bio exam

The average normal resting heart rate is about _______ beats per minute.

70

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to edema? It can lead to heart failure. It is the retention of water and salts. It is an imbalance in the ionic composition of body fluids. It can result from kidney failure. It results in kidney stones if uncorrected.

It is an imbalance in the ionic composition of body fluids XXXXX

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? It is the site where protein digestion begins due to the action of pepsin. Rhythmic contractions known as peristaltic movements move food into the stomach and aid in the mixing of the partially digested contents and the gastric secretions. It produces a thick mucus secretion along the stomach lining that protects the stomach from being digested by its own secretions. It is one of the primary sites for the absorption of digested protein fragments.

Rhythmic contractions known as peristaltic movements move food into the stomach and aid in the mixing of the partially digested contents and the gastric secretions. XXXX

About half of full-term infants born in the U.S. have neonatal jaundice. Which of the following is a possible cause of these cases of jaundice?

The newborn liver is not processing the amount of fetal red blood cells being broken down.

Which is the best explanation for why birds can fly over the Himalayas while most humans require oxygen masks to climb these mountains? Birds are much smaller and require less oxygen. Birds use positive pressure breathing, whereas humans use negative pressure breathing. With their one-way flow of air and efficient ventilation, the lungs of birds extract more oxygen from the air. The circulatory system of birds is much more efficient at delivering oxygen to tissues than that of humans. Humans are warm-blooded and thus require more oxygen than do birds, which are cold-blooded.

With their one-way flow of air and efficient ventilation, the lungs of birds extract more oxygen from the air.

Which of the following is the biggest difference between your cardiovascular system and that of a fish?

Your circulation has two circuits; fish circulation has one.

Before oxygen is picked up in the lungs by hemoglobin, it first diffuses through (a) alveolar cells, (b) blood plasma, (c) red blood cell plasma membranes, and (d) capillary walls, though not necessarily in this order. What is the correct order?

a - d - b - c

A protein must be digested before it can be transported into and used by cells because _____.

a protein is too large to be readily absorbed into cells

Which type of blood vessel uses a thick layer of smooth muscle contractions to control blood flow?

an arteriole

If the sinoatrial node fails in the heart ______.

an artificial pacemaker can correct the problem

Blood pressure is highest in ______________, and blood moves most slowly in ________.

arteries; veins

kidney

bean-shaped organ that filters blood and produces urine

liver

bile is produced here

gallbladder

bile salts and bile pigments are stored in this organ

The major criterion that determines rate of breathing is __________.

blood carbon dioxide level

small intestine

contains villi and microvilli for absorption

When you inhale, the diaphragm ___________.

contracts and moves downward

Blood pressure ______. is highest when the hear relaxes can decrease because of atherosclerosis can be lowered by the constriction of arterioles is considered high when it is above 100/70 mm Hg contributes to movement of substances from the blood into the tissues

contributes to movement of substances from the blood into the tissues

stomach

digestion of cellulose occurs in this part of a cow

An electrocardiogram measures _______________.

electrical changes in the wall of the heart

small intestine

enzymatic digestion of proteins occurs primarily here

As filtrate passes through the nephron loop, salt is removed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the medulla. This high concentration enables nephrons to __________.

excrete a large amount of water XXXX

The pulmonary circuit in a closed circulatory system functions in _____.

gas exchange in the lungs

You are a doctor and an individual comes into your office. During the routine exam you listen to the patient's heart sounds and notice that the first heart sound or "lub" is not as sharp or crisp as it should be. Your diagnosis of the patient's condition is _________

heart murmur

Oxygen in the blood is transported bound to _________ in red blood cells, and CO2 is transported as __________ ions with the plasma.

hemoglobin; bicarbonate

The vessel which leaves the heart, taking O2-rich blood to the body, _____.

is large in diameter with a thick muscle and elastic layer

What is the advantage of a four-chambered heart?

it separates the blood from the pulmonary and systemic circulation

small intestine

most nutrients are absorbed here

A property of an open circulatory system includes ______________.

movement of fluid into spaces in the tissues of an organism

anatomical and functional unit of the kidney

nephron

Which type of blood element is responsible for clot formation?

platelets

Paul's blood pressure is 150/90. The 150 indicates __________, and the 90 indicates ___________.

pressure during ventricular contraction; pressure during heart relaxation

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? produces blood cells returns excess tissue fluid to the blood transports fat absorbed from the digestive system defends the body against disease

produces blood cells

large intestine

reabsorbs water and compacts feces

pancreas

secretes amylase to digest starch

stomach

secretes many digestive enzymes and also buffers against the low pH of gastric secretions

stomach

secretes pepsin to begin protein breakdown

A genetic defect causes the distal tubules of nephrons to malfunction. Which of the following may NOT occur during urine formation? reabsorption of water and glucose secretion of larger molecules which may be toxic secretion of urea reabsorption of amino acids reabsorption of hydrogen ions

secretion of larger molecules which may be toxic

Humans are omnivores as shown by the type of _______.

teeth they have

The advantage of the double loop circulatory pathway of some vertebrates over the single loop circulatory pathway of fish is that ______.

the blood is put back under pressure after picking up oxygen in the respiratory system

In the cardiac cycle, the diastole is ______.

the relaxation of heart muscle

Which of the following is NOT true about semilunar valves? One is found at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk. Their closing causes the second, shorter "dub" sound of the heartbeat. They connect the atria and ventricles. One is found at the entrance to the aorta. They are composed of three half-moon shaped flaps.

they connect the artia and ventricles

why do animals breathe?

to eliminate CO2 to support aerobic respiration in mitochondria

What is the function of the cilia in the trachea and bronchi?

to sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract

main nitrogenous waste of humans

urea

main nitrogenous waste secreted by organisms that need to conserve water

uric acid

Sleep apnea is a cessation of breathing that can result in lack of sleep, irritability, lack of concentration, tiredness, and, in severe cases, heart attack. The apnea is prompted either by a failure of the brain to communicate with the respiratory muscles or an obstructed airway associated with the tongue or muscles of the pharynx or larynx. The more efficient reatment, although one that many people prefer not to use, is the CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure. Fitting over the nose, the mask is attached to a tube that is connected to a portable low-pressure generator. How does this breathing compare/contrast with normal breathing?

The generator increases the air pressure so that air is actually forced into the lungs. This is the opposite of what happens in a normal breath.

Vanessa and her friends are having lunch together. Just as Vanessa takes a drink of her chocolate milk, one of her friends tells a joke. Laughing, Vanessa has some of her milk come out of her nose. What is the explanation for this unusual event?

The laughter interfered with the movement of the soft palate so it did not shut off the trachea.XXXX