Bio exam #3

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?

Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

Which of the following features could be found in a vein, but NOT in an artery?

a one-way valve

The structures that carry signals away from the cell body of a neuron are called

axons.

Osteocytes are specialized cells found in

bone.

The function of the esophagus is to

carry food to the stomach.

If an athlete damages a ligament in his or her knee, he or she has damaged a

connection between two bones.

For a human to inhale, the rib muscles and the diaphragm must ________ which ________ pressure inside the lungs.

contract; decreases

A product of meiosis I that will NOT reach ovum formation is the

first polar body.

White blood cells of the adaptive immune response provide what advantage that is lacking in white blood cells of the innate immune response?

memory

Which of the following is MOST likely to be the target of a T cell?

virally infected self cells

Some organisms switch from male to female, or vice versa. The most likely reason for the change is the

availability of environmental resources.

A genetic mutation has altered the shape of an enzyme found within cells. The altered shape prevents the enzyme from functioning normally because a small, organic molecule called a(n) ________ cannot bind to the enzyme.

c.mineral

Blood leaving the right ventricle of the heart travels next to the

lungs.

Which of the following nutrients have the lowest energy content per gram?

vitamins

What is the mechanism of seed dispersal for the dandelion?

wind

Which of the following events is the first to occur during inflammation?

Damaged cells release key signaling molecules.

A young person with a known heart condition that is worsened by a rapid heartbeat decides to begin an exercise regime. Adrenaline is a stress hormone that has effects that include speeding up the heart rate.

Only engage in low-intensity exercise.

What prevents pathogens from entering our bodies through the delicate tissues of the nose?

The tubes within the nose are lined with mucus that traps pathogens and is then removed from the respiratory system.

Which of the following statements about myofibrils is true?

They contain many sarcomeres.

Which of the following statements about hormones is true?

They may regulate certain developmental periods of life.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the movement of water and waste within a nephron?

Water and waste both filter through the glomerulus; water is later reabsorbed from capillaries.

During blood clotting, a broken blood vessel triggers a cascade of factors that collectively reduce blood loss. In this example, the clotting factors are functioning as part of

a positive feedback loop.

A botanist is asked to identify which plant organ is the source of an unknown sample. A cross section shows that the vascular tissue is found in the center of the structure, with the ground tissue outside of the vascular cylinder. Which plant organ is the source of this sample?

a root

Which of the following would NOT be found in the lower small intestine?

a smooth surface

A component of innate immunity is the

acidic environment in the digestive system.

The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to

act as a barrier to prevent entry of pathogens.

The human liver produces bile, a substance that

allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut.

The human embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac called the

amnion.

The most immediate response seen in a vertebrate when a pathogen invades is

an innate response.

During pollination, pollen is moved from

anther to ovary.

When is fetal development initiated?

at the establishment of organ systems

As an experiment, a person who wishes to avoid getting ill during the winter significantly boosts his or her vitamin intake by taking multiple vitamin supplements. This action could

be dangerous, because the human body needs vitamins only in small amounts.

As nutrients move across an intestinal villus, most of the nutrients are absorbed by

capillaries.

The blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are

capillaries.

When blood arrives at an alveolus, the concentration of

carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the alveolus.

Which tissue type is responsible for reducing friction within joints?

cartilage

The dense tissue that combines strength with flexibility and provides support in the nose and ears is

cartilage.

If a disease reduces the number of villi within the small intestine one would expect a(n)

decrease in the surface area for absorption.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the pathway that a signal travels in a neuron?

dendrite to cell body to axon

Which of the following helps a plant deter herbivores, insects, or bacteria?

dermal hairs on the stem and leaves

The liver secretes bile to the

gallbladder.

Which combination of conditions will cause a plant's stomata to open?

high moisture and daylight

Anthers are typically attached to filaments and elevated within the flower to

improve the transfer of pollen to a pollinator.

Voluntary muscle that has a banded appearance would be expected to be found

in a muscle that bends the knee.

A correlation, but not a causation, has been shown between vitamin D and nonskeletal diseases. One hypothesis is that

inflammation associated with diseases reduces vitamin D levels.

In the stage of inflammation that follows the one shown in the image below, a(n) ________ will arrive.

macrophage

During a muscle contraction,

myosin filaments slide along actin filaments.

When certain hormones are added to the uterus, they induce thickening in the cells lining its walls. Which of the following hormones is likely to be responsible for this change?

progesterone

The function of chewing food is to

provide mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion.

A difficult wound for the immune system to respond to is a

puncture wound, because the first and second lines of defense can be bypassed.

Water and nutrients are taken up from soil by

root hairs.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest component?

sarcomeres to myofibrils to muscle fibers

The structure in the male reproductive tract that has a function similar to that of the female fallopian tubes is the

vas deferens.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an organ used for gas exchange?

very thin tissues

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and releases it near cells that are performing cellular respiration.

Males and females both produce estrogens, progestogens, and androgens. Which of the following is accurate for typical males and females?

Males have more androgens than estrogens. Females have more estrogens than androgens.

Which of the following statements about the growth patterns of plants and animals is true?

Most plants have indeterminate growth, whereas most animals have determinate growth.

Which of the following statements bestexplains how one hormone can regulate several different developmental events?

One hormone can affect different types of target tissues in different ways.

Why is it important that white blood cells are able to travel outside the human circulatory system?

Pathogens may be found in other areas of the body besides the circulatory vessels.

Why is indeterminate growth more beneficial to plants than to animals?

Plants are stationary in their habitats, whereas animals can move; indeterminate growth enables plants to respond to changing environmental conditions.

A component of the immune system's third line of defense is/are

T cells.

Cell-mediated immunity is regulated by the activities of

T cells.

One side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?

The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.

The layer(s) of skin that contain(s) nerve ending, smooth muscle, glands, and abundant connective is/are

dermis only.

According to the infographic below, which of the following is a temporary artificial barrier that prevents fertilization of an ovum by sperm?a.

diaphragm and condom

Which of the following is a component of the immune system's first line of defense?

earwax

A bird about to embark on a long migratory journey would want to have which of the following nutrients stored in large quantities?

fats

Which of the following terms describes how the male sperm and the female egg typically fuse in animals?

internal fertilization

Once a hormone enters the bloodstream, it

is broken down after it has performed its function on the target cells.

The steroid hormones testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone enter target cells and bind intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Based on this information, steroid hormones must be

mainly nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Gamete formation in human males is different from gamete formation in human females in that human

make sperm throughout their lives, beginning at puberty, whereas human females are born with all the eggs that may be fertilized.

A plant has a flower with three petals and leaves with parallel veins. This plant can be classified as a

monocot.

Muscle contraction is caused by

myosin filaments sliding along actin filaments.

If a person drinks a large sugary cola, his or her blood glucose levels will rise. Cells within his or her pancreas will respond by producing insulin, a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells.

negative feedback

After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37°C, and the animal dives into the water to feed. In the water, its body temperature rapidly drops, and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of

negative feedback.

During a primary immune response,

nonspecific immunity may be of great benefit to the organism.

A typical fertilizer contains no carbon, because carbon is

obtained from the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

A flower may be specialized to attract bat pollinators and discourage insect pollinators by

opening at night.

Which of the following sequences places the direction traveled by an egg in the correct order?

ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina

The concentration of oxygen in blood plasma near an alveolus is lowered when

oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and binds to hemoglobin.

Sperm that is ejaculated from the body would pass through the ________ last.

penis

Horticulturists often remove the anthers from flowers. The purpose of this technique is to

prevent self-fertilization.

Flowers, like the ones in the figures below, display spectacular colors, shapes, and odors, in combination with food rewards such as nectar, to convince pollinating animals to visit several flowers of the same species and transfer pollen for reproduction.

producing sugary nectar

Another name for the "pacemaker" of the heart is the

sinoatrial (SA) node.

Negative feedback

slows down or shuts off a process when a set point is reached.

A product of the first round of meiosis in males is

sperm.

Because its cells are diploid, the ovule is a part of the

sporophyte.

The external signals and information that are received by an organism are called

stimuli.

Which of the following respiratory structures has the smallest diameter?

the bronchioles

As you take this exam, which part of your brain is helping you decide which answer is correct?

the cerebral cortex

Which of the following organs coordinate(s) communication between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

the hypothalamus

Which of the following organs would be LEAST likely to be found in mature lymphocytes?

the liver

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in the woman's blood rises. This increase causes

the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin.

Which component of whole blood would an investigator examine to determine the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide or hormones, such as testosterone?

the plasma

How rapidly an organism can absorb nutrients generally depends on

the surface area available for absorption.

If follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is not produced by a female's pituitary gland,

there will not be stimulation of an ovarian follicle.

Sensory neurons that contain specialized membrane channels activated by moderate temperatures are

thermoreceptors.

Significant weight gain and the growth of hair on the head are events that occur during which trimester of pregnancy?

third

Water and waste both filter through the glomerulus; water is later reabsorbed from capillaries.

urine storage

Which of the following is NOT a function of stems?

water and mineral absorption