavage proceeds

Choose the correct developmental sequence of animal development.

fertilization → cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis

Examples of birth control methods that prevent the production or release of gametes are

hormonal contraception and sterilization

For which is the number the same in males and females?

meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete

The mesoderm gives rise to _____.

skeletal and muscular systems

The "twofold cost" of sex refers to

the fewer reproductive offspring produced by individuals of species that have two sexes

Certain maternal diseases, drugs, alcohol, and radiation are most dangerous to embryonic development during

the first three months, when organogenesis is occurring

In the human ovarian cycle, ovulation is triggered by a sharp rise in luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the cause of this sharp rise?

A rise in estradiol from the follicle

Which of these refers to parthenogenesis?

An egg develops without being fertilized.

Which of the following is a means of sexual reproduction?

Fusion of egg and sperm

Among the following, the earliest consequence of the acrosomal reaction is

Fusion of the membranes of the egg and sperm causes membrane depolarization, known as the "fast" block to polyspermy, i.e., the prevention of additional sperm binding to the egg.

What is an advantage of internal fertilization?

Internal fertilization can occur outside of aquatic or marine habitats.

What is the relationship between Leydig cells and Sertoli cells?

Leydig cells stimulate the production of sperm cells, and Sertoli cells nourish developing sperm.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about parthenogenesis?

Parthenogenesis appears rare in vertebrates.

Embryonic cells especially active in assuring nutritional exchange between a pregnant woman and her embryo are found in the

The trophoblast is the outer epithelium of the blastocyst.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the cleavage stage of early development?

There is no increase in mass

A hermaphrodite is

an individual with both male and female reproductive systems

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle

coincides with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Pheromones are

generally effective at very low concentrations

Which hormone is produced by the human embryo during the first trimester and is necessary for maintaining a pregnancy?

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

The "reproductive handicap" for sexual reproduction refers to

have only half the offspring are females. [A female undergoing asexual reproduction would have offspring that have 100% of her genes, whereas a sexually reproducing female typically passes only 50% of her genetic material to her offspring.]

Sexual reproduction includes a reproductive pattern called

hermaphroditism (a single individual produces both sperm and ova; although some individuals fertilize themselves, most must mate with another member of the same species.)

The ectoderm germ layer gives rise to the

jaws, teeth, and epidermis of the skin

In humans, oogenesis in comparison to spermatogenesis is different in that

oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body

Which of the following is NOT properly paired?

seminiferous tubule - cervix

Salamander and insect populations consisting only of genetically identical females lack males because

sperm do not fuse with eggs during reproduction, but the eggs develop into embryos anyway. [Parthenogenesis is a process in which the egg develops without being fertilized.]

The human female's external reproductive structures are

the clitoris, two sets of labia, and vaginal opening

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in

the formation of a fertilization envelope

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during

the period just before ovulation.

Reptiles and mammals are called "amniotes" because

they have extra-embryonic membranes that develop an aqueous environment in which development occurs (These two groups of vertebrates form the amniotes. Fish and amphibians lay their eggs in water and do not require a special water-filled enclosure.)