bio exam 3 -- part 2

9.Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?‒ Sodium is moved into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell. ‒ The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell. ‒ The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell. ‒ The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out. ‒ Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

.Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of which division of the nervous system?

autonomic division

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.

calcium, contents of neurotransmitters

progesterone

causes the endometrium to thicken in preparation for implantation

When does convergence occur? When does divergence occur?

convergence - one neuron receives input from many neurons divergence - when an action potential goes to many other neurons

List and describe diseases associated with disorders of the nervous system.

encephalaitis - inflammation of the brain meningtis - inflammation of the meninges rabies - infectious viral disease epilepsy - reoccuring bouts of abnormal brain cell activity alzheimers - buildup of abnormal proteins parkinson's - loss of dopamine releasing neurons

inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection

encephalitis

.condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity

epilepsy

Which part of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

Which part of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

limbic system

.inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system

meningitis

autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted

multiple sclerosis

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which features/structures?

neurons

Which disease is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?

parkinson's disease

progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain; symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility

parkinson's disease

estrogen, progesterone

prepares mammary glands for lactation

.During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?‒ depolarization ‒ reestablishment of resting potential ‒ saltatory propagation ‒ both depolarization and repolarization ‒ repolarization

repolarization ****

What happens during repolarization of a neuron?

sodium channels close, potassium channels open, potassium diffuses out and the membrane repolarizes making the inside of the axon negative again

prolactin

stimulates lactation

gnRh

stimulates release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

LH

stimulates testosterone production in male

.List the characteristics of action potentials.

sudden temporary reversal of the voltage difference across a cell membrane, an electrical impulse,

What is Saltatory conduction?

the leaping pattern of conduction along myleinated neurons, they can reach speeds up to 250 mph