Bio Exam 4 Endocrine System

What is the distribution of effects for synaptic communication? a. Limited to very specific area; target cells must have appropriate receptors b. Target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors c. Usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons d. Primarily limited to a local area, where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high

A.

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases ________ and _______.

ACTH; TSH; GH; PRL: FSH; LH: MSH; oxytocin; ADH

The hypothalamus produces ______, _______, and _________ hormones.

ADH; oxytocin; regulatory

A person comes into the doctor office and says that they are extremely stressed. To find out if they are stressed, the doctors decides to give them a stress test, by testing their cortisol level. Cortisol is a _________ hormone which is released in what layer of the cortex?

Glucocorticoid hormone that's found in the zona fasciculate, the middle layer of the cortex.

The pancreas produces _______ and _________.

Insulin and glucagon

The pancreas produces __________ and __________, which regulate the level of _________ in the blood.

Insulin; glucagon; glucose

Direct communication has chemical mediators _____, ______, and _______ minerals which transmit through ________.

Ions; small solutes; lipid-soluble; gap junctions

Does the pancreas have direct control or is it controlled by the pituitary gland?

It has direct control.

What endocrine gland does adrenocorticotropic hormone go to?

Adrenal gland

What are the hormones that come from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Growth hormone Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone

What is Grave's disease and what can it cause?

It is a disease where the thyroid is overactive. It cause goiters, anxiety, jitteriness, health intolerance, and exophthalmos.

What is aldosterone and when is it stimulated?

It is a type of mineralocoritoid hormone and it's stimulated when sodium is low, potassium is high, blood volume is low, or blood pressure is low.

What is hypothyroidism and what can it cause?

It is when the thyroid is not active enough, causing lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance, and depression.

What are the three chemical signals that provide instruction?

Amino acids, peptides, lipids

What hormone is released by alpha cells and what does the hormone do?

It releases glucagon and it regulates glucose release

What hormone is released by beta cells and what does it do?

It releases insulin and it regulate glucose release.

What hormone is released by delta cells and what does it do?

It releases somatostatin, a growth inhibiting hormone, and it slows digestion system to increase absorption.

What endocrine system does antidiuretic hormone go to?

Kidneys

The testes secrete __________ (especially testosterone) and _______.

Androgens; inhibin

What are the hormones that come from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin

The adipose tissue secretes ________.

Leptin

What endocrine gland does growth hormone go to?

Liver

What endocrine gland does prolactin go to?

Mammary glands

The pineal gland produces ________.

Melatonin

The pineal gland releases _________, which is involved in _________ activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

Melatonin; rhythmic

The heart secretes ____________ peptides; ___________ peptide (ANP) and _____________ peptide (BNP).

Natriuretic; atrial natriuretic; brain natriuretic

All hormones are regulated by ____________.

Negative feedback

The medulla part of the adrenal gland functions more like the ________ system.

Nervous

The chemical signals are amplified in target cells via _____________, which are ___________/_________ hormones or via ____________ which are ________ hormones.

Second messengers; amino acid; peptide; gene expression; steroid

What is the distribution of effects for direct communication? a. Limited to very specific area; target cells must have appropriate receptors b. Target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors c. Usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons d. Primarily limited to a local area, where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high

C.

The endocrine system is a _______________ system by producing and secreting _____________.

Communication; hormones

What is the treatment for Grave's disease?

Surgical removal, ablation (radioactive iodine) or anti-thyroid drugs

What's the treatment for hypothyroidism?

Taking synthetic hormone

What endocrine gland does follicle-stimulating hormone go to?

Testes and ovaries

What endocrine gland does luteinizing hormone go to?

Testes and ovaries

The pancreas is a shared structure with what system?

The digestive system

How does communication signals get from the hypothalamus to the endocrine organs?

The hypothalamus hormones communicate to the anterior pituitary gland which then communicates to the other endocrine organs.

What is thyroid hormone synthesized from?

They are synthesized from tyrosine and Iodine

Where do the hormones travel and where do they exert their effects?

They travel through the blood stream and exert their effects on cells with specific receptors

How do the thyroid gland regulate metabolism?

Through the calorigenic effect.

The thymus releases __________, which stimulates ______________ development in childhood.

Thymosin; T-cell

The thymus secretes __________.

Thymosis

What endocrine gland does thyroid-stimulating hormone go to?

Thyroid gland

What are the organs that have exclusive endocrine functions?

Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenals, Adipose

The thyroid gland produces __________ (T4), ____________ (T3), and ____________ (CT).

Thyroxine, trilodothyronine; calcitonin

The thyroid produces ________, which regulates __________.

Thyroxine; metabolism

What happens when calcium is low?

When bone calcium is low, parathyroid hormone breaks down bone to release calcium in the bloodstream and it elevates blood calcium levels. The kidney ability to stimulate reabsorption of calcium can increase blood calcium levels. Calcium important for muscle contraction.

Summarize what would happen if homeostasis is disturbed in the thyroid.

When homeostasis is disturbed in the thyroid, the hypothalamus releases TRH which tells the pituitary gland to release TSH to the thyroid. The thyroid then release T3 and T4 and they activate target cells

What's the difference between the endocrine and nervous system communication?

When it comes to the endocrine system, the communication is transmitted chemically through the blood, which is a long-term process because the endocrine system helps with growth, development, and reproduction. The communication of the endocrine system is also widespread which means that receptors will be needed. When it comes to the nervous system, the communication is transmitted electrically through the nerves, which can be direct or synaptic, making this a short term process.

When is alpha cells stimulated?

When there is a decrease in glucose level, which makes the target cells have to release energy

When is beta cells stimulated?

When there is an increase in glucose, which makes target cells store energy.

Summarize the negative feedback when it comes to the thyroid.

When there is too much T3 and T4, thyroid hormone receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland bocks the release of TRH and TSH from the brain, which shuts off the pathway.

What is the outer layer of the cortex called and what hormone is released in the area?

Zona glomerulosa is the name and it releases mineralocoritoid hormones.

What is the name of the inner layer of the cortex?

Zona reticularis

All steroid hormones are made from _______.

cholesterol

Hormones are secreted into the blood and exert their effects via ____ ligand/receptor interaction.

specific

The testes produce __________, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

testosterone

Thyroid hormone acts to _______ cellular activity and _______ ATP production.

Increase; increase

What are the two ways, epinephrine and norepinephrine can be released?

1. It can be released directly from the sympathetic nervous system or 2. It can be released indirectly by the pituitary gland.

What is the distribution of effects for endocrine communication? a. Limited to very specific area; target cells must have appropriate receptors b.Target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors c. Usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons d. Primarily limited to a local area, where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high

B.

A horse has a slash on its eye. The vet sees to the horse eye is really swollen, so she decides to give them a cream with glucocorticoid hormone. Why?

Because glucocorticoid hormone has an anti-inflammatory effect, so it prevents immune response, such as swelling, redness, warmth, pain/itch.

What is the distribution of effects for paracrine communication? a. Limited to very specific area; target cells must have appropriate receptors b. Target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors c. Usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons d. Primarily limited to a local area, where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high

D.

The cortex function like a true ________ organ.

Endocrine

The adrenal medulla or the adrenal glands produces __________ (E) and ___________ (NE). The adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands produces __________, _________, ________, and __________.

Epinephrine; norepinephrine; cortisol, corticosterone; aldosterone; androgens

The adrenal glands release ___________ and ________, which help the body deal with __________.

Epinephrine; norepinephrine; stress

The kidneys secrete __________ (EPO) and _________.

Erythropoietin; calcitriol

The ovaries produce ___________ and __________. ____________ is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. ___________ prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Estrogen; progesterone; estrogen; progesterone

The ovaries secrete _____, _____, and _______.

Estrogens, progestin, inhibin

Which are true about the function of the endocrine system? a. control chemical and water balance b. It control growth and metabolism c. Embryonic development and preparation for nurturing offspring d. Regulate sexual behavior and development of gonads e. Feedback to the nervous system f. All of the above are true functions of the endocrine system

F. All of the above are true functions of the endocrine system

The hormone interaction with receptor leads to activation of ________ and the second messengers transmit signal to other parts of the cell.

G-protein

What happens when there is too much calcium?

If you have too much calcium, calcitonin removes calcium in the blood and stored in the blood, opposite of the parathyroid hormone. Goes from the blood to the renal tubule

Endocrine communication have chemical mediators of ___________ and they transmit through the ____________________.

Hormones; bloodstream

The pituitary gland produces ________ that regulate many of the other ____________.

Hormones; endocrine gland

The hypothalamus makes ________ that control the _____________ as well make ___________ that are stored in the __________.

Hormones; pituitary gland; hormones; pituitary gland

What are the two brain structures that control endocrine activity?

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

The endocrine system compliments the _____________ system through the ______________ and ____________ gland. It's also associated with other systems such as the ____________ system through the ____________, ___________, and ___________. As well as the _____________ system through the ____________ (testes, ovaries).

Nervous; hypothalamus, pituitary; digestive, pancreas, stomach, duodenum; reproductive, gonads

Synaptic communication have chemical mediators of __________ which transmit across __________.

Neurotransmitters; synaptic clefts

Paracrine communication has chemical mediators of _____________ and they transmit through _______________.

Paracrine factors; extracellular fluid

The parathyroid glands produces _______.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The parathyroid gland are four glands that release ________, which regulate the level of _________ in the blood.

Parathyroid hormone; calcium

What endocrine gland does oxytocin go to?

Uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands in females and smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate glands in males