bio exam

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

Diffusion

Select all of the following that are characteristics of feedback inhibition.

Feedback inhibition is a cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme's activity is inhibited by the enzyme's end product. This mechanism allows cells to regulate how much of an enzyme's end product is produced. ... Feedback inhibition prevents waste that occurs when more of a product is made than the cell needs

Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

Four

The source of all energy is provided by __________.

the sun

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

Absorb nutrients

Living organisms require energy for

All of the answer choices are correct.

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another.

Correctly identify the function of lipids within a cell.

Lipids make up protective barriers. They comprise cell membranes and some of the structure of cell walls in plants. Lipids provide energy storage to plants and animals. Quite often, lipids function alongside proteins.

For living organisms, which of the following statements is a consequence of the energy laws?

The organism must continually consume nutrients to provide the energy necessary to support metabolic processes.

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

They have their own genomes.

In a chemical reaction, the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule between the

adenosine diphosphate and phosphate.

vitamins are

molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy-related pathways.

All accessory organs interact directly with the small intestines.

true

The energy driving substance in soft drinks is caffeine.

true

he energy driving substance in soft drinks is caffeine.

true

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in

two monomers

Which of the following is the key feature of glycolysis?

Splitting glucose into two pyruvates

Without an input of energy, the entropy of the system __________.

increases

Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a __________ and starch is a __________.

monomer; polymer

Enzymes are __________.

protiens

In the following list, check all molecules that are considered organic molecules.

C6H1206 CO2 CHA

Which of the following best describes proteins?

Proteins can be in the form of enzymes used in cellular reactions.

You are examining models that represent organs of the digestive system. You are asked to label all the accessory organs. Which of the following would you label? (Check all that apply.)

The accessory organs are the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

How does ATP release energy that is utilized by living cells for cellular functions or physiological activities?

The breaking of a bond between the phosphates

From the following list, select all that describe vitamins.

Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development. There are 13 essential vitamins. This means that these vitamins are required for the body to work properly.

In humans, energy stored in food is converted into ______ to perform work by the cells.

atp

Energy drinks contain large amounts of energy.

caffeine false

Enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction by

decreasing the amount of ATP required to activate a reaction.

what is an accepted explanations of a natural phenomenon They are established by scientific investigation and peer review?

laws

what is an accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon. They are established by scientific investigation and peer review?

theories

Enzymes are substrate specific. This means enzymes are only used once per substrate.

true

Inorganic molecules are important nutrients used in cellular processes to produce energy.

true

Polymers are formed by hydrolytic reactions of monomers.

true

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in __________.

two monomers

Energy drinks do not contain energy. They contain ______ that interact with the body's metabolic pathway.

vitamins

Which of the following best describes a water-soluble vitamin?

A vitamin circulating through the body and excreted in the urine if there is an excess

Which is an example of potential energy?

An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules

An organic nutrient that contains a hydrophilic functional group would have difficulty dissolving in water.

false

Energy drinks provide nutrients in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

false

If there were no solar energy, humans would not be affected because they rely on chemical energy.

false

Consuming energy drink in excess can cause an overabundance in B vitamins. One consequence of excess B vitamins is a strain on the __________.

kidney

Select all of the following that are characteristics of the plasma membrane.

Embedded proteinsFluidityBudding vesicles

in the following list, check all molecules that are considered organic molecules.

C6H1206 CO2 CHA

Select all of the following that are outputs of cellular respiration.

Carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP)

Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they __________.

will not combine with water

How does caffeine influence metabolic pathways?

Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

the plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

Diffusion

Which of the following best describes how energy drinks work?

Energy drinks contain vitamins that are known to interact with cellular respiration pathways, helping provide energy.

Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

Exocytosis

Which of the following monomers is correctly matched with its polymer?

Amino acid—protein

Which of the following is an example of chemical energy rather than mechanical energy?

An uneaten cheeseburger

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of caffeine on the body?

Caffeine is considered a psychoactive drug because it changes brain function.

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy drinks?

Energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue.

Select all of the following statements that are true concerning living organisms and how they acquire energy.

Energy is acquired by living things in three ways: photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and the consumption and digestion of other living or previously-living organisms by heterotrophs.

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

Facilitated diffusion

In the process of feedback inhibition the end product binds to the ______ to block the biochemical pathway.

allosteric site of the first enzyme

are a type of organic molecules that have a wide variety of functions in the body. From enzymes in our digestive system to signal molecules in our nervous systems, these molecules perform most of the work in cells.

biological molecule

All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy. Because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy?

bread

Of the following list of ingredients of an energy drink, which is likely the biggest contributor to the boost of energy felt?

caffine

A major difference between energy drinks and soft drinks is that soft drinks have ______, which are not found in energy drinks.

carbohydrates

Which organic nutrient class consists of monosaccharide monomers?

carbohydrates

The principal role for simple sugars in living organisms is to __________.

cellular energy

The second law of thermodynamics states that

in any transformation, some of the original energy is converted to heat, and the system becomes more disordered

____________ pathways are a series of chemical reactions. A collection of chemical pathways responsible for the breakdown of organic nutrients is called ____________ . During this process, the chemical bonds of organic nutrients are broken and release ____________ energy. This energy is stored as ____________ , the energy molecules of the cell.

metabolic respiration potential atp

In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

required to start a reaction.

There are many different forms of nutrients that our bodies require. Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids?

All four of the nutrients contain stored potential energy in the carbon-to-carbon bonds within their structure.

in a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

required to start a reaction.

Cells use organic nutrients to synthesize energy-rich molecules like __________ to carry out physiological task such as build and maintain tissues and regulate bodily processes.

ATP

Select all of the following that are characteristics of ATP.

An immediate source of energy for cells-A high-energy membrane-bounded protein-Carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond

Correctly identify the role of carbohydrates in living organisms.

Carbohydrates act as short-term energetic molecules.

There are four classes of organic nutrients. Which of following correctly characterizes the given energy nutrient?

Carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

Enzymatic activity

What conditions should you alter to affect an enzyme's activity?

Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration.

Enzymes are metabolic catalysts, which means they are involved in speeding up chemical reactions. Group starts

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions. The lower the activation energy for a reaction, the faster the rate. Thus enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

Select all the following that are true concerning how proteins are processed by the body.

Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids. Amino acids are joined together by peptides, which are broken by proteases. From your stomach, these smaller chains of amino acids move into your small intestine

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain produces the most ATP: 32-34 ATP.

Food is a form of energy. Organisms need a quick way to break down the food materials into building blocks made available to our cells. The _____ _____ is able to process each of the energy nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

cellular respiration.

At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the __________.

chloroplast

True or False: As food passes through our digestive tract, the amount of nutrients remaining as it reaches the large intestines is low.

false

True or False: Energy drinks are a great source of energy nutrients because the main ingredients are organic nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

false

Cellular respiration is a process that

harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.

You are observing a protein structure model that has pleated sheets. Which level of protein structure does this represent?

secondary

Enzymes can only catalyze a chemical reaction if __________.

the active site is unoccupied and the substrate fits into the active site.