Bio Exam Accumulative Final - Geneseo - Non-majors

Which two of these polymerases function with the central dogma of biology. (This does not include viral polymerases.)

DNA -dependent RNA-polymerase, and DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase

The antibody secreting cells are called B cells. A patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2. Which of the following are true about this person's response? Choose the two correct answers.

Each of this person's B-cells will be making only one type of antibody directed against one type of antigen. AND Different B-cells will be making different types of antibodies directed at against many types of antigens.

Which experimental trial shows the highest efficacy?

Experiment 3

How are most cancers named?

From the type of tissue from which the cancer arises.

A breast cancer patient may be diagnosed with being hormone receptor positive. This receptor protein is known as the ______ protein.

HER-2

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

You have heard an advertising jingle for a cleaning product multiple times. When you are in the store looking at cleaners, you are ___ likely to associate that brand with cleaning than the other brands due to

More // cognitive ease

DNA is replicated by

Reverse transcriptase

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells.

Spleen

Monoclonal antibodies are used in the treatment of some breast cancers. Which of the following statements is false?

The gene for the receptor is a tumor suppressor gene.

An editor for a journal is selecting peer reviewers for a manuscript. Which of these qualifications is most important?

The peer reviewer should be an expert in the area.

Gene expression requires two steps. What are they?

Transcription and translation

You are reading an article about a person being diagnosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.

connective tissue

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an

promoter

You have a viral infection. In your immune response, the ____________ are acting as antigens.

viral coat proteins

Which of the following relationship between apoptosis and genes associated with cancer is true?

An inactive tumor suppressor leads to less apoptosis

Myc is an proto-oncogene/oncogene, BRCA is a tumor suppressor. Which of the statements below is true?

1 abnormal copy of myc can promote tumorigenesis but it takes 2 abnormal copies of BRCA to promote tumorigenesis.

If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.

4

Humans have 23 "sets" of chromosomes. Suppose that you are looking at a cell just entering M but before the separation of the chromosomes to the daughter cells. You would expect:

46 chromosomes each with 2 chromatids.

Freckles are dominant in humans. Suppose that you had a father who is homozygous recessive and a mother who is heterozygous for the trait. What is their expected phenotypic ratio of their children?

50% freckled, 50% not freckled

Which of the following tools is a special type of X-ray that is used to determine if the cancer has spread?

CT scan

A DNA molecule has the sequence GATCGA. What sequence of RNA does this code for? (Necessary information: DNA basepairs : T-A, A-T, C-G, G-C; RNA : U substitutes for T.)

CUAGCU

Most cells in your body are at a particular cell cycle checkpoint. Which one?

G1

_____ contain the same genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ contain identical alleles combinations.

Homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids

Which of the following is a valid scientific hypothesis?

If you go directly South exactly 112 miles from the middle of goat island in the Niagara river you will find three hobbits living under an old oak tree.

Tongue rolling is dominant. Suppose that you have a woman who can roll her tongue married to a man who cannot. Which of the following pieces of information will allow you to calculate the likelihood (% of cases) in which their first born could roll their tongue?

If you know that the woman's mother could not roll her tongue.

We talked about the experiment from Israel that looked at the effect of the third (booster) shot on people over 60. Which of the following statements is not true about this study?

It measured the probability of catching COVID in unvaccinated vs fully vaccinated individuals.

Griffith's experiment was one of the first that suggested there was a non-living "factor" that was transferred between different bacteria and changed them. What was the most critical experiment showing inheritance driven by a non-living factor. (Hint S: the strain was the deadly one.)

Killed S strain bacteria plus live R strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse died.

In a double-blind experimental design for a medical trial:

Neither the patient nor the doctors know who has gotten the experimental treatment and who got the control treatment.

Which of the statements below is the best description of confirmation bias?

Overvaluing ideas or information that appears to match our pre-existing worldview.

Which of the following statements correctly describes telomere length in normal and cancer cells?

Telomeres are longer in embryonic cells than in most adult cells.

You are looking at two articles, both posted on the same day but one in a pre-print server and one in a peer-reviewed journal. Which two of the following statements below are correct? (Select two.)

The authors might consider revising the article in the pre-print server, but not the one in the journal.

Which of the following can be directly tested with statistics?

The average heights are the same in college-aged men born in the odd and months.

At which point of the respiratory system would sickle-cell disease cause an impact?

The diffusion of gases across the alveoli into the capillaries

Suppose you have a gene that contains a single nucleotide deleted halfway through the coding sequence for a protein. You would expect:

The first part of the protein to be similar to wild-type, but the last half of the protein will have very different amino acids.

Which of these statements best describes a p-value?

The probability that the difference in the average (means) in the treatments is due to chance, assuming the null is true.

The Hershey Chase experiments tested whether proteins or nucleic acids were the hereditary material. They did two sets of experiments. In one set they labeled the DNA with radioactive P (common in DNA but not in proteins). In the other they labeled the proteins with radioactive S (present in proteins but not in DNA). They added viruses to the bacteria, and waited just long enough so that they knew that the bacterial cells became infected. Then they knocked off any viruses from the outside of the bacteria. They found:

The radioactive P was found in the E. coli cells and the radioactive S was found outside of them.

Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer?

White blood cells

Benign tumors are not considered a threat because they

do not spread or cause more tumors.

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new ______ strand of DNA.

template; daughter

Consider a fly that is heterozygous for short wings. The short wings allele is recessive. You are examining a cell from the male fly that is just about to start meiosis. In the cell

there would be a total of 4 alleles for wing length; of these there are 2 identical alleles for short wings and 2 wild-type alleles.

What would be the advantage of using a microarray as opposed to a PCR reaction to look for genetic evidence that a patient has cancer, or is susceptible to cancer.

A microarray can test for lots of different genetic sequences found in one patient.

Which of the following limitations of DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase is exploited in PCR that allows selective amplification of certain DNA segments?

DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase can only add to double stranded DNA.

In semiconservative replication:

Each of the two strands in the parental DNA molecule remains intact, but the two strands get separated into the two daughter double helices. A completely new strand is synthesized in each daughter double helix.

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is false?

Homeostasis is usually based on negative feedback.

Which stage of a clinical trail is the one that requires the use of a control with placebos, involves large numbers of patients and must be passed before FDA approval of the treatment.

Stage 3

The immune system can usually fight off invading microorganisms, but has a much more difficult time eliminating cancer cells. Which of the statements below reflects the biggest reason why?

The cancer cells take advantage of the immune system's mechanism to prevent targeting cells the immune system identifies as "self"

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease in which the disease is caused by a defective cftr gene. Compare two cells from a particular human male who is a cystic fibrosis carrier. One of his cells that has just completed mitosis and another cell has just completed meiosis. Which of the statements below if FALSE?

The cell that has completed mitosis has two alleles for the non-functional cftr.

Consider an aardvark liver cell and a worm muscle cell in the aardvark and worm respectively. The two cells have different shapes and carry out very different functions. The direct cause of these differences is:

The cells have different proteins.

What is the direct consequence of the genetic change that results in the sickle cell disease?

The hemoglobin molecules expose a sticky (hydrophobic) patch on the outside of the molecule that binds to other hemoglobin molecules.

Which of the following are reasons comparing efficacy in different experimental treatments may not give an accurate picture of the relative effectiveness of those treatments against disease?

The method of calculating efficacy changes over time.

Consider two DNA-dependent DNA-polymerases, each bound to a strands of the DNA double helix and directly apart from one another. As they become active, which of the following results are possible. (Assume that each has already started polymerizing so that it can continue to add new nucleotides.)

The polymerases would go in opposite directions.

Which of the following in not a possible outcome of a base substitution in a protein-coding gene.

The protein might be unchanged both chemically and functionally.

One kind of polydactyly (extra fingers) is chromosome-based and dominant. It is also very rare. Assume that a cell of a man with polydactyly has finished Meiosis I. What would you expect about the chromatids in one of the daughter cells?

There would be a 50% chance of the cell having 2 copies of the polydactyly allele and a 50% chance of the cell having no copies of the polydactyly allele.

Assuming the conservative model is true, what would they expect after one round of DNA replication in the new medium.

There would be two bands with equal amounts of DNA in each.

Assuming the semiconservative model is true, what would they expect after three rounds of DNA replication in the new medium.

There would be two bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each.

The astronomer Carl Sagan proposed that he had an indivisible, undetectable dragon in his garage.

This is an invalid scientific hypothesis, and one cannot know if it is right or wrong.

Hydroxychloroquine has been proposed as a treatment for COVID. Suppose that you are trying to determine if 50 mg hydroxychloroquine reduced the possibility of college-age students coming down with COVID. The independent variable would be:

Whether the students were given a pill containing hydroxychloroquine or a pill with no active ingredient.

You are comparing two studies that focused on whether cell phone use is dangerous. In both cases, the investigators compared 100 students who spent more than 3 hours a day on the phone with other 100 students who spent less that 15 minutes a day on the phone. In study A, the investigators compared the student outcomes with respect to 80 different diseases and found that there were significant differences in 4 of them. In study B the investigators focused on only 1 disease that they were concerned about and found a significant difference between the groups. As a student who uses their cell phone more than 3 hours a day...

You should not be as worried about study A, because you suspect these results of this study were consistent with sample error.

Suppose that a t-test revealed a p-value of 0.04. What would you conclude?

You would reject the null hypothesis and would say the differences are significantly significant.

When are chromosomes copied?

between the growth phase (G1) and preparation for cell division (G2).

Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in:

checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle.

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.

meiosis; mitosis

Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.

metastasis

Suppose that a cell's replication of DNA is prevented from finishing. You would expect the cell

to arrest the cell cycle in G2.

If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system, that person may have trouble

with regulating the water-salt balance of the blood.