Bio Exam 2

The enzyme that produces ATP from ADP and P in the thylakoid is? - ATPase - Coenzyme A - ATP synthase - RuBP carboxylase

ATP synthase

What type of junction is essential in internal cytoplasmic plaques joined by intercellular filaments? These junctions are sturdy but flexible sheets of cells - Adhesion Junction - Tight Junction - Enzymatic Junction - Gap Junction

Adhesion Junction

ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because - It is versatile and can be used in many types of reactions - Its breakdown is easily coupled with energy-requiring reactions - It provides just the right amount of energy for cellular reactions - All of these are correct

All of these are correct

Which of the following can you only see using an electron microscope? - Bacteria - Frog egg - Fly - Amino acids

Amino acids

What is the powerhouse of the cell and is responsible for making ATP - Mitochondria - Golgi Apparatus - Rough Endoplasmic reticulum - Chloroplast

Mitochondria

What organelle is responsible for making ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? - Golgi Apparatus - Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum - Vesicle - Nucleolus

Nucleolus

What moves material between the organelles of the endomembrane system? - Ribosomes - Golgi Apparatus - Vesicles - Mitochondria

- Ribosomes ? Vesicles

Explain each of the following AND provide an Example of each: 1) Channel Protein 2) Junction Protein 3) Cell recognition Protein 4) Transport protein

1) Channel Protein: - Open Tunnel's for a specific channel molecule's. - Ex: Sodium Ion Channel (only allowing sodium to pass through) 2) Junction Protein: - Between Cells, they allow the cells to communicate. - Ex: Kidney Epithelial Cells 3) Cell Recognition Protein: - This is how our body distinguished our cells. - Ex: Immune Response 4) Transport Protein: - Use Energy and transports molecules in or out of the cell. - Ex: Sodium Potassium Transporters. (will only move sodium or potassium)

The amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius is called - Calorie - ATP - heat - hydrogen bond

Calorie

Entropy is the relative amount of what? - Organization - Enzymatic action - Disorganization - Energy of activation

Disorganization

Bob has three enzymes he could work with in the laboratory. He needs an enzyme that works faster and makes his reactions easier. Which of the following enzymes would he want to use? - Enzyme 1: High Potential Energy - Enzyme 2: High Energy of Activation - Enzyme 3: Low Energy of Activation - Enzyme 4: Low Potential energy

Enzyme 3: Low Energy of Activation

In the anaerobic pathway of glycolysis, Yeast produce what products from the degradation of pyruvate? - Ethyl Alcohol and carbon dioxide - Lactate and carbon dioxide - Lactate only - Ethyl Alcohol only

Ethyl Alcohol and carbon dioxide

The use of transport proteins specific to a molecule is known as what? (Hint Water uses Aquaporins for example) - Osmosis - Facilitated Diffusion - Simple Diffusion - Enzymatic Reaction

Facilitated Diffusion

List the four phases of complete glucose breakdown (Cellular respiration) and identify the substrates (inputs) and products (outputs) of each phase. Be sure to explain how many ATP are produced in each phase and what the total output for the whole process is.

Glycolysis: Inputs: Glucose (Sugar) Outputs: 2 NADH 2 H2O (Water) Net gain: 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate Net of 2 ATP. Preparatory Reaction: Inputs: 2- 3 Carbon Chains. Outputs: 2 NADH 2 CO2 2 Carbon Chains 0 ATP Citric Acid Cycle: Inputs: 2- 2 Carbon Chains Outputs: 6 NADH 6 ATP 2 FADH2 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain: Inputs: 0 Outputs: 10 NADH 2 FADH2 34 ATP

Explain the effects of osmosis on cells using Isotonic solutions, Hypertonic solutions, and Hypotonic solutions. Be specific and discuss water concentrations and cell appearance.

Isotonic Solutions: - No net gain or loss of water. - Water Concentration: Same on Both inside and outside the Cell. - Cell Appearance: Normal Happy Cell. Hypertonic Solutions: - Water lost. - Water Concentration: Water outside the Cell is less than on the inside of the Cell. - Cell Appearance: Shriveled (Like a grape). Hypotonic Solutions: - Water Gained. - Water Concentration: Water is greater on the outside of the Cell than on the inside of the Cell. - Cell Appearance: Swelled, Burst.

Using this image identify the 8 organelles and describe in detail what each one is and what it does in the cell. BE SPECIFIC

Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope: What it is: Main Part of the Cell where our DNA is stored. For the Cell: Holds Genetic information. Nuclear Envelope: a Double membrane for the Nucleus. Mitochondria: What it is: The Powerhouse of the cell that makes ATP from carbs. For the Cell: Breaks down carbs to produce ATP and this is also were Cellular respiration occurs. Rough ER: What it is: All Protein Synthesis will occur here and Modifies proteins in lumen. For the Cell: Forms transports vesicles going to Golgi Apparatus. Smooth ER: What it is: all lips are made here For the Cell: the function depends on the cell. Lysosome: What it is: Vesicles that digest molecules or proteins in the cell. For the Cell: Gets rid of all the things that the cell does not need or made to much of. Golgi Apparatus: What it is: Receives Vesicles from ER. Then Modifies the molecules within the Vesicle. Finally, sorts and repackages the new destination. For the Cell: Collects, Sorts, and Sends Received Vesicles from ER. Nucleus: Nucleolus: What it is: Part of the Nucleus where RNA is made. For the Cell: Stores RNA. Microtubules: What it is: small, hollow Cylinder. For the Cell: Helps the cell maintain its shape and acts as a track for organelles and other materials to move them.

Which of the following explains the correct order in which electrons travel through the photosystems during light reactions? - PSII, PSI, Electron transport chain - PSI, PSII, Electron transport chain - PSII, electron transport chain, PSI - PSI, electron transport chain, PSII

PSII, electron transport chain, PSI

There are three ways to enter a cell through cell transport: Passive, Active and Bulk. Explain each of these three in detail. (Be sure to discuss gradients)

Passive Transport: - Substances are moved from a high concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient. No Energy is Required. Active Transport: - Substances are moved from a lower concentration gradient to a higher concentration gradient. Needs Energy. Bulk Transport: - Versicles pack up and ship out in bulk. Gradients are not needed. A Lot of Energy is Needed.

What portion of the chloroplast is where carbon dioxide is reduced into carbohydrates? - Stroma - Thylakoids - Granum - Inner membrane

Stroma

Why are cells so small? - Aren't importing materials - Surface area to volume ratio - Volume to pressure ratio - Increased genome sizes

Surface area to volume ratio

Describe the Calvin Cycle IN DETAIL. Follow the Carbons and explain each step and where ATP and NADPH enter the process. Be sure to include all INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

The Calvin Cycle is powered by ATP and NADPH. This cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplast and its end product is glucose. There are three steps in the cycle: Carbon Dioxide Fixation, Carbon Dioxide Reduction, and Regeneration fo First Substrate (RuBP). Carbon Dioxide Fixation: - 3- 5 carbon chains combine the 3 CO2, to produce 3- 6 carbon chaings. the 3- 6 carbon chains devide into 6- 3 carbon chains. Carbon Dioxide Reduction: - starts with our 6-2 carbon chains. There will be 2 rearrangements. The first arrangement, needs 6 ATP to convert the 6 carbon chains. The second arrangement need 6 NADPH. Now that they have gone under the rearrangement twice, there are now 6 new 6- 3 carbon chains. - 1- 3 carbon chain will go under 2 arrangements and be used to make glucose and other ionic molecules. The other 5- 3 carbon chains are going to go back into the cycle in order to regenerate our 5 carbon chain. - 6 ATP - 6 NADPH Regeneration fo First Substrate (RuBP): - 5 of the 3 carbon chains use 3 additional ATPs to reorganize into 3- 5 carbon chains. - 3 ATP Inputs: - 2- 2 Carbon Chains Outputs: - 6- NADH - 2- ATP - 2- FADH2 The Whole Calvin Cycle requires: Total Inputs: - 3 Carbon Dioxide - 9 ATP - 6 NADPH Total SINGLE Output: - 1-3 Carbon Chains (used to make glucose)

Describe the citric acid cycle IN DETAIL . Follow the carbons and explain each step and each energy source that is being produced. Include all INPUTS AND OUTPUTS.

The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the Mitochondria. This cycle happens twice. This cycle is used to Produces more energy. A single 2 carbon chains will enter the cycle. it will then combine with a 4 carbon chains (6 carbon chains is formed.). This 6 carbon chain will start to break bonds, pop off a CO2 to produce a NADH. Now we have a 5 carbon Chain. That 5 carbon chain will pop off another CO2 to produce a NADH. Now we have a 4 carbon chains. That 4 carbon chains will undergo rearrangement and each will produce energy. The first rearrangement produces: 1 ATP. The Second rearrangement produces: 1 FADH2. The Third rearrangement produces: 1 NADH. Now we have another 4 carbon molecule ready to combine with another 2 carbon chain. ALL OF THIS HAPPENS TWICE! Inputs: 2-2 carbon chains. Outputs: 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH2

What are the two laws of energy? Explain them both in detail

The First Law of Energy - Conversion of Energy: Energy is everywhere. We do not destroy any energy. The first law is when energy is either shifting from a Potential to Kinetic or vis vera. The Second Law of Energy: is when there can only be a change to another energy if there is a loss of a useful energy. So, when the energy is being changed, from a Potential to Kinetic or vis vera, there is a part of the energy that is getting lost within our universe.

Why are leaves green in the summer but colored in the fall? BE SPECIFIC and Detailed!!!

The reason that leaves are green in the summer is because of the amount of light that they get. In the summer there is typically more daylight than in the fall. This means that the more light the more Chlorophyll that is being produced and Chlorophyll soaks up the other colors leaving the leaves to be green. The reason that in the fall the leaves are other colors is because of the amount of sunlight that they are getting which is less than in the summer. This means that less Chlorophyll is being produced and the Carotenoids are shining through. This is the reason that we see Yellow and orange leaves, because Carotenoids reflect yellow and orange colors and absorbing the other colors (Violet, Blue and Green).

Photosynthetic light reactions occur in what portion of the chloroplast - Thylakoids - Stroma - Inner membrane - Granum

Thylakoids