Bio-Chapter17-Speciation and Macroevolution

Which of these are prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

-behavioral -temporal -mechanical

Select the disadvantages of the biological species concept.

-cannot be applied to extinct organisms -often cannot be tested in nature -cannot be applied to organisms that reproduce asexually

Select the disadvantages of the morphological species concept.

-differences between species can be subtle -some microorganisms do not have measurable traits -fossils cannot be used to describe skin color and texture

Select the trends found in the fossil record that are particularly evident in the evolution of the horse.

-increase in size -change in tooth shape -toe number reduction -change in tooth size

Whereas ____ isolation is the type that prevents members of different species from achieving successful fertilization, _____ isolation is the type that prevents of different species that interbreed from having successful offspring.

-prezygotic -postzygotic

How many different species of cichlids are present in Lake Tanganyika? 1 10 2000 200

200

Which of the following statements best defines the term "adaptive radiation"? A single ancestral species evolves into a wide array of descendant species that differ in their habitat, form, or behavior. Some members of a species occupy a habitat that is isolated from other members of the same species. Speciation occurs through changes in chromosome number resulting in reproductive isolation. There are changes in habitat, timing, or behavior that prevent the mating of two different organisms.

A single ancestral species evolves into a wide array of descendant species that differ in their habitat, form, or behavior.

Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time? natural selection genetic drift new mutations natural selection and genetic drift but not new mutations. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, what occurs? Autoploidy is occurring. An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs. A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

The biological species concept is limited, and may not be applied to asexually reproducing organisms. organisms known only in the fossil record. species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another. All of the above.

All of the above.

Reproductive isolation: means there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms (species). is necessary for species to remain separate. is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers. All of the choices are correct. None of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation? Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features, but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males. Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following fish species evolved as a result of allopatric speciation? All of the fish except Fish C Fish C Fish B Fish F All of the fish

All of the fish except Fish C

In the allopatric speciation of Ensatina salamanders, the ____ served as the geographic barrier separating the diverging populations.

Central Valley of California

1-Torpedo shaped body 2-Eggs are deposited in nest 3-Light body color 4-Jaws or grasping prey 5-Produces live young

Fish C Fish D Fish A Fish E Fish F

The gene that regulates segmentation in vertebrates, and therefore the number and types of vertebrae in snakes and humans is called the ____ gene.

Hox

Which of the following is an example of hybrid sterility?

Members of different species produce an infertile offspring

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept?

Normally occurring trait variations can confuse species identification

The gene that is required for the development of eyes in a broad range of animals is called the ___ gene

Pax6

________ prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, it is infertile. Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms Temporal isolation mechanisms Postzygotic isolating mechanisms Two of these are correct. None of the above.

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head, wing, or leg parts. Why? Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology. This is where mutations usually express themselves in animals. This is the convention or custom of entomology. Arthropods have hard exoskeletons so head, wing, and leg structures can't vary as much. Radiation damage to genes usually occurs in genitalia.

Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology.

The gene that codes for a transcription factor that turns on genes required for the development of limbs in both birds and humans is called the ___ gene.

Tbx5

If each of the six organisms shown is a separate species, what does that imply? They are different sizes. They have different diets. They are not capable of interbreeding. They do not live in the same location.

They are not capable of interbreeding.

Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap, a colorful flap of skin in the neck region. This is an example of temporal isolation. a postzygotic isolating mechanism. hybrid inviability. a prezygotic isolating mechanism.

a postzygotic isolating mechanism.

Rather than being seen as stages in a path leading to the formation of the modern horse, it is important to realize that ancestors to the modern horse were all ____ to their particular environments.

adapted

A type of speciation that involves the development of several species, each adapted to a specific environment is called

adaptive radiation

A single fish quickly gave rise to many new species of fish following the introduction of a change in environmental conditions. This is an example of convergent evolution. adaptive radiation. coevolution. microevolution.

adaptive radiation.

Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California. As they migrate southward, populations are separated by the Central Valley. With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley, genetic differences accumulate. What type of speciation occurs under these conditions? neither sympatric or allopatric sympatric speciation allopatric speciation both sympatric and allopatric speciation

allopatric speciation

What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier? neither sympatric or allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier allopatric speciation sympatric speciation both sympatric and allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier

allopatric speciation

If two different species of plants hybridize, and following that there is doubling of the chromosome number the resulting hybrid will have a polyploidy condition known as _____

alloploidy

A major advantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it uses morphological traits to distinguish species. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species. relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species. is the same as the classic biological species concept.

applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.

The polyploid condition in which an organism has chromosomes from a single species is called ____.

autoploidy

Allopatric speciation involves two populations becoming isolated by some type of geographical or physical ____

barrier

In both Hawaiian honey creepers and Galapagos finches, adaptive radiation resulted in a variety of species with different____.

beak shapes

A male cricket is chirping for a mate. A female of a different species of cricket does not recognize his chirping pattern and will not mate with him. This is an example of a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation called ______ isolation.

behavioral

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by the pattern of their flashings, while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping. These are examples of _____. mechanical isolation habitat isolation temporal isolation behavioral isolation

behavioral isolation

Although acadian, willow, and least flycatchers are physically similar, according to the _____ species concept they are separate species because they do not interbreed.

biological

The _____ ______ concept defines a species as a group of populations that can breed among themselves to produce fertile offspring.

biological species

The finches on the Galápagos Islands also evolved to allow many different species of finch to coexist. How did the finches adapt to occupy different niches? changed feather size and shape changed teeth size and shape changed organism size and shape changed beak size and shape

changed beak size and shape

Reinforcement of reproductive isolation has been demonstrated between species of pied and collared flycatchers of the Czech Republic, where members of different species have different ____ in areas where the species overlap.

coat colors

The diagram depicts ____ of African lake fish

convergent evolution

_____ occurs when a similar biological trait evolves in two or more unrelated species as a result of adaptation to similar environments.

convergent evolution

The evolutionary species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits, called _______, to distinguish one species from another. diagnostic traits convergent traits homologous traits analogous traits

diagnostic traits

Reduced competition that could occur with adaptive radiation events provides ____, which is the freedom for the new species to expand its use of resources within the habitat.

ecological release

The fossil record is explained by the ____ species concept

evolutionary

Humans are genetically very similar to other animals because rather than having out difference from other species result from different genes, they result from differential gene _____

expression

Darwin believed that the finch beaks evolved to accommodate their different feeding habits. If the finches had lived in different habitats (beach, forest, etc.), what different characteristic might have evolved? beaks size leg length feather coloration

feather coloration

If the gametes of two different species meet but cannot fuse, this is an example of _____isolation.

gamete

In _________, proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg. temporal isolation gametic isolation mechanical isolation behavioral isolation

gametic isolation

In some plants, the sperm can not reach the egg because the stigma prevents formation of the pollen tubes. This is an example of mechanical isolation. gametic isolation. behavioral isolation. temporal isolation.

gametic isolation.

The model of evolution that describes the process as slow and continuous is called the ______model

gradualistic

If one species of ants live below ground and another species of ants live in nests in trees and thus never interact, this would be an example of a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism called ____ isolation.

habitat

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, while the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as habitat isolation. temporal isolation. zygote mortality. behavioral isolation.

habitat isolation.

The evolutionary species concept considers two organisms to be in the same species if they ____

have the same characteristics

A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of gametic isolation. hybrid infertility. zygote mortality. temporal isolation.

hybrid infertility.

A long, thin, probing beak enables finches to feed on what food source? seeds insects small fish plants

insects

When two species are reproductively _____, gene flow does not occur between them

isolated

The biological species concept requires reproductive _____ between organisms to be considered valid.

isolation

Changes observed in the fossil record that involve the formation of new species demonstrate ____.

macroevolution

Large scale evolutionary change that is best observed in the fossil record and that may involve the production of new species is called

macroevolution

Following the demise of dinosaurs, ____ underwent adaptive radiation as they adapted to environments previously inhabited by dinosaurs.

mammals

If two species of bees try to mate but their genitalia are not compatible with each other this would be an example of _____ isolation

mechanical

All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT fossils are considered to be members of the same species if they possess the same diagnostic traits. an abrupt change in the diagnostic traits of fossils is indicative of the evolution of a new species. members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways. certain structural traits, called diagnostic traits, are used to distinguish one species from another.

members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways.

In recent years, the biological species concept has been supplemented by the data from the field of _____

molecular genetics

The appearance or physical characteristics of an organism are used to define the ___ species concept

morphological

The____ of developmental genes, coupled with geographic isolation, can cause speciation.

mutation

Modern horses have a large body size, long legs, hooves, and strong teeth. These adaptation are best suited to a(n) ____ habitat.

open plains

The species concept that uses a common ancestor to define a species is the ____ species concept.

phylogenic

The condition of having three or more of each type of chromosome is called ____

polyploidy

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that do not prevent members of different species from producing a fertilized egg are called ____ isolating mechanisms

postzygotic

Reproductive isolation between species of Anolis lizards with different colored dewlaps is ___isolation.

prezygotic

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. a lack of F2 fitness. postzygotic isolating mechanisms. Two of these are correct. None of the above.

prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.

The ______ equilibrium model of macroevolution describes a process in which characteristics remain constant for long time periods and then abruptly change.

punctuated

Which model of evolutionary change suggests that transitional fossils are less likely to be found?

punctuated equilibrium model

What is the shape of the teeth that are designed for grazing algae? interlocking points chisels daggers rasps

rasps

Reinforcement would eventually increase the fitness of hybrids. reduce the formation of hybrids. have no effect on hybrid formation. favor and therefore increase the formation of hybrids.

reduce the formation of hybrids.

Natural selection favors the development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms after postzygotic isolating mechanisms have developed. This is called the process of ____.

reinforcement

The biological species concept relies mainly on ___________ to define a species. comparative biochemical analysis the presence of analogous traits reproductive isolation morphological differences

reproductive isolation

A thick, crushing beak enables finches to feed on what food source? seeds plants small fish insects

seeds

In stickleback fish, natural section has favored ___ pelvic spines in fish that live on the bottom of a lake.

short

The splitting of a species into two or more species or the transformation of one species into another is called

speciation

______ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time. Reproductive isolation Convergent evolution The founder effect Speciation Both reproductive isolation and speciation are correct.

speciation

A hybrid zygote may develop into a ____ adult as in the case of a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, which produces a mule.

sterile

Whereas the evolutionary species concept relies on ___ to identify species, the biological species concept relies on____.

structural traits/reproductive isolation

The evolutionary species concept emphasizes _____ in identifying species.

structure

The process of speciation that does not involve a geographic barrier between diverging populations is called _____ speciation

sympatric

In speciation which of the following is mismatched? allopatric speciation-geographic isolation adaptive radiation-chance for new species to adapt to new habitats post-zygotic isolation-hybrid offspring sterility sympatric speciation-geographic isolation

sympatric speciation-geographic isolation

The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term prezygotic. sympatric. adaptive radiation. allopatric. speciation.

sympatric.

The reproductive times of similar but different species do not overlap, this is a type of reproductive isolation called ____ isolation.

temporal

How many sets of jaws do cichlids have? two one four or more three

two

A major disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it is the same as the classic biological species concept. uses morphological traits to distinguish species. relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.

uses morphological traits to distinguish species.

A _____ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. blastula gastrula spermatogonium zygote

zygote

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) are different species. Occasionally, mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity. The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die. This is an example of zygote mortality. mechanical isolation. lack of F2 fitness. hybrid sterility.

zygote mortality.