bio exam
There is a disease in which the Schwann cells begin to fail. This would cause problems with which of the following?
nervous system
The two organ systems that control of your body by coordinating the other organ systems are the _ system and the - system.
nervous, endocrine
When we measure diffusion, we are actually measuring ________.
net molecular movement
Support cells of the nervous system are called:
neuroglia
Which cell structure makes up over half of the volume of the brain?
neuroglia
A neutron has a _____ electrical charge.
neutral
Sodium bicarbonate in the pancreatic juice _______ the chyme arriving from the stomach.
neutralizes
Which subatomic particle sits inside the nucleus of an element and bears no electrical charge?
neutron
The mass number of an atom is calculated by adding the number of protons to the number of _____.
neutrons
Which component of an isotope is unstable, making it radioactive?
neutrons
According to the competitive exclusion principle, no two species can indefinitely occupy the same at the same time.
niche
Which animal has a medicinal value due to possibly providing a cure for leprosy?
nine-banded armadillo
Fish kills due to eutrophication, or over enrichment, of the water can be the result of excess and phosphates in these water systems.
nitrate
Atmospheric _ can be fixed, changed into forms that can be used by plants, by some bacteria.
nitrogen
Humans are mostly composed of four elements. The four elements that are most abundant in the human body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and .
nitrogen
The photograph below shows nodules where bacteria live that can fix atmospheric _ for the plant.
nitrogen
Identify the biogeochemical cycles that biodiversity contributes to.
nitrogen carbon water
Which of the following are conditions that a population must meet in order to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
no selection no immigration in to or emigration out of the population no mutation no genetic drift
The atoms in group 8 of the periodic table shown here represent the
noble gases.
One major difference between viruses and organisms is that viruses are ______.
noncellular
Resources that are in limited supply are called resources.
nonrenewable
Bryophytes, which include mosses and liverworts, are examples of ______ plants.
nonvascular
The region in the cytoplasm where the DNA is located in a prokaryotic cell is called the _____.
nuclei
The ______ structure of a protein can be formed by many different types of bonds, including hydrogen, ionic, and covalent, as well as hydrophobic interactions between the R-groups of the polypeptide.
nucleic
Nucleotides serve as the building blocks for what type of organic molecule?
nucleic acids
Which of the following do viruses have in common with living organisms?
nucleic acids
Which of these are classes of biological molecules forms our genetic material?
nucleic acids
Which of these are the polymers of nucleotides?
nucleic acids
Which cell structure is unique to prokaryotes?
nucleoid
Which of these is made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and an organic base?
nucleotide
The drug that is used to treat herpes infections is called acyclovir. Acyclovir mimics which of the following molecules and therefore can block the replication of the virus?
nucleotides
The atomic __ is determined by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
number
The atomic ___ is determined by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
number
transformation
occurs when a bacterium picks up free pieces of DNA from its surroundings
transduction
occurs when bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another
Electron shells with eight electrons in them are the most stable, according to the _ rule
octet
Electron shells with eight electrons in them are the most stable, according to the _ rule.
octet
If an atom has two or more shells, the outer shell is most stable when it has eight electrons, according to the
octet rule
What type of lipid do plants use for long-term energy storage?
oils
Darwin and Lyell, in opposition to the popular belief held at their time, believed that the Earth was very ______.
old
An animal that eats both plants and animals is a(n) ______.
omnivores
Racoons are opportunistic feeders and will eat just about anything they can find. They will catch and eat invertebrates such as beetles, but also eat different fruits and vegetables and other plant matter. Based on their feeding habits, they would be categorized as .
omnivores
Adaptations to the environment are not often perfect because natural selection
only directs the modification of features already present
The two life history patterns exhibited by organisms are the life history pattern and the life history pattern.
opportunistic equilibrium
A(n) _ is a collection of tissues that perform a specific function.
organ
The excretory, digestive, respiratory systems are all examples of ______ systems.
organ
Topsoil is rich in _ matter and is the most capable of supporting crops.
organic
__ chemistry is focused on molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.
organic
The flu virus is specific to the type of cells and _ that it will infect.
organisms
In a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, a group that has a known relationship to, but is not a member of, the taxa being analyzed is known as a(n) .
outgrip
The polar heads of the phospholipid molecule end up on the ______ of the plasma membrane, while the nonpolar tails are oriented to the ______ of the membrane.
outside; inside
Which of the following can be a consequence of excess phosphates, which can come from fertilizers, animal wastes, and untreated sewage?
over enrichment of a body of water that results in fish kill
What has lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
overuse of antibiotics
In vascular seed plants, the _ contains the female gametophyte and is located inside the ovary.
ovule
Cyanobacteria contributed to the early earth's atmosphere by adding large amounts _ of to it.
oxygen
Fill in the blanks to create a balanced equation for the process of photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + _____ H2O --> C6H12O6 + ____ O2
oxygen glucose
Hydrogen bonds form between portions of different amino acids in a polypeptide because
oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen.
CFCs are causing the thinning of the layer, which protects terrestrial life forms from the harmful effects of radiation.
ozone UV
Which of the following is the correct binomial expression for the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Compared to humans, elephants have a dramatically low instance of cancer. Elephants have multiple copies of the _ genes that play an important role in the control of cell division.
p53/tp53
At some point during their development, all vertebrate embryos exhibit which of the following?
paired pharyngeal pouches a postanal tail
Scientists who look for fossils and study the fossil record are called
paleontologists
Georges Cuvier was the founder of ____.
paleontology
The scientific study of fossils is called .
paleontology
The science of discovering fossils and studying the fossil record is called .
paleontology3
Predator is to prey as _ is to host.
parasite
The species interaction in which one organism feeds on a second organism called a host, usually without killing the second organism is called
parasitism
The species interaction in which one organism feeds on a second organism called a host, usually without killing the second organism is called .
parasitism
Which of the following is a symbiotic relationship in which one individual benefits and the other is harmed?
parasitism
In a polar covalent bond, atoms on both sides of the bond are ______ charged.
partially
Microbes, like bacteria, that can cause disease are called .
pathogens
Which enzyme is produced in the stomach?
pepsin
The covalent bond that forms between an amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid is what kind?
peptide bond
What structures do the hydrogen bonds attach to in order to form a secondary structure of an amino acid?
peptide bonds
Pepsin reduces proteins down into _______.
peptides
The outer cell wall of bacteria is strengthened by a material called
peptidoglycan
In the periodic table, horizontal rows are called __ , while vertical columns are called ___.
periods, groups
The rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles that moves swallowed food in tubular organs such as the digestive tract is called .
peristalsis
The plasma membrane only allows some substances to cross, which means it is selectively .
permeable
High responder plants require which of the following in order to maintain their yields?
pesticides fertilizer water
The corolla of a flower is the term that refers collectively to all of the ______ of the flower.
petals
A virus that reproduces in a bacterium is called a .
phage
The process by which a cell takes in larger particles by means of vesicle formation is called ______.
phagocytosis
Organic nutrients are transported by the ______ in vascular plants.
phloem
The vascular tissue in plants that conducts organic nutrients from one part of the plant to another is the
phloem
The energy carrier of the cell is composed of an adenosine plus three __ groups.
phosphate
Which substance is usually a limiting nutrient for plants and therefore limits primary productivity?
phosphate
Choose the three parts of a nucleotide.
phosphate group nitrogen containing base pentose sugar
Lipids that have a glycerol backbone, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids are called .
phospholipids
The element in ocean sediments that becomes available when ocean sediments undergo geologic upheaval is .
phosphorus
Which of the following is a sedimentary biogeochemical cycle?
phosphorus
An autotroph that uses solar energy to produce organic nutrients is specifically called a ______.
photoautotroph
An organism that uses solar energy to produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water is a(n) .
photoautotroph
Cyanobacteria are:
photoautotrophs
Which cellular process occurs in chloroplasts?
photosynthesis
Which of the following does NOT contribute to climate change?
photosynthesis
Mitochondria utilize chemical energy and oxygen produced during
photosynthesis to carry out cellular respiration.
Many cyanobacteria have minimal nutritional requirements because they can perform _ and fix atmospheric _.
photosynthesis, nitrogen
The term algae means aquatic ______.
photosynthesizer
A wafer of an electron-emitting metal, which is in contact with another metal that can collect those electrons and move them into a wire, is called a(n) , or solar, cell.
photovoltaic
A(n) tree is a diagram that shows common ancestors and divergent lines.
phylogenetic/evolutionary
Data from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular data are used to determine , or the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called ______.
phylogeny
Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of taxonomic classification?
phylum
Giving a control group a treatment that mimics the actual medicine is know a giving them a .
placebo
Identify the cells that would use pinocytosis to ingest substances.
plant root cells white blood cells
Containing chlorophylls a and b, storing carbohydrates as starch, and having cellulose in their cell walls are characteristics shared by _ and green algae.
plants
Organisms that are multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic are ______.
plants
Which two of the following organisms are autotrophs that produce their own food?
plants algae
Elements are composed of smaller particles called .
plasma gas liquid solid
Most animal cell viruses take their envelope from the ______ of the host cell.
plasma membrane
Extrachromosomal DNA molecules in prokaryotic cells are called .
plasmids
Viruses typically move from cell to cell within a plant by passing through cytoplasmic strands called that extend between cell walls.
plasmodesmata
What is the term that means that a cell membrane has pulled away from a cell wall due to water loss?
plasmolysis
Continental drift is best explained by _______.
plate tectonics
Which structure is used to plug a broken blood vessel?
platelet
Select the formed elements found in blood.
platelets white blood cells red blood cells
Identify the two main causes for the panda being listed as endangered.
poaching habitat loss
Since oxygen nuclei have a greater affinity for electrons than do hydrogen nuclei, what type of bond is typical of water molecules, H2O?
polar covalent bond
Another name for a male gametophyte is a(n) grain.
pollen
Drought-resistant male gametophytes are called
pollen grains.
The transfer of pollen from male gametophyte to the vicinity of the female gametophyte is called
pollination
Which three factors must be considered to determine the environmental impact of a population?
pollution per unit of resource used resource consumption per capita population size
Planting a variety of crops is known as farming. This can help rural communities become more sustainable.
polyculture
A(n) _ is a biological molecule that is composed of many monomers linked together.
polymer
If natural selection favors the ratio of two or more phenotypes generation after generation, it is called balanced ______.
polymorphism
A mutation in plants that produces a chromosome number of 3n is known as .
polyploid
The condition of having more than two of each type of chromosome in a cell is called _____.
polyploidy
A group of individuals of the same species that live in a given location at the same time is called a . All of the various groups of species at a particular locale is referred to as a
populaiton community
During evolution, allele frequencies will change within a(n) .
population
Reproductive barriers that do not prevent members of different species from producing a fertilized egg are called __ isolating mechanisms.
postzygotic
A candy bar and ice cream cone is considered _____ energy.
potential
Select the two basic forms of energy.
potential kinetic
Eating a good breakfast supplies what form of energy, which can be stored and later converted to the energy of motion?
potential energy
Multicellularity began to evolve as a result of the presence of oxygen during the__ era.
precambrian
What was the selective agent that helped cause the frequency of dark moths to increase during industrial melanism?
predatory birds
An important difference between artificial selection and natural selection is that the result of natural selection is not _____.
predesired
Double-blind studies are useful in science because they decrease the influence of _____.
prejudice
In a predator-prey cycle, if the population increases in numbers, the population will also increase in numbers. Given the break from predation, the prey will then increase in numbers, and so will the predators. From there, the cycle continues.
prey predatorlife
Members of different species that are prevented from mating due to incompatible genitalia are reproductively isolated by a
prezygotic isolating mechanism.
Which of the following has more support in the scientific community?
principle
Alzheimer disease is caused by a ______.
prion
Select two unique characteristics to the protozoans knowns as the sporozoans.
produce spores are not motile
Select what genetic engineering has been able to accomplish so far within the "green revolution".
produced transgenic plants with resistance to both insects and herbicides increased food quality of some of the crops
The molecules that are formed during a chemical reaction are called ______.
products
Energy flows between chloroplasts and mitochondria as they carry out chemical reactions; the __ of cellular respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the __ for photosynthesis, and vice versa.
products; reactants
Bacteria and archaea are types of ______.
prokaryotes
Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and internal organelle structures are called .
prokaryotes
The first recorded lifeforms on Earth existed alone for 2 billion years and are best described as _____.
prokaryotic
What benefits do ants provide a bullhorn acacia tree?
protection from predators elimination of neighboring plants
An enzyme is a ______ molecule that functions as an organic catalyst to speed a chemical reaction.
protein
Celiac disease is characterized by the body's misidentification of a _______ called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, and barley
protein
Trypsin is involved with the breakdown of what type of biological molecules?
protein
All organisms use the same DNA triplet code and the same 20 amino acids to build their _____.
proteins
What class of organic molecules plays a primary role in the structure and function of the cell?
proteins
Which food group will pepsin breakdown?
proteins
Organic molecules composed of monomers of amino acids are called .
proteins / peptides
Which of the following are found in all viruses?
proteins such as enzymes capsid nucleic acid core
The two types of molecules that make up chromatin are _____ and _____.
proteins, DNA
The pancreatic enzyme trypsin digests to .
proteins, peptides
Diatoms, dinoflagellates and ciliates are all examples of eukaryotic organisms called
protists
Diatoms, dinoflagellates and ciliates are all examples of eukaryotic organisms called .
protists
The precursors to the first living cells are known as ______.
protocells
Cell-like structures with an outer membrane, that may have resulted from the self-assembly of macromolecules and eventually given rise to cellular life, are called .
protocols
Neutrons and ___ exist in the center of an atom, while electrons are around the outside.
protons
The subatomic particles located in the nucleus that have a positive charge are called .
protons
To determine the atomic number of an atom you will need to know how many __ are in its' nucleus.
protons
Which subatomic particle is used to determine an atoms atomic number?
protons
Which subatomic particle will have a positive electrical charge?
protons
Identify the ecological roles of diatoms.
provide food for consumers produce oxygen
Proteins in the cell membrane involved in active transport of sodium and potassium across the membrane are also called ______.
pumps
Some species appear suddenly in the fossil record and remain morphologically the same until they go extinct. Based on this, paleontologists have developed the __ equilibrium model.
punctuated
The model of evolution that describes the process as having occasional periods with rapid change interrupting periods of relative stasis is called _______.
punctuated equilibrium
Which level of protein structure is created by the interaction of multiple polypeptides?
quaternary
What type of evidence led to the reorganization from the five-kingdom system to the three-domain system?
rRNA
During the course of evolution, when the process of speciation produces many new species from a single ancestral species, this is called adaptive .
radiation
As various elements beneath the Earth's surface decay, huge amounts of heat are generated. If underground water comes into contact with these heated rock layers, steam is produced, which can be used to generate electricity in a form called energy.
radioactive geothermal
Calcium carbonate is the compound used in producing the skeletons of marine zooplankton called .
radiolarians
Which of the following is not one of the conditions that causes evolutionary change?
random mating
Which portion of the host cell makes it susceptible to a viral attack?
receptor protein
Which of these characteristics help pines conserve water?
recessed stomata thick cuticles
In diploid organisms, the heterozygote is considered a potential protector of the ______ alleles that might be weeded out of the gene pool.
recessive
Conservation and are two ways that can be used to extend nonrenewable resources, like fossil fuels and aluminum.
recycling
Which of the following are included in the Archaeplastids?
red algae land plants green algae
White blood cells and red blood cells are easily identifiable as different because ___ blood cells are smaller and do not have nuclei, and __ blood cells are larger and do have nuclei.
red, white
From the choices below, select only the conifers.
redwoods cypresses hemlocks pines firs
Which of the following are conducted by the nervous and endocrine systems to assist in maintaining homeostasis?
release of hormones sensing the environment production of hormones responding to a stimulus
If two parents have 2 children, reproduction has occurred.
replacement
During ___ DNA , all of the DNA within a cell is copied.
replication
The enzymes, ribosomes, transfer RNA, and ATP of host cells are used by viruses for .
replication
Which of the following occur during cell growth or interphase?
replication of DNA duplication of organelles
Binary fission is an asexual form of __ used by bacteria.
reproduction
What is the function of a flower?
reproduction
For most of the twentieth century, the growth of the global human population was relatively slow. However, as more individuals attained age, the population began to grow at a faster rate.
reproductive
If two species reduce competition between them for a resource by dividing up the resource, for example the area of feeding, this is called ______.
resource partitioning
The lungs, trachea, and other structures that function to transport air to and from the lungs make up the __ system.
respiratory
A virus with a RNA genome that utilizes reverse transcriptase is a .
retrovirus
An animal virus that carries out transcription of RNA to DNA is called a ______.
retrovirus
Radiolarians are grouped under the ________.
rhizarian
Fleshy, horizontal underground stems that can send up upright aerial stems are called .
rhizomes
Halophiles require a pigment similar to _ so they can synthesize ATP.
rhodopsin
Which of the following host cell components does a virus in the lytic cycle use during a viral infection?
ribosomes ATP transfer RNA enzymes
Which African crop was devastated by a virus and would have been wiped out if not for using a wild variation to make it resistant?
rice
Bryophytes have no true , , or leaves.
roots, stems
Identify the features that are used to identify algae.
run photosynthesis contain chlorophyll a produce oxygen
Identify some common source of gluten.
rye barley wheat
Which pattern does the logistic growth curve of a population follow?
s
The accumulation of mineral salts in the soil, generated through irrigation, is called .
salinization
The mouth contains three pairs of _ glands, which send saliva to the mouth to begin the process of chemical digestion.
salivary
Identify the enzyme that does not work in the intestines.
salivary amylase
Select the components of the digestive system.
salivary glands teeth small intestine pancreas liver
Depletion of aquifers near coastal areas can lead to
saltwater intrusion
A bacteria that can send enzymes into the environment and digest organic molecules is called a .
saprotroph
The term ______ ,when applied to bacteria, means that they can send enzymes into the environment and decompose organic molecules.
saprotroph
A fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds s is called a(n) __ fatty acid.
saturated
What type of fatty acid has a hydrogen atom at every possible place along its carbon chain?
saturated
Which two types of fats are associated with cardiovascular disease?
saturated fats trans fats
Diets that contain high levels of __ fats and __ fats are more likely to lead to long term health issues,
saturated, trans
Identify examples of consumptive values of the environment.
seaweed wild fruits
The conversion of gasoline into the movement of the motor causes the motor to heat up. This follows the
second energy law.
The type of ecological succession that begins in a disturbed community is called ______ succession.
secondary
What two important adaptations allow plant embryos to survive harsh conditions?
seed coat stored food
Many ______ that lived millions of years ago produced the coal deposits that humans used today as a fuel source.
seedless vascular plants
There are two components to the negative feedback system, a(n) _ and a(n) _ center.
sensor, control
The four major parts of a flower are the stamens, carpel, petals, and .
sepals
When males or females display characteristics that make them more attractive to the opposite sex, __ selection results.
sexual
Which type of reproduction does not occur in bacteria?
sexual
The biological species concept can only be applied to the identification of species that reproduce .
sexually
ATP is coupled to an energy-requiring reaction when ATP is used to energize, or change the _ of a reactant.
shape
When a protein denatures the ___ changes due to disruptions between the R groups.
shape / structure
Electrons are located in energy levels called electron _ that will surround the atom's nucleus.
shell
identify the characteristics of pioneer species.
short life span mature very quickly small in stature
Which disease is a result of a very small genetic change?
sickle cell disease
Which disease is characterized by a small inherited change in the sequence of amino acids encoded by a gene that results in abnormally shaped red blood cells?
sickle cell disease
Select all of the following that provide evidence for common descent.
similarities in embryonic development among different types of organisms the existence of vestigial structures the existence of homologous structures
When looking at the fossil record, it shows a succession of life from ___ to more ___
simple, complex
Select the choices that relate to monosaccharides.
single sugar molecules simple sugars
Alveloata is a group of
single-celled protists.
What are the genetically identical chromosomal units, formed through DNA replication during the S phase and attached at a centromere, called?
sister chromatids
Muscles which are under voluntary control and are attached to bones by tendons are called muscles.
skeletal
Select the systems that are involved in sensory input and motor output.
skeletal muscular integumentary
Sensory receptors in the skin and the sense organs send input to the _ and _ systems, which will produce a motor response.
skeletal, muscular
The portion of an organic molecule that serves as the basic structural unit is called the _____ and is made up of _____.
skeleton; carbon
Which of the following is a part of the integumentary system?
skin
The type of muscle that is found in the walls of the internal organs is called __ muscle.
smooth/visceral
Chloroplast capture _______ energy.
solar
Decreasing our dependence on fossil fuels and lessening of environmental problems can occur if we have a
solar-hydrogen revolution.
A main difference between fats and oils is that fats are __ at room temperature.
solid
Fill in the Blank Question A solution is composed of a dissolved in a . Listen to the complete question
solute, solvent
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing ______ substances to cross.
some
In ferns, clusters of sporangia are called .
sori, sorus
The common ancestor of the marine iguana on the Galapagos Islands and the rhinoceros iguana on Hispaniola came from .
south america
The formation of new species from a single ancestral species is called .
speciation
The process by which new species are formed is called _____.
speciation
The splitting of one species into two or more new species is called .
speciation
Charles Darwin's first book on natural selection was titled On the Origin of _.
species
Gene flow can only occur between populations of the same ____.
species
Which of the following could Charles Darwin truthfully have listed as statements of experience on a resume he might have submitted to the Captain of the HMS Beagle?
spent summer of 1831 conducting geology fieldwork at Cambridge attended many lectures in biology and geology while at Cambridge Dedicated student of nature and collector of insects attended divinity school at Cambridge
Ferns are found in moist environments because their flagellated _ need water to swim to the eggs and ensure fertilization.
sperm
The function of the male reproductive system is to produce sex cells called .
sperm
Which structure is carried in the pollen?
sperm
The structure of cellulose is not ______ like that of glycogen and starch.
spiral
In nonvascular plants, spores are produced in a structure called the
sporangium
The sporangium is found on the sporophyte and produces
spores
The sporangium of a slime mold produce _ for reproduction.
spores
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle is called the _____.
sporophyte
The shift to a dominant generation in the plant life cycle coincides with adaptation to life on land.
sporophyte
The alternation of generations life cycle of plants involves a multicellular diploid stage called a __ and a multicellular haploid stage called a ._
sporophyte, gametophyte
Not being motile and producing spores are unique to the protozoans such as Plasmodium, collectively these protozoans are called the .
sporozoans
The type of epithelium shown is called simple __ epithelium.
squamous
An intermediate phenotype is favored by _ selection.
stabilizing
An intermediate phenotype is favored by __ selection.
stabilizing
The type of selection that occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored is called ______ selection.
stabilizing
Which of the four phases of logistic growth is associated with a population approaching carrying capacity, during which little to no growth takes place?
stable equilibrium phase
Plants store glucose in an energy-containing polysaccharide called .
starch
Salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of ________.
starch
Which polysaccharide is stored by both plants and algae?
starch
The lipids that have a molecular skeleton made of four fused carbon rings are the .
steroids
The digestive organ where chyme is formed is the .
stomach
Which digestive organ is susceptible to an ulcer?
stomach
Which structure in the cuticle helps control water loss from the leaf?
stomata
Which of the following are functions of the stomach?
storage of food mechanical digestion chemical digestion
Layers of sedimentary rock are known as .
strata
To protect the body from injury and drying out, the skin's epidermis is made of _ squamous epithelium.
stratified
A specific, recognizable layer within the sediment is called a _____.
stratum
A type of mining called mining poses one of the greatest threats to ecosystems and maintenance of biodiversity.
strip
The club-shaped structures found on club mosses that produce spores are known as ______.
strobili
Overuse of water from an aquifer can lead to .
subsidence
A distinct population existing within a species is known as a _____ of that population.
subspecies
During a chemical reaction involving an enzyme, the enzyme specifically acts on the _____.
substrates
The substances that are present at the beginning of a chemical reaction are called the
substrates
Which disaccharide is commonly used as a sweetener?
sucrose
Within the DNA molecule, ______ make up the backbone of the molecule, with the ______ projecting to the inside.
sugar-phosphate groups; bases
What are the two commercial sources for sucrose, or table sugar?
sugarcane sugar beets
Thermoacidophiles use ______, which they reduce to sulfides.
sulfur
Our biosphere gets its energy from ___
sun
Identify the ingredients needed for a photoautotroph to function.
sunlight carbon dioxide water
The SAR _ is a classification that uses the first letters of the three groups of organisms within it, the stramenopiles, the alveolates, and the rhizarians.
supergroup
Which group often lacks mitochondria and posses flagella and/or deep oral grooves?
supergroup Excavata
Which of the following is a function of endospore production?
survival
The type of society that is able to provide the same goods and services as today for future generations without loss of biodiversity is referred to as a(n) society.
sustainable
A relationship in which members of two species live together and form relationships is called .
symbiotic
When a single population occupying the same area develops into 2 or more reproductively isolated groups, what type of speciation has occurred?
sympatric
When new species arise from a single population living in the same geographical location, this is called _ speciation.
sympatric
The study of the evolutionary history of living organisms is called:
systematics
An organ _ contains several organs that work together to perform a necessary function for the organism.
systems
The branch of biology concerned with naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called .
taconomy
The branch of biology concerned with naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called .
taxonomy
The application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose is called .
technology
The prezygotic isolating mechanism in which species living in the same area reproduce at different times of the day or during different seasons is called __ isolation.
temporal
Identify the structures formed by fibrous proteins.
tendons ligaments hair
How many different types of bacteria have been discovered?
tens of thousands
The ______ structure of a protein can be formed by many different types of bonds, including hydrogen, ionic, and covalent, as well as hydrophobic interactions between the R-groups of the polypeptide.
tertiary
What protein level is associated with a 3-D shape of a single polypeptide chain?
tertiary
The most widely used anabolic steroid, used to increase muscle mass, is a synthetic version of .
testosterone
The portion of the amino acid that participates in the bonds giving the protein its tertiary structure is _____.
the R-groups
What is the main driving factor behind our current rate of extinction?
the actions of humans
What was the name of Darwin's book on natural selection?
"On the Origin of Species"
Oils are liquid at room temperature because
the carbon-to-carbon double bonds result in kinks in the hydrocarbon chains preventing them from packing together.
Which is the structural and functional unit of life?
the cell
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis make up
the cell cycle
What do the number of electrons in an atoms valence shell determine?
the chemical reactivity
ATP is known as _________.
the common energy currency of cells.
Ecology aims to develop models to explain and predict which of these, based on interaction within an ecosystem?
the distribution and abundance of populations
In advanced land plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sporophyte becomes ______ while the gametophyte becomes ______.
the dominant generation/reduced in size
Which of the following ideas could be logically investigated using a scientific experiment?
the effect of light on the growth of bread mold how caffeine consumption influences blood pressure which type of car gets the best gas mileage
Select all of the following that provide evidence for common descent.
the existence of vestigial structures the existence of homologous structures similarities in embryonic development among different types of organisms
Which of the following support the hypothesis of common descent?
the fossil record embryological development comparative anatomy biochemistry biogeography
Sometimes organisms that are very similar evolve separately on different continents. Examples of such organisms are the succulent cacti of the American deserts and Euphorbia found in African deserts. The best explanations for the evolution of similar but unrelated organisms are:
the interplay between organisms and their environment influences evolution so that similar environments yield similar adaptations
Identify the negatives of strip mining.
the land is devoid of vegetation runoff washes toxic waste into streams
Which system is responsible for coordinating the work of many, if not all of, the other body systems with help from the endocrine system?
the nervous system
Which type of functional group must be present for a molecule to be classified as a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
Select all that apply. The theory of evolution is considered a unifying concept in biology because it
-explains the development of organisms. -explains the wide variety of organisms on Earth. -enables scientists to understand the history of life.
Consider a gene locus for which there are only two alleles in a population. What is the frequency of the dominant allele in a population if 25% of the individuals are homozygous recessive and 50% heterozygous? Multiple choice question.
.50
The ability to roll the tongue is due to the dominant allele R. About 70% of a population are tongue rollers. Non-rollers have the genotype rr. What is the frequency of r in the population?
.55
A cell with a 0.5% concentration of salt inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to swell. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?
0.1%
Drip irrigation systems are present on less than % of irrigated land.
1
How many substrates can an enzyme fit into?
1
Though evolution is generally regarded as a slow process, human activities surrounding bacterial infections like Shigella and MRSA can alter this time line. The evolution of resistance to methicillin occurred in _______ year(s).
1
What is the difference in the amino acid sequence for the production of cytochrome c between humans and monkeys?
1 different amino acid
The portion of blood that is not complete cells, but rather fragments of large cells found in bone marrow is
the platelets.
Organize the first four steps of the animal virus life cycle from the beginning, starting at the top. Instructions
1. attachment 2. fusion and entry 3. uncoating 4. reverse transcription
Rank the five stages of the lytic cycle of a virus. Place the first stage on the top of the list and work down.
1. attachment 2. penetration 3. biosynthesis 4. maturation 5. release
Arrange the following divisions of the geologic timescale from longest to shortest in length.
1. era 2. period 3. epoch
Starting at the top of the list, place in order the digestive structures that food will pass through. Instructions
1. esophagus 2. stomach 3. small intestine
Organize the steps of the animal virus replication cycle following replication. Start at the top. Instructions
1. integration 2. biosynthesis 3. maturation 4. release
A virus is about _____ a bacterium.
1/10 the size of
It is possible to feed times as many people with grain as it is with meat.
10
An atom of carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its mass number is ______.
12
Primary productivity involves
the rate at which producers capture and store energy.
Study of Archeopteryx focuses on
the role of the feather in reptile and bird evolution.
Approximately, when did Darwin publish his book on natural selection?
1859
In order for ATP to be stable there needs to be _ phosphate groups.
2
At the end of mitosis and cytokinesis,
2 genetically identical cells are formed.
What is the end result of the cell cycle?
2 identical daughter cells
What is the length of DNA found in a human call that is condensed into chromosomes?
2 meter
Identify the components of an ecological niche.
the species habitat role the species plays in the community interactions with other species
Considering a home heating system as a negative feedback system, which part of the system is the sensor?
the thermometer
It is estimated that around 8.7 million species exist on Earth, approximately _ million of which have been identified. (Please answer with a number.)
2.3
Approximately, of U.S. cropland is used to produce animal feed.
2/3
There are ___ different amino acids used by living organisms.
20
If a secondary consumer consumes 200 kg of a primary consumer, how much gets converted into the secondary consumer's body mass?
20kg
How can the signal to pain receptors elicited by capsaicin be turned "off"?
the trigger, capsaicin, must be removed
Approximately, how many species of angiosperms have been identified?
270,000
Ribosomal RNA sequencing has determined that all life can be organized into _ domains.
3
Ribosomal RNA sequencing has determined that all life can be organized into_ domains.
3
Simple sugars have a carbon backbone of ___ to ___ carbons.
3, 7
RNA and DNA differ in the backbone portion of the nucleotides by
the type of pentose sugar.
Identify the reasons why you should get a flu vaccine every year.
the virus can evolve very quickly two different strains of flu can combine and form a new variety
It is estimated that _% of all species will be extinct by the end of the century due to human activities.
38
Livestock operations in MDCs are extremely energy intensive because of the following reasons EXCEPT:
the water needed to wash the livestock wastes away
Carbon and silicon can bond with 4 additional electrons. This would indicate that they have _ valence electrons.
4
Carbon may bond up to ______ different atoms at the same time.
4
The elements carbon and silicon are located in group 4 of the periodic table. How many electrons will occupy their valence shell?
4
The physical structure of a protein can be considered at _ different levels. (use a number)
4
Atmospheric CO2 has risen from 280 parts per million in 1850 to over _ ppm today.
400
If a human skin cell undergoes cellular reproduction, each new skin cell has ______ chromosomes.
46
The characteristic number of chromosomes in a human cell is .
46
Ferns are often found in moist environments because
their gametophytes are water-dependent.
In science, a concept that is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data is called a scientific .
theory
The statement that there must be a preexisting cell in order for a new cell to form is known as cell .
theory
An atom with 4 electron shells and 5 electrons in the outer shell would be where on the periodic table?
4th period, 5th group
The earth has experienced __ mass extinctions throughout its history.
5
A cell with a 0.5% concentration of salt inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to shrink. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?
5.0%
Which of the following populations of grizzly bears would be most affected by genetic drift?
50 individuals
How many carbons are present in glucose?
6
The Archaea that can grow in very hot environments with pH levels between 1 and 2 are called .
thermoacidophiles
The Archaea that live in hot springs, geysers, submarine thermal vents, and in acidic environments are called:
thermoacidophiles
Fill in the blanks to create a balanced equation for the process of photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + _____ H2O --> C6H12O6 + ____ O2
6/6
The current doubling time of the human population, or the number of years it will take for the population to double in size, is
61 years
Prior to Darwin, most people believed that the Earth was a few _______ years old.
thousand
The photosynthetic pigments of algae are housed in the _____ membrane.
thylakoid
One example of a reason humans should look past crops as the primary consumptive product lies within the tropical rain forest: If the trees are harvested for and not used for fruit and latex harvesting, then the trees are gone. If the trees are left, they could provide fruits and latex a long way into the future.
timber
Nearly % of rangelands, globally, are in danger of desertification.
75
How many species are believed to exist on earth?
8.7 million
Lionfish can reduce the prey population on the coral reef by % in 2 months.
90
How many elements occur naturally?
92
A group of similar cells performing a similar function is called a .
tissues
Isomers are molecules that vary in structure but have the same kinds and numbers of atoms causing their chemical functions
to be different
Energy is defined as the ability to
to do work
Which of the following examples is the best analogy to the imperfection of natural selection at producing organisms perfect for their environments?
A baker being asked to make a 3-tiered, lemon cake with ingredients on-hand in the kitchen
Which type of traits would be favored in a population undergoing disruptive selection?
A population that has polymorphism within it.
Choose the correct statement that illustrates how potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
A skier stopped at the start of a downhill slope pushes off and skis downhill.
Jamie is studying a group of organisms living in a large pond, including several species of aquatic plants and some tadpoles that feed on the plants. When the tadpoles metamorphose into toads, they emerge from the pond and wander around the edge to feed on slugs, snails and small beetles. In this scenario, which organism is the carnivore?
toad
Bacteria produce chemicals that may cause serious disease conditions. These chemicals are called .
toxins
Small organic molecules, pieces of proteins, or parts of bacterial cell walls that can cause serious diseases are called ______.
toxins
Select the components of the respiratory system.
trachea lungs
Fatty acids that have been partially hydrogenated to make them solid at room temperature are ______ fats.
trans
The antiviral drug AZT functions to inhibit reverse .
transcriptase
The viral enzyme that can produce a DNA copy of a RNA genome is called reverse .
transcriptase
The exchange of DNA between bacteria by means of a bacteriophage is called .
transduction
The introduction of DNA from one bacterium into another bacterial cell during a viral infection is called _____.
transduction
When a bacterium picks up free pieces of DNA from the surrounding environment, ______ has occurred.
transformation
The cardiovascular and lymphatic organ systems are involved in the __ of substances through your body.
transport
Which category contains the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?
transport
A feeding level within a food web is also called a _____ level.
trophict
The biome that experiences the highest average temperature and greatest amount of precipitation is the
tropical rain forest.
Which community has the greatest species richness?
tropical rainforest
The energy currency of the cell is:
ATP
When ATP is used as an energy source, a phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis. How is ATP regenerated during the ATP cycle?
ATP is regenerated in mitochondria during cellular respiration.
Which of the following are ways in which ATP hydrolysis is coupled to an energy-requiring reaction?
ATP is used to change the shape of a reactant. ATP is used to energize a reactant.
Which of the following are evidence of the mass extinction of the Cretaceous period having been caused when a meteorite crashed into the Earth?
Abnormally high levels of iridium in Cretaceous clay samples A huge crater found in the Caribbean-Gulf of Mexico region
The large surface area of the small intestine is important for what process?
Absorption of nutrients
only directs the modification of features already present
Adaptations to the environment are not often perfect because natural selection
Darwin proposed that the many species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands were descendants of a single type of ancestral finch from the mainland. Which term best describes the evolution of the finches of the Galapagos?
Adaptive radiation
Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback system?
After a meal with a high sugar content the pancreas secrete insulin in to the bloodstream.
Select the true statements about the structure of the stomach.
After eating, the stomach can expand. When the stomach is empty, deep folds are visible. The stomach has a thick wall of muscle.
Select all of the factors that affect the demographics of a population.
Age structure Availability of resources Patterns of survivorship
Which two of the following are true about agriculture and genetic diversity?
Agricultural crops with low genetic diversity are more prone to disease. Wild varieties of agricultural crops should be maintained as sources of genetic diversity.
Select the tenets of the cell theory.
All organisms are composed of cells. Cells can reproduce independently. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Which of the following are molecular evidences for common descent?
All organisms use the same basic biological molecules including DNA and ATP. All organisms use the same DNA triplet code and the same amino acids in their proteins. Simple and complex organisms share a large number of genes.
Select the conditions that were present on the early Earth.
An abundance of water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the atmosphere Very high temperatures Small amounts of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia in the atmosphere
Which of the following is a channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane?
Aquaporins
The domain Eukarya is most closely related to the domain .
Archaea
According to molecular and cellular data, which domains are most closely related?
Archaea and Eukarya
Land plants and other photosynthetic organisms that have chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria belong to the
Archaeplastids
In which of the following processes do humans play a large role?
Artificial selection
Which cardiovascular disease, causing the build up of plaque inside blood vessels, has been linked to saturated fats and trans fats?
Atherosclerosis
Identify how bacterial pathogens cause disease
Attach to the surface of cells or tissues Produce a toxin Can invade tissues or cells
A change in allele frequency due to random events is called
true
Darwin observed many fossils of plants and animals that looked similar to, but were not exactly like, modern plants and animals. This led him to believe that organisms evolve or change over time.
true
True or false: A complete digestive tract has both a mouth and an anus.
true
True or false: A human arm is homologous to a whale fin and a bird wing.
true
True or false: ATP stores more potential energy than ADP.
true
True or false: All living things have both DNA and ATP.
true
How is an elements atomic mass determined?
Averaging the mass numbers for all atoms of an element.
True or false: Assortative mating decreases genetic exchange between two phenotypic classes in a population.
true
True or false: Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur in the mouth.
true
True or false: Darwin's thoughts about geographic isolation were largely based on his observations of the various species of finches on the Galapagos Islands.
true
True or false: Glucose has two isomers called fructose and galactose.
true
True or false: Hydrogen bonds between the peptide bonds in a protein chain are responsible for the secondary structure.
true
True or false: Individuals who are members of different subspecies within the same species can interbreed.
true
True or false: It is possible for very small changes in a gene to cause changes in a protein that are serious enough to cause illness.
true
True or false: Latin names are used in the binomial nomenclature system.
true
True or false: Lipids with saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.
true
True or false: Many scientists are alarmed about the present rate of extinction and the resulting loss of biodiversity worldwide.
true
True or false: Molecular data supporting common descent is consistent with those provided by a study of the fossil record and comparative anatomy.
true
True or false: Populations of organisms can produce more offspring than the environment can support.
true
True or false: Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule.
true
True or false: Ribosomal RNA is often used for comparisons between organisms because it has changed slowly over time due to its essential role in cell function.
true
True or false: Seedless vascular plants make up a major portion of the coal that we use today.Identify the plants that became part of the coal deposits used by humans today.
true
True or false: Slime molds help to keep bacterial populations under control.
true
Which of the following organisms are considered prokaryotes?
Bacteria Archaea
What do antibiotics target?
Bacterial cell wall Prokaryotic enzymes used for DNA synthesis
Why is it beneficial, in populations that reside at extreme altitudes, for individuals to produce lesshemoglobin, even though there is less oxygen in the air?
Because individuals who produce less hemoglobin do not run the risk of chronic mountain sickness.
Using bacteria to rid the environment from harmful pollutants is called
Bioremediation
What is the body's response to the core body temperature falling below normal?
Blood vessels in the skin constrict Skeletal muscles contract causing shivering
The tertiary structure of a protein is formed by which of these?
Bonds between R-groups of the protein
True or false: The Galapagos Islands are volcanic islands located about 965 km off the western coast of South America.
true
Which of the following are included in an ecosystem?
Both living organisms and the physical environment
Which group of plants can colonize bare rock, degrading it to soil for their own growth and the growth of other organisms?
Bryophytes
Which of these have no vascular tissues and are usually found in moist locations?
Bryophytes Mosses Liverworts
Which two of the following are true?
Burning of trees releases CO2, which is a greenhouse gas. Trees reduce levels of CO2 in the atmosphere because CO2 is required for photosynthesis
Which of the following is an example of a community?
Butterflies and bees feeding on flowers in a garden
How did early chemoheterotrophs obtain their energy?
By consuming organic molecules
True or false: The Permian mass extinction was most likely caused by massive habitat changes.
true
True or false: The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of cells.
true
True or false: The chemistry of carbon, with its four electrons in its outer shell, is what makes it able to form diverse organic molecules.
true
True or false: The fossil record from the Cambrian period is rich compared to the Precambrian due to the appearance of the exoskeleton in organisms of the Cambrian.
true
True or false: The production of new cells only occurs as a result of cell division.
true
True or false: Wing structures in ostriches are examples of vestigial structures.
true
What is the result after one bacterial cell goes through binary fission?
two identical cells
Estimates place the energy consumed by MDCs as more than ______ the energy consumed by LDCs.
two times
Which molecule is used for structural functions in plants and fungi?
Carbohydrate
Pancreatic amylase is important for the breakdown of what biological molecules?
Carbohydrates
Why does carbon play an important role in building the molecules of life?
Carbon forms long carbon chains.
An infection of an acid resistant bacteria called Helicobacter pylori, which attaches to the lining of the stomach causes .
ulcer
If a particular acid-resistant bacteria attaches to the lining of the stomach, preventing the lining from secreting mucus, that area of the lining is called a(n):
ulcer
Plasmodial slime molds produce sporangia during ______ environmental conditions.
unfavorable dry
The form of life that was present for approximately 80% of the Earth's history is _____ life.
unicellular
Charles Lyell's theory of ___ stated that slow natural processes produced the extreme geological changes observed in Earth's strata and that these processes occurred at a constant rate.
uniformitarianism
The idea that geological changes occur at a slow, constant rate is called:
uniformitarianism
A fatty acid that contain double bonded carbon atoms are called a(n) _ fatty acid
unsaturated
Habitat loss is mainly due to
urban sprawl.
The kidneys and the bladder are part of your _ system.
urinary
Select the tissues and organs that make up the urinary system from the choices listed.
urinary bladder kidneys tubes that transport urine
The second law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of _____ energy.
usable
Males developing breasts, women growing facial hair, and damage to major organs are all symptoms of:
use of anabolic steroids
The outermost electron shell of an atom is called its __ shell.
valence
During sickle cell anemia the amino acid glutamate is replaced with the amino acid .
valine
Having genotypic __ in a population may provide a species with options for survival if the environment changes.
variation
Which of the following are components of natural selection?
variation in reproductive success adaptation to the environment heritable variation
Bryophytes lack _ tissues and therefore do not grow very tall.
vascular
The group of plants that have an internal transport system are called the plants.
vascular
The plant _ tissue that consists of phloem and xylem is called tissue.
vascular
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both considered:
vascular seed plants
Which of the following describes macroevolution?
very long time
Molecules that undergo exocytosis from a cell are enclosed in ______.
vesicles
Which line of anatomical evidence shows fully developed features in one group but reduced in another?
vestigial
Some fossil snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs even though these animals had no legs. These remnant structures are best described as:
vestigial structures
The small, finger-like projections in the wall of the small intestine are the .
villi
The structures that increase surface area for absorption in the small intestine are the circular folds, , and microvilli.
villi
The pathogen that causes AIDS is a
virus
Noncellular, obligate intracellular parasites are called .
viruses
Identify the products produced by bacterial fermentation.
vitamins antibiotics
The Galapagos Islands were formed off the western coast of South America by ______.
volcanic eruptions
Giant pandas were originally classified as endangered, but are currently classified as
vulnerable
The villi, whose epithelial cells produce intestinal enzymes, are found in the
wall of the small intestine.
Evolution by natural selection was proposed by two scientists, Darwin and __ (answer with last name only).
wallace
What is the name of the scientist who also proposed evolution and natural selection during Darwin's time?
wallace
Which of the following are conducted by the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems to assist with homeostatsis?
wastes nutrients oxygen carbon dioxide
Absorption of what molecule occurs in the large intestine?
water
During a dehydration synthesis reaction, a peptide bond joins two amino acids which will give off .
water
Osmosis refers to the diffusion of _ molecules across a membrane.
water
Aquaporins allow which type of molecule to travel more rapidly through the membrane?
water molecule
Which of the following best explains why a hypertonic solution causes a cell to shrink?
water rushes out of the cell
The interconnected paths of energy flow within an ecosystem form a food:
web
A lab technician examines your blood under a microscope and notices that you have way too many large colorless blood cells with nuclei. This suggests that you have a problem with your _ blood cells
white/leukocyte
Which two of the following have a mutualistic relationship?
whitebark pine Clark's nutcracker
Club mosses (lycophytes) and ferns are considered seedless vascular plants because they produce ________.
windblown spores
All of the following are considered evidences for evolution EXCEPT:
written records left on the walls of caves by ancient man
Plants transport water through which tissue type?
xylem
The vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals up from the roots is called the .
xylem
Indicate the element that is considered a trace element.
zinc
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent formation of a(n) _____.
zygote
The sporangia of plasmodial slime molds germinate to release cells that fuse with similar cells in order to produce a _____.
zygote
Two different species attempt to reproduce, but their offspring is unable to undergo proper mitosis because it has two different sets of chromosomes. This type of reproductive barrier is best described as _ mortality.
zygote
An important characteristic of charophytes that is also present in land plants is the protection of the ______.
zygotes
Identify the biological theories recognized by the scientific community.
Cell theory Gene theory Theory of evolution
In the allopatric speciation of Ensatina salamanders, the _____ served as the geographic barrier separating the diverging populations.
Central Valley of California
Aquaporins are categorized as which type of protein?
Channel protein
Identify the features of a metabolic pathway.
Chemical reactions are linked to each other. One reaction leads to the next reaction. Pathways are organized.
Which group does not use solar energy, but instead reduces carbon dioxide using electrons derived from inorganic compounds?
Chemoautotrophs
conjugation
Choice, occurs when a donor cell passes DNA directly to a recipient cell occurs when a donor cell passes DNA directly to a recipient cell
_______ consists of both nucleic acids and proteins.
Chromatin
Which of the following are responsible for dispersal of whitebark pine seeds? Multiple select question.
Clark's nutcracker Grizzly bear
The relationships between flowering plants and their pollinators provide examples of which of the following?
Coevolution Mutualism
Identify the factors that will prevent populations from growing uncontrollably.
Competition between individuals. Limited resources.
Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine with guanine in the center of the DNA molecule. This phenomenon is referred to as which of these?
Complementary base pairing
Which of the following events most likely lead to the Permian mass extinctions?
Continental drift
In what type of reaction is the energy released from one reaction used to drive a second, energy-requiring reaction?
Coupled reaction
Which of the following is a major function of epithelial tissue?
Covering body parts
Which of the following is an example of behavioral isolation?
Cricket species singing different courtship songs
Plasmids are molecules that contain ______.
DNA
The material that stores a cell's genetic information is called
DNA
Which two of these biological molecules are nucleic acids?
DNA RNA
An important preparatory step for cell division is called _____.
DNA replication
All of the following are drawbacks of placing dams on rivers EXCEPT:
Damming provides flood control.
Which of the following is an example of a type III survivorship curve?
Dandelions produce lots of seeds but only a few survive to maturity.
Identify the benefits of planting genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops.
Decreased tillage Decreased soil erosion Weed control
During one particularly cold winter, several moose died because of the cold temperatures. This is an example of what type of growth factor?
Density independent
What is the key difference between the sugars ribose and deoxyribose?
Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose has.
What is the best explanation for vestigial structures?
Descent from a common ancestor
Define osmosis.
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
To which of the following is the domain Eukarya more closely related?
Domain Archaea
Which of the following is an example of mechanical isolation?
Dragonfly species with incompatible genitalia
Chyme enters what portion of the small intestine?
Duodenum
What is the end product of fermentation after yeast have consumed glucose?
Ethyl alcohol
Which of the following points would Darwin and Lamarck have agreed upon?
Evolution occurs. Adaptation to the environment is the cause of diversity. More complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms.
Identify the functions of the respiratory system.
Exchange gases with the blood Removes carbon dioxide from the body Bring oxygen into the body
The reproductive barrier by which hybrid offspring have the ability to reproduce but their offspring do not is known as .
F2 Fitness
Typically, a mule is sterile. However, in a few cases mules can produce offspring but their offspring are sterile. This is an example of
F2 fitness
When a - attempts to break down a pepper plant that is alive, the plant produces capsaicin to deter it.
FUNGUS
What type of transport across cell membranes involves the use of carrier proteins?
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following biological molecules enters the lymphatic capillary or lacteal?
Fats
Megaphylls are found in which of the following groups of land plants?
Ferns Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Which of the following is an example of habitat isolation?
Flycatcher species living in different environments
Which of the following is an example of temporal isolation?
Frog species reproducing at different times
During which stage does the cell replicate its organelles?
G1
Interphase consists of three stages: S, G1, and .
G2
Which of the following occur during interphase?
G2 G1 DNA replication S phase
The ______ Islands are volcanic islands that are approximately 1,000 km off the western coast of South America.
Galapagos
Identify several factors that model organisms enable researchers to control during a study.
Genetic background of an organism. The age of the organism.
Why do animals store glucose as glycogen instead of starch?
Glycogen is highly branched and easier to breakdown.
Select all of the nonrenewable minerals from the choices below.
Gravel Phosphate Aluminum Iron Fossil fuels
The atomic symbol for the element Hydrogen is .
H
Which three of the following illnesses are due specifically to viral infection alone?
HIV chickenpox herpes
Which of the following are considered prezygotic isolating mechanisms?
Habitat isolation Gamete isolation Mechanical isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation
If mutations, nonrandom mating, natural selection, gene flow, or genetic drift occur in a population, ______ will not remain in effect, and evolutionary change will occur.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Identify the genotype of an individual with sickle-cell disease.
HbSHbS
Identify the functions of cellular reproduction.
Heal an injury. Replace worn out cells. Growth of an individual.
Indicate the consequences associated with the greenhouse effect.
Heat is absorbed and radiated back to Earth. A rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere. A rise in the temperature of the Earth.
Which of the following is an ecological benefit of bryophytes to a habitat?
Help change rock to soil
Heterotrophs obtain their food from other sources. Autotrophs produce their own food. With this in mind, what are protozoans?
Heterotrophic
Which of the following is an example of the impact of the founder effect?
High frequencies of recessive alleles in an Amish population
Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?
High frequency of intermediate birth weight in humans.
Several species had a portion of their 16S genes sequenced. The ancestral species had the sequence AAT GAC CCG GAA TTT. Which species below is most closely related to the ancestral species?
Human: AAT GAC GCG GAA TTT
Why are humans at risk for biological magnification of pollutants?
Humans are at the top of the food chain.
Why are humans unable to obtain nutrients from cellulose?
Humans cannot break the bonds between the monomers that make up cellulose.
A single copy of p53 is needed to regulate the cell cycle. With this in mind, which choice best describes the decreased instance of cancer in elephants compared to humans?
Humans have one pair of p53 genes and elephants have 20, putting humans at higher risk for defective or mutated copies of this regulatory gene.
When a horse and a donkey are mated, their offspring, a mule, is typically sterile. This is an example of which of the following?
Hybrid sterility
The type of acid secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach is acid.
Hydrochloric
Trans fats result from which of the following?
Hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of a C=C bond.
Identify the features that are used to identify algae.
Identify the features that are used to identify algae.
Identify the human concerns that environmental science is trying to solve.
Identify the human concerns that environmental science is trying to solve.
The are sharp teeth that we use for biting.
Incisors
Select all of the following components of natural selection.
Individuals who have favorable traits will survive longer and reproduce more than those who don't have these characteristics Populations produce more offspring than the resources of the environment can support Members of a population have variations that are heritable
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell perform its usual functions?
Interphase
Cholesterol's functions include which of the following?
It acts as a precursor of other molecules such as sex hormones.
Which characteristic applies to a substance that is a base?
It has a low hydrogen ion concentration.
Why is complementary base pairing important in the DNA molecule? Choose two reasons.
It holds the DNA molecule together. It helps DNA make a copy of itself.
Which of the following statements are true regarding hemoglobin?
It is a transport protein. It carries oxygen in animals.
Why is the induced fit of an enzyme important as it binds its substrate?
It results in optimum fit between the two.
What happens to an enzyme after it has catalyzed a reaction?
It returns to its original shape.
What are the most likely consequences of a protein having an incorrect amino acid sequence?
It will not function properly. It will have the wrong shape.
A country experiencing severe poverty and a rapid population growth rate would be considered a _________.
LDC
Identify the features used to recognize smooth muscle.
Lacks striations Involuntary
What is the single lymphatic capillary inside a single villus called?
Lacteal
A biologist by the name of Jean-Baptiste de ___ proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Lamarck
Which of the following people came up with the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics?
Lamarck
What advantage does a megaphyll provide over microphylls?
Larger surface area
Which of the following is NOT a method of water conservation?
Letting pipes drip during freezing weather
Which of the following choices are characteristics of opportunistic species?
Limited parental care Members of population mature early Exhibits exponential growth Members have a short life span
Which two components of pancreatic juice are used to break down fats and nucleic acids?
Lipase and nuclease
What did Darwin suggest about living species after studying fossil organisms?
Living species are descended from extinct forms.
How did the earliest paleontologists explain the fact that Earth's strata contained different life forms over time?
Local catastrophes caused mass extinctions leading to repopulation of the area by surrounding populations.
Based on your understanding of logistic population growth patterns, in order to maintain a fish food source, which is the best strategy?
Maintain the fish population size in the exponential phase of growth.
Which type of mammal was last to evolve and diversify on Australia?
Marsupial
Which of the following are considered prezygotic isolating mechanisms?
Mechanical isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Gamete isolation Temporal isolation
Which statement about medications to treat ulcers is in the form of a testable hypothesis?
Medication A is more effective than medication B at treating ulcers.
Which of the following is an example of hybrid sterility?
Members of different species produce an infertile offspring.
Which of the following led to the Cretaceous period mass extinctions?
Meteorite crashing into earth
Which of the following are chemoautotrophic obligate anaerobes that produce biogas?
Methanogens
Why does active transport require energy?
Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient
Bulk transport must be utilized for which of the following classes of molecules?
Molecules that are too large to fit through carrier proteins.
The second Law of Thermodynamics relates to which of the following?
More and less useful forms of energy
Select the true statements about the LDCs.
Most of the world's population lives in LDCs. Many sub Saharan African countries are considered LDCs.
Which of the following evolutionary processes results in adaptation to the environment?
Natural selection
Which of the following are usually present in connective tissue?
Noncellular matrix Collagen
Which of the following is an example of zygote mortality?
Nonmatching set of chromosomes that prevent cell from going through the cell cycle.
In what way do isotopes differ from each other?
Number of neutrons
Which of the following are contained in a seed?
Nutrients Embryo
Which category of animals has the most diversity in terms of their dentition?
Omnivores
In any particular environment, which individual would be considered the fittest?
One that survives and produces the most offspring.
Salivary amylase starts the breakdown of which biological molecule(s)?
Only carbohydrates
Which of the following occur during the G1 stage?
Organelle replication Accumulation of materials
Which era occurred first in time (i.e. is the oldest era)?
Paleozoic
What are the three primary categories of ways in which substances can enter cells?
Passive transport Bulk transport Active transport
Which of the following illustrates why Lamarck's proposal of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics is not an accepted theory?
People who visit tanning booths and have dark tans do not have babies with tanned skin
Endocrine disrupters can be found in which of the following products?
Pesticides Herbicides Personal hygiene products Plastics Food additives
Which structure in an embryo forms the gills in fishes and portions of the middle ear and auditory tube in mammals?
Pharyngeal pouch
Which of these are NOT one of the four classes of biological molecules?
Phosphates Amino Acids
Which of the following is an example of gamete isolation?
Plant species with pollen grain incapable of germinating after pollination
The type of slime mold that lives as a multinucleated, diploid mass is called a(n) slime mold.
Plasmodial
Plants wilt because their cell membranes are no longer pushing against their cell walls. What process have such plant cells undergone?
Plasmolysis
What feature of phospholipids' structure allows them to form a bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane of a cell?
Polar heads and nonpolar tails
Select all of the following that may occur as a result of global climate change.
Polar ice caps will melt. Sea levels will rise, flooding low-lying cities. Areas of the American Midwest will become arid dust bowls
Which of the following are characteristics of equilibrium species?
Population size remains close to carrying capacity Exhibit logistic growth Individuals are of relatively large size Individuals are slow to mature
Which of these has the support of an overwhelming number of scientists?
Principle or law
Define pinocytosis.
Process by which vesicle formation brings a liquid or very small particles into the cell.
Which of the following are examples of the medicinal value of living organisms?
Production of fresh water.
Which of the following is the main function provided by seeds?
Protection from drying out
During the G2 phase which of the following occurs?
Proteins required for microtubules are acquired and synthesized.
Identify the functions of connective tissue in the body.
Provide support Provide protection Binding structures together
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Provides lubrication for joints
What function does ATP have in the cell?
Provides readily accessible energy
Reduce water loss Block pathogens from entering the body Protect from injury
Provides support and protection
Cytoplasmic extensions used for movement in amoebas are called .
Pseudopodia
Amino acids are classified by the properties that they have based on their
R-groups
The intermediate step between DNA and protein is a type of nucleic acid called
RNA
Which is the best strategy for pest control based on our knowledge of logistic population growth patterns?
Reduce the carrying capacity of the population.
Identify the duties performed by the layers of stratified squamous epithelium.
Reduce water loss Block pathogens from entering the body Protect from injury
What is the role of the sensory receptors in the skin?
Respond to stimuli and communicate with the brain.
DNA replication occurs during the part of interphase called the _ phase.
S
During which phase is DNA duplicated?
S phase of interphase
The emerging disease ___ is thought to have arisen in China due to the consumption of civets, a type of exotic cat.
SARS
Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?
Saturated fatty acids can pack together because they have no kinks in their chains.
Neuroglia cells that encircle long axons within nerves are called -cells; they provide a protective sheath.
Schwann
Why do dams lose their storage function over time?
Sediment accumulates behind the dam.
Which of the following is the product of nutrient digestion by the enzyme trypsin?
Small peptides
Identify the reasons why tropical rainforests are subject to desertification when the trees are cut down.
Soil is nutrient poor. Nutrients are tied up in the trees.
Select the three correct choices regarding solar energy usage from the options below.
Solar energy must be converted into another form. Solar energy must be stored to compete with other energy form. Solar energy must be collected.
Of the following options, which ones are produced using synthetic organic compounds?
Solvents Plastics Pesticides Herbicides Cosmetics
Why are some isotopes radioactive?
Some nuclei are unstable and emit radiation during decay.
The continent closest to the Galapagos Islands is
South America
In his travels, Darwin noted that, compared to most species on the Galapagos Islands, species of ______ were similar, but slightly different.
South American
Which of the following is a belief that was held by most people prior to Darwin?
Species had remained unchanged since the time of creation.
Identify the features of an enzyme.
Speeds up a reaction. Protein based molecule
What muscular structure regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach?
Sphincter
Select the examples of green algae.
Spirogyra Chlamydomonas Volvox
As plants evolved to live on land, which generation became dominant?
Sporophyte
Club mosses bear sporangia on terminal clusters of leaves called
Strobilus
Which of the following is considered an analogous structure?
Structures in different organisms that serve the same function but are not constructed similarly, and therefore do not have a common ancestry
In an experiment designed to test the effectiveness of two antibiotics, A and B, in the treatment of ulcers, which of these would NOT be a test group or a control group?
Subjects with ulcers being treated with both antibiotics at the same time.
When some plants hybridize, the resulting offspring can have double the number of chromosomes as the parents. They live in the same geographic location, yet these polyploid plants are reproductively isolated from either of their parents species. This is an example of what type of speciation?
Sympatric
Which branch of biology is primarily concerned with the naming of living organisms?
Taxonomy
Identify what happens when a natural forest fire goes through a community that contains whitebark pine trees.
The Clark nutcracker population increases. The population of grizzly bears increases.
What determines the final shape of the protein molecule?
The amino acid sequence
What did Darwin suggest about the finches on the Galapagos Islands?
The ancestor to all the species on the islands may have been a mainland finch.
Choose the correct function of a centromere.
The attachment site of sister chromatids.
Which of the following is NOT true about members of genus Chara?
The body is composed of long, branched filaments of cells.
Choose the correct definition of inorganic chemistry.
The branch of science that deals with compounds that do not contain atoms of carbon and hydrogen
Which of the following contribute to human society not being a sustainable one?
The dependency on fossil fuels and the consequences of environmental degradation caused. Agriculture requires large inputs of energy and chemicals. Large amounts of land (previously natural ecosystems) is used for human purposes. Large amounts of agricultural yield is fed to livestock.
Which of the following contribute to human society not being a sustainable one?
The dependency on fossil fuels and the consequences of environmental degradation caused. Large amounts of land (previously natural ecosystems) is used for human purposes. Large amounts of agricultural yield is fed to livestock. Agriculture requires large inputs of energy and chemicals.
Which of the following problems would be most logically tested using an experiment?
The effectiveness of antibiotic A or B against a bacterium linked to a disease
Based on the figure, which depicts the sporophyte generation on top and the gametophyte generation on the bottom, which of these statements is true?
The gametophyte generation of angiosperms is very small when compared to the gametophyte generation of ferns.
Phospholipids placed in an aqueous environment will arrange themselves into a double layer so that the head regions face outwards and the tail regions face toward each other due to which property of the molecules?
The head regions are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic.
Which of the following statements explains the name of the "induced fit model'?
The induced fit model describes how the enzyme is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit with its substrate.
Define facilitated diffusion.
The movement of molecules across a membrane using carrier proteins.
The primary structure of a protein is formed by which of these?
The order of its amino acids
The sodium-potassium pump acts alternately to move sodium and potassium in and out of animal cells by what means?
The pump undergoes a change in shape.
Even while the body is at rest, which systems work to provide oxygen to the tissues and transport carbon dioxide waste for elimination?
The respiratory and circulatory systems
During directional selection, which direction will the distribution curve shift towards?
The right side of the distribution
Which three of the following are advantages of using ATP as an energy carrier in living systems?
The structure of ATP allows it to be coupled to an energy-requiring reaction ATP breakdown releases a sufficient amount of energy for a biological purpose. ATP releases energy quickly, which facilitates the speed of enzymatic reactions.
Why are the phosphate groups unstable within the ATP molecule?
The three phosphate groups repel each other.
How do scientists communicate their findings to other scientists?
Their studies are published in a scientific journal.
Which of the following statements are true of the salivary glands?
There are three pairs of salivary glands. Saliva within the salivary glands contains digestive enzymes that aid in chemical digestion. Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth.
What prevents a polysaccharide from passing through the cell membrane?
They are a large molecule.
Which of the following characteristics do all lipids have in common?
They are all insoluble in water.
Which features make polysaccharides an ideal short term energy storage molecule?
They are large molecules. They are insoluble.
Which of the following provides an accurate explanation for why vestigial structures may occur?
They are the result of common descent.
What happens to the red blood cells of someone who inherits sickle cell anemia? Choose all that apply.
They become hardened. They become jagged.
Why are synthetic compounds of ecological concerns?
They cause health problems for living organisms.
Which statement is true about tendons?
They connect bone to muscle.
The elements in one group of the periodic table are called noble gases for what reason?
They rarely react with other atoms.
A scientist tests the effectiveness of a drug on the treatment of skin cancer in rats. The rats in the experimental groups will be injected with various concentrations of the drug while the control group will receive an injection without the drug. Which of the following exhibits good experimental design regarding the control group?
They will be injected with a placebo.
Why is it beneficial to a cell for feedback inhibition to regulate the activity of an enzyme in a reaction?
This ensures that the enzyme is only active when levels of the product of the reaction are low.
What portion of the ATP molecule makes it unstable?
Three phosphate groups
The purpose of a dehydration synthesis is which of these?
To construct larger molecules from smaller building blocks
What is the goal for elements that form an ionic bond?
To have a complete valence shell.
Which molecule contains three fatty acids bound to a glycerol?
Triglyceride
Which description characterizes an ionic bond?
Two atoms are bonded due to an attraction between opposite charges.
Which statement best describes a covalent bond?
Two atoms share electrons so they can have a complete valence shell.
How is convergent evolution best explained?
Two different species develop similar traits due to adaptation to similar environments.
Phospholipids do not contain three fatty acid tails like triglycerides do. What do they contain instead?
Two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group
Which of the following is true about asexual reproduction?
Two genetically identical individuals are the result.
The disaccharide maltose is composed of which two monosaccharides?
Two glucose monomers
A hydrolysis reaction results in which two of the following?
Two molecules are split apart. Water is split apart.
Select all the of the correct differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis.
Unlike pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis allows cells to take in a specific molecule. Unlike pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule.
Identify ways in which rural communities can be more sustainable in regards to their water consumption.
Use contour farming. Use trickle irrigation. Use a retention pond to collect water.
Which of the following are examples of the medicinal value of living organisms?
Use of the rosy periwinkle to treat cancer Studying diseases such as leprosy in armadillos to provide insights to treating humans Use of fungi to produce antibiotics
Select all of the possible ways to make rural areas sustainable.
Use renewable forms of energy Plant multipurpose trees Support local farmers Planting of a variety of species of crops Restore wetlands
Identify the traits found in the lycophytes.
Vascular tissue in the leaves Vascular tissue in the roots
Of what advantage is it to consume whole foods rather than highly processed foods with sucrose and high fructose corn syrup?
Vitamins and minerals accompany whole foods.
How did Darwin learn about the work being done by Wallace?
Wallace sent his work to Darwin.
Select the properties of water.
Water has a high heat capacity. Water dissolves many different substances. Water has a varying density. Water is cohesive and adhesive. Water has a high surface tension.
Which of the following is NOT one of the properties of water?
Water is nonpolar.
Choose the answer that describes what happens when a triglyceride is broken down to its subunits.
Water is used to break the bonds between the glycerol molecule and the three fatty acids.
Which of the following best explains why a hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell?
Water rushes into the cell.
The number of an atom is determined by adding together the number of protons and neutrons.
Weight is affected by gravitational pull.
The term "mass" is used to denote the amount of a substance present. Why is this term preferred over the word "weight?"
Weight is affected by gravitational pull.
polymorphism
When two or more phenotypes remain in a population generation after generation, a type of equilibrium called a balanced _ exists.
Which of the following is the most common cause of organisms being threatened with extinction?
Wild varieties of agricultural crops should be maintained as sources of genetic diversity. Agricultural crops with low genetic diversity are more prone to disease.
Identify the pair of structures that would be considered analogous.
Wings of birds and butterflies.
Which of the following are considered vascular tissue?
Xylem Phloem
As you age, your fibroblasts become less effective at producing a fibrous matrix. Predict what this would do to your body.
Your skin would become more loose and wrinkled.
Which of these structures can be said to be analogous?
a bee wing and a bat wing
Select the components of a fatty acid.
a carboxyl group a long hydrocarbon chain
Which of the following might be a target of phagocytosis?
a cell
Capsaicin is
a chemical defense produced by peppers.
Nervous tissue functions as
a communication network that conveys information throughout the body.
What is required to overcome the natural tendency to increase disorder (entropy) in living systems?
a constant input of energy
The age structure of a population is considered _____.
a demographic characteristic
The primary function of triglycerides is to serve as
a high energy storage molecule.
A series of linked chemical reactions that produce an end product is _____.
a metabolic pathwayx
A prion is smaller than a virus and consists of
a misshapen protein.
In order for all subjects in an experiment to feel that they are being treated the same, members of the control group are often given _____.
a placebo
Concerning the Galapagos finches, Darwin believed that the diverse species present on the islands most likely evolved from _________ South American species.
a single
A food chain shows ______.
a single path of the energy flow in an ecosystem
Which of the following represents the genotypic frequency of a population?
aa = 24%
Populations acquire adaptations through natural selection to biotic and __ components in their environment.
abiotic
The most likely the way that biological macromolecules formed prior to the development of life on Earth is a means called_synthesis.
abiotic
Prior to the development of living cells on Earth, the production of biological molecules must have been carried out by ______.
abiotic synthesis
A solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions than hydroxide (OH-) ions is an example of a(n) _____.
acid
Hydrogen bonds may form between the ______ of one amino acid and the amino group portion of another amino acid.
acid group
Inheritance of __ characteristics is the incorrect idea that structural changes that occur during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to future generations.
acquired
The two proteins that act together in muscle contraction are _____ and _____.
actin; myosin
The energy that must be supplied in order to cause molecules to react with one another is called the energy of .
activation
The portion of an enzyme that accommodates the substrate(s) is termed the .
active site
After an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been completed, the product(s) is/are released and the __ site of the enzyme returns to its original shape, ready to bind another __ molecule.
active; substrate
Genomic analysis suggests that the stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians, which were previously assigned to other supergroups are
actually more closely related to one another.
Any characteristic that makes an organism more suited to its environment is called a(n) .
adaptation
Developing a thicker coat of fur during winter is considered a(n) ________.
adaptation
Natural selection favors the phenotype that is most _________.
adaptive
A type of speciation that involves the development of several species, each adapted to a specific environment, from a common ancestor is called _________.
adaptive radiation
Which of the following bases are found in ATP?
adenine
Loose fibrous tissue in which fat is stored in enlarged fibroblasts is called __ tissue
adipose
The tissue that is located beneath your skin and around your organs to cushion and protect, and to serve as a long-term energy store is ______.
adipose tissue
Population genetics studies the ____ available in the gene pool of the population.
alelles
Aquatic organisms that are often part of the phytoplankton and can run photosynthesis are called
algae
Plants first evolved from species of freshwater green .
algae
Of the more than 10,000 known species of birds,
all are descended from a feathered reptile ancestor.
Cell theory states that
all organisms are composed of cells, cells are capable of self-reproduction, and cells come only from preexisting cells.
The change in __ frequency is an indication of microevolution occurring.
allele/gene
Gene flow causes microevolution by introducing new or rare _____ into a population.
alleles
In this diagram depicting the bottleneck effect, the different colors of the balls can be said to represent different
alleles
Population genetics studies the _ available in the gene pool of the population.
alleles
When a geographic barrier promotes the formation of different species, this is an example of __ speciation.
allopatric
When a geographic barrier promotes the formation of different species, this is an example of speciation.
allopatric
Two species of squirrels living on opposite sides of the Rocky Mountains evolved from a common ancestor. The evolution of these two species of squirrels is best described as ____ _____.
allopatric speciation
Which of the following is the main function of muscle tissues?
allow for the movement of different parts of the body via contraction
Select the choices that explain how megaphylls have helped plants.
allowing more food production giving more surface area for solar energy collection
Enzymes will
alter the rate of a reaction.
An accumulation of tangled plaques of an abnormal protein, known as beta amyloid, in the human brain causes disease.
alzheimer
Proteins and amino acids contain the __ functional group (-NH2).
amino
The building blocks, or monomers, of proteins are the ___ acids.
amino
What organic molecule has an -NH2 group on one end, and a -COOH group on the other?
amino acid
What two subunits are required to make peptidoglycan?
amino acids polysaccharides
Proteins are long chains of
amino acids joined by dehydration reactions.
Pseudopods are cytoplasmic extensions used by ______ for locomotion.
amoebas
Which digestive enzyme is found in the mouth?
amylase
Any solution with a pH less than 7 is
an acid
All plants have both a haploid and a diploid form. As the plant changes from one form to another, this is called:
an alternation of generations
What is attached to the subunits of glucose in chitin that is not found in the other polysaccharides?
an amino group
Methanogens are found in ______ environments.
anaerobic
Structures that have a similar function in different groups of organisms, but differ in anatomy and ancestry, are termed _ structures.
analogous
Structures that have a similar function in different groups of organisms, but differ in anatomy and ancestry, are termed __ structures.
analogous
Structures that have a similar function, such as the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect, but that are not the result of common descent, are considered __ structures.
analogous
Structures that have a similar function, such as the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect, but that are not the result of common descent, are considered___ structures.
analogous
Structures that have the same function and arise due to adaptations to the same environment are called __ structures.
analogous
Structures that have the same function and arise due to adaptations to the same environment are called __ structures.
analogous/convergent
Similarity due to convergent evolution is called what?
analogy
A trait that is found in both the outgroup and the ingroup is considered _
ancestral
If a researcher used a notochord as a trait to compare a shark and a lion, the notochord would be considered a(n) ____________.
ancestral trait
The number of _ plants is six times greater than all other plant species.
angiosperm/ flowering
The are the group of flowering land plants.
angiosperms
The group of seed plants that is six times more diverse than that of all other plant species known to humans; are the ______.
angiosperms
The two types of vascular seed plants are _ and _
angiosperms, gymnosperms
Generous irrigation practices deplete ground water in underground , which are not recharging at a fast enough rate.
aquifers
Diverse cell wall types and plasma membranes with unusual lipids allow members of the domain _ to live in extreme habitats.
archaea
The plasma membranes of ______ contain unusual lipids that allow many of them to function at high temperatures.
archaeans
When analyzing the fossil record, one observes that fossils of organisms found in the oldest strata of rock:
are much simpler than present-day organisms
The intentional breeding of certain individuals in a population to produce a desirable outcome is called __ selection.
artificial
The process in which humans play an influential role in the traits of the future generations by crossing organisms with desirable traits is called _ selection.
artificial
The process in which humans play an influential role in the traits of the future generations by crossing organisms with desirable traits is called __ selection.
artificial
Select three typical functions of proteins.
as regulatory hormones act as enzymes support
Binary fission, zoospore formation, and fragmentation are all ______ modes of reproduction seen in green algae.
asexual
Reproduction by a single parent without the formation of gametes is called __ reproduction.
asexual
Sixty percent of the world's human population live in
asia
Select the components of the nervous system.
associated nerves spinal cord brain
The type of mating occurs when individuals tend to mate with those that have the same phenotype, with respect to a certain characteristic, is referred to as ___ mating.
assortative
Which piece of information on the periodic table identifies the number of protons that an atom will contain?
atomic number
The one- or two-letter abbreviation that stands for an element is known as what?
atomic symbol
On the periodic table, what are the letter designations, such as Fe and H, called?
atomic symbols
Elements are composed of smaller particles called .
atoms
Celiac disease is an example of a(n) ________ disease, which creates inflammation in the small intestine and can lead to malnutrition and other health problems.
autoimmune
A typical nerve cell, also called a neuron, has 3 components: the cell body, a single _ and numerous _ .
axon, dendrites
A nerve contains only the of _ neurons.
axons
A nerve is a bundle of ______.
axons
The color pattern that provides the highest fitness in diamondback rattlesnakes varies across the species range and depends on the _____.
background color
A person's intestinal _ population is called their natural flora, or microbiota, and may be associated with long term medical conditions like obesity and cardiovascular disease.
bacteria
Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla are terms used to describe the shapes of .
bacteria
In which domain did organisms first arise?
bacteria
Slime molds help to dispose of materials most humans find undesirable; they feed on dead plant matter and _____.
bacteria
The biological species concept will not apply to which group of organisms?
bacteria
The endosymbiotic theory describes the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells as having descended from .
bacteria
What is the pathogen that causes Legionnaires' disease?
bacteria
Which group of microorganisms is the most diverse and prevalent on Earth?
bacteria
Which organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen?
bacteria
The endosymbiotic theory describes the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells as having descended from
bacteria/prokaryotes
Transformation occurs when a _ picks up free DNA from its surroundings.
bacterium
A ___ solution will have a pH value between 7.01 and 14.
base
Sodium bicarbonate in the small intestine will help make the pH of the small intestine _____.
basic
In Hawaiian honeycreepers, adaptive radiation resulted in a variety of species with different ______.
beak shapes
Male wolf spiders drum the substrate with their front palps to attract females. The drumming pattern and rate is specific to a particular species. This is a type of prezygotic isolating mechanism called _ isolation.
behavioral
Supergroup Opisthokonta is a group of organisms characterized by
being chemoheterotrophic with flagellated cells.
Which two of the following are types of secondary structures of proteins?
beta pleated sheets alpha helix
Which substance plays a role in the emulsification of fat?
bile salts
The process used by bacteria to produce two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell is
binary fission
The splitting of one bacterial cell into two identical copies is called .
binary fission
The term for the total number of different species in an area is .
biodiversity
The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relationships is __ evidence.
biogeographical
The study of the geographical distribution of organisms is called .
biogeography
The collective term__ molecule is used to refer to the organic molecules in cells, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
biological
Cells, tissues, and organs are collectively composed of
biological molecules, or biomolecules.
All areas where all living organisms are found, anywhere on Earth, are collectively referred to as the ______.
biosphere
All of the regions on Earth where living organisms are found are collectively referred to as the .
biosphere
Communities, ecosystems, and biomes accumulate to form the .
biosphere
If resources are limited and a population is composed of mostly post reproductive individuals it will struggle to achieve its .
biotic potentialgvf
Living cells producing biological molecules is called ______.
biotic synthesis
Native Americans used ferns as astringents to stop ______ during childbirth.
bleeding
Connective tissue that has several types of cells suspended in a liquid matrix is called .
blood
The connective tissue composed of several cell types suspended in plasma is _____.
blood
Select the components of the cardiovascular system.
blood vessels heart blood
The ______ joining the glucose chains that make up cellulose are different than those found in starch and glycogen.
bonds
Tissue that consists of a hard matrix of inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers is called .
bone
If a natural disaster occurs and only a few individuals of a population survive, this situation is a form of genetic drift called the ___ effect.
bottleneck
If a population of a species had red, blue, green, and yellow members and by chance during an earthquake only a few red and yellow members survived, this would be an example of genetic drift called the __ effect.
bottleneck
A type of genetic drift that can occur if a population is greatly reduced by a natural disaster is referred to as
bottleneck effect
Which structures of the nervous system receive nerve impulses from receptors?
brain spinal cord
Cabbage, brussel sprouts, and kohlrabi all resulted from artificial selection from the plant ____ oleracea.
brassica
Which building materials can be used for passive solar heating?
bricks water tanks
The multicellular seaweed found along temperate coasts belongs to the stramenopiles, and is actually _ algae.
brown
The multicellular seaweed found along temperate coasts belongs to the stramenopiles, and is actually algae.
brown
Which of these organisms belongs to the stramenopiles?
brown algae
Nonvascular plants in which the gametophyte is the dominant stage are commonly called _____.
bryophytes
Which one of these is a chemical or combination of chemicals that prevent changes in pH?
buffer
Antibiotics target the differences between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells in our bodies
by targeting the cell walls of bacteria.
Collectively, the sepals of a flower are referred to as the .
calyx
Changes in the allele and genotype frequencies ______ be caused by sexual reproduction alone.
cannot
A virus is composed of an inner core of either DNA or RNA and a ______ composed of protein subunits.
capsid
The outer part of a virus is called the _____.
capsid
Viruses are composed of an outer core and an inner core. The outer core is called a _ and the inner core is either made of _ or RNA.
capsid, DNA
Select the choices that relate to cellulose, a structural molecule used by plants.
carbohydrate. polysaccharide.
Chitin is a structural molecule found in the exoskeletons of certain animals. To which category of biological molecules does chitin belong?
carbohydrates
Ideally, which molecules are broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria?
carbohydrates
Organic molecules that are universally used as an immediate source of energy are the .
carbohydrates
The breakdown of fats and ______ provides the majority of the energy for ATP synthesis in a cell.
carbohydrates
Water is not an organic compound because it lacks the element .
carbon
Water lacks which element, making it an inorganic molecule?
carbon
The 'skeleton' of an organic molecule is comprised of chains of
carbon atoms
Which of the following are ingredients for the process of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide water
Choose the component parts of an amino acid.
carboxyl group amino group central carbon an R group (or side chain)
Select the muscle tissues that are striated.
cardiac skeletal
The heart, blood, and blood vessels comprise the ______ system.
cardiovascular
Which one system is responsible, in part or whole, for gas exchange in the tissues, fighting infection, and clotting?
cardiovascular system
The transportation of interstitial fluid throughout the body is mainly due to the __ and __ systems.
cardiovascular, lymphatic
Animals that eat only other animals are called .
carnivore
Animals that eat only other animals are called
carnivores
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that ______ transcription.
carries out RNA to DNA
The belief that the appearance of change in organisms over time can be explained by a series of major extinction events followed by repopulation is called _____.
catastrophism
Identify the animals that are ruminants.
cattle deer sheep
The _ theory states supports the idea that a catfish is composed of cells.
cell
Antibiotics target the __ __ of infectious bacterial cells.
cell wall
Peptidoglycan is a molecule found in a bacterial ______.
cell Wall
Cellular reproduction involves two processes; they are _____ and _____.
cell division, cell growth
Arrange the levels of biological organization from least to most complex, beginning with the least complex at the top. Instructions
cells tissues organs organ systems organism
In humans, the process by which body growth occurs is the same that replaces worn-out or damaged tissues. This process is called
cellular reproduction
Ruminants produce enzymes in their digestive system that enables them to digest the carbohydrate .
cellulose
A __ is the attachment point of two sister chromatids.
centromere
Select the components of the immune system.
certain blood cells spleen lymph nodes thymus lymph
The genus _ is the closest relative to the genus Rangifer
cervus
Select the two choices that are more likely to result in emerging diseases.
changes in human behavior new exposure to animal populations
Three different finches live on an island and have different beak sizes that allow them to feed on seeds of different sizes. The different beak sizes are an example of
character displacement.
Producers convert solar energy and inorganic nutrients into energy.
chemical
The functional group of an organic molecule helps to determine its __ properties.
chemical
What are the main functions of the small intestine?
chemical digestion absorption of nutrients
An organism that is able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and, rather than using sunlight, is able to oxidize an inorganic substance for its energy source is a ______.
chemoautotroph
Because they can use energy obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds, some bacteria called have been found to support communities in caves and hydrothermal vents along deep-sea oceanic ridges.
chemoautotrophs
Carbon dioxide is reduced by using electrons obtained from inorganic molecules, such as ammonia or hydrogen gas by
chemoautotrophs
The most conspicuous organelle in the algal cell is the .
chloroplast
The steroid that is found in the plasma membrane of animal cells, which acts as a precursor to several other steroids, is ________.
cholesterol
During periods of cell division, DNA and its associated proteins are wrapped and packaged into a short, bar-like structure called a .
chromosome
The semifluid mass of food, gastric juice, and mucus that forms in the stomach, is collectively referred to as ______.
chyme
Ciliates, such as Paramecium, move about in the water by using their ______.
cilia
Moving by _ is characteristic of a group of protozoa called Ciliates.
cilia
Moving by is characteristic of a group of protozoa called Ciliates.
cilia
Which structure is used by ciliates for locomotion?
cilia
Which structures increase surface area in the small intestine?
circular folds microvilli villi
On a cladogram, each _ includes a common ancestor and all of its descendant species.
clade
The method of systematics that can trace evolutionary history using shared traits is called _______.
cladistics
__ is a method of studying evolutionary history that uses shared traits to determine relationships between groups.
cladistics
In cladistics, a branching diagram that shows the relationship among species in regard to their shared derived characters is known as a .
cladogram
The diagram of shared traits that is used to construct the evolutionary history of a group is called a _____.
cladogram
Evidence suggests that in addition to continental drift and meteor impacts, __ __, specifically the change in ocean temperatures, is linked to the mass extinction of species.
climate change
Select the factors thought to have contributed to mass extinctions.
climate change continental drift meteor impacts
Some flowers have specific pollinators that only visit that particular flower. This phenomenon has developed over a long time period and has involved each species evolving in response to the other. It is called .
coevolution
Compared with loose fibrous tissue, dense fibrous tissue contains more _ fibers packed closely together.
collagen
The relationship between Escherichia coli and obligate anaerobes in the human intestine is an example of .
commensalism
The relationship in which one population produces a positive benefit for the other is called ________.
commensalism
Kale, Brussels sprouts, and kohlrabi all arose from a species of wild mustard. Thus, wild mustard would be considered their _____ _____.
common ancestor
A group of populations of multiple species living in one location is called a .
community
The most common type of bone is called __ bone. It consists of cylindrical units called osteons.
compact
The type of bone that contains osteons is called _____ bone.
compact
Identify the data used to support the field of systematics.
comparative anatomy fossil record molecular data
Which of the following evidences led to the five-kingdom system being abandoned in favor of the three-domain system?
comparison of rRNA molecular data
Sexual selection in males would favor a male who has an increased ability to __ against the other males in the population.
compete
Character displacement, such as similarities and differences in beak sizes in finches occupying the same or separate islands, can be viewed as evidence that and resource partitioning have taken place.
competition
Resource partitioning serves to decrease _ between two species that typically occupy the same niche by splitting up a shared resource like food, essentially increasing niche specialization.
competition
When the number of males in a population increases and the number of females decreases, the males will experience a greater level of ______.
competition
According to the ______ _____ principle, no two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time.
competitive exclusion
Carbon and two oxygen atoms combine to form CO2 which is considered a(n) _____.
compound
In conifers, ______ contain the reproductive structures.
cones
The reproductive structures of conifers are called .
cones
The __ are cone-bearing gymnosperm plants that include many evergreen trees.
conifers
When a donor and recipient bacterium pass DNA they are undergoing the reproductive process of .
conjugation
The most common protein in your body is collagen, which is found in most __ tissues.
connective
The tissue that is involved in binding organs together and providing support and protection is _ tissue.
connective
Which of the following are considered major tissue types in animals?
connective epithelial muscular nervous
Preserving wildlife would fall under the field of .
conservation biology
The thick cuticles and recessed stomata of pine leaves help them to
conserve water
An organism that feeds on either an autotroph or heterotroph in a food chain can be called a ______.
consumer
The idea that continents and oceans have changed position over time is the concept behind
continental drift.
Which category contains the nervous and endocrine systems?
control
The organ systems in your body are divided into which of the following broad categories?
control reproductive sensory and motor maintenance transport
The type of evolution that occurs when two species evolve similar traits due to adaptation to their environment, even though they are not related to each other, is called ___ evolution.
convergent
A ___ bond is needed to join two amino acids when forming a peptide bond.
covalent
An atom's electronegativity will influence the atoms affinity for electrons when it is forming a __ bond.
covalent
When two hydrogen atoms share an electron with each other, they will form a(n) ___ bond.
covalent
A protein's tertiary structure is the result of which types of bonds between R-groups?
covalent ionic hydrogen
The carbon and hydrogen atoms in methane (CH4) are held together by _____ bonds. The sodium and chlorine atoms in sodium chloride (NaCl) are held together by _____ bonds.
covalent, ionic
The type of evolution that occurs when two species evolve similar traits due to adaptation to their environment, even though they are not related to each other, is called _ evolution.
covergent
What type of epithelium is shown in the diagram?
cuboidal
The waxy layer on the surface of a plant leaf is called the .
cuticle
These are ancient gymnosperms called ___ that were present in swampy environments during the Carboniferous period.
cycads
Some citizens have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops. Select those concerns from the choices below.
damage to the environment health problems in humans
Plant viruses tend to enter plants through ______ tissues.
damaged
The major drawback to using hydropower as a source for electrical generation is the construction of __ and all of the environmental issues associated with them.
dams
Organisms, like bacteria, that digest dead organic remains and return inorganic nutrients to producers function as .
decomposers
If two species are competing for food and one proves to be a stronger competitor, the other species population will often
decrease in size
From 1970 to 1990, the number of large fishing boats doubled, and from 1980 to 1990, the number of North Atlantic swordfish caught in the US 70%.
decreased
In a chemical reaction, an enzyme speeds up the rate of the reaction by ____ the energy of activation needed for the reaction to occur.
decreasing
Which human activities alter the transfer rates in the carbon cycle?
deforestation burning fossil fuels
Which human activities alter the transfer rates in the nitrogen cycle?
deforestation production of fertilizers from nitrogen
Fats and oils are formed during a __ synthesis reaction.
dehydration
How are peptide bonds formed?
dehydration synthesis
To form a peptide a ______ reaction is necessary.
dehydration synthesis
What chemical reaction is used to construct lipids from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids?
dehydration synthesis
Tendons and ligaments are examples of _ fibrous connective tissue.
dense
When deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests the region becomes subject to .
desertification
Identify the functions of decomposers.
detoxify pollutants breakdown heavy metals
Protists that have a silica shell and an orange-yellow color are called .
diatoms
Protists with silica shells that fit together are called _____.
diatoms
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy or carrier proteins is called simple .
diffusion
Identify the methods in which nutrients are absorbed in the digestive system.
diffusion active transport
The nutrient molecules that enter the blood are broken down by the _ system so the body's cells can use them.
digestive
teeth, salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas, along with several more familiar organs that receive food, are all part of the _ system.
digestive
When TWO amino acid are joined together, a ___ is formed (be specific).
dipeptide
Identify the features of a plasmodial slime mold.
diploid multinucleated
An extreme phenotype is favored, as might be the case when a population is adapting to a changing environment, in ___ selection.
directional
An extreme phenotype is favored, as might be the case when a population is adapting to a changing environment, in selection.
directional
The increasing abundance of antibiotic resistance suggests __ selection among bacteria.
directional
A _is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together by a dehydration synthesis reaction.
disaccharide
What molecule consists of two monosaccharides bonded together?
disaccharide
Indicate the things we can do to increase our supply of fossil fuels.
discover new sources recycle metals conserve our uses
Chemicals called endocrine affect the endocrine system and can interfere with reproduction.
disrupters
In British land snails, snails with darker shells and snails with lighter shells are both more successful in their environments than snails that are more intermediate in color. This is an example of _____ selection.
disruptive
When both ends of the phenotypic spectrum are favored, this is referred to as ______ selection.
disruptive
When both ends of the phenotypic spectrum are favored, this is referred to as ______ selection.
disruptivex
Species diversity includes both species and species .
distribution richness
The process of cell __ allows for growth, repair of damaged tissues, and cell replacement.
division
The shape of the DNA molecule can best be described as
double helix
Endosymbiotic theory explains the presence of _______ within protists.
double membraned organelles
An experiment in which neither the patient nor the technician is aware of the specific treatment given to the subject it is called _____.
double-blind
The length of time that it takes a population to increase its size by a factor of two is known as_ time.
doubling
Which of the following is a constant challenge that plants had to overcome in order to evolve to life on land?
drying out
Bile enters the digestive process at the
duodenum
Gases such as water vapor, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and others were common gases in the atmosphere of early .
earth
Reemerging diseases, like___ , which underwent an outbreak in West Africa in 2014 and 2015, are known to have caused illness in humans for some time, but has remained at a relatively low incidence in human populations.
ebola
The visual representation of biomass, energy content, or number of organisms at the different trophic levels of a food web is called a(n)
ecological pyramid.
The central goal of is to develop models that explain and predict the distribution and abundance of populations based on their interactions within an ecosystem.
ecology
The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment and with each other is called .
ecology
A scientist studies the living organisms of a community plus the physical environment where the organisms live. S/he is studying a(n) ______.
ecosystem
All of the species in a community and the physical components of their environment that they interact with constitute a(n) .
ecosystem
Lance is studying trout and their prey species in two different streams: one with a rocky bottom and a fast current and the other in a warmer, slow-flowing stream with a sandy bottom. This is an example of a(n) ______ level study.
ecosystem
Which is more beneficial to save —a wild species or an ecosystem?
ecosystem
During pollination, pollen is transferred to the vicinity of what structure?
egg
The function of the female reproductive system is to produce sex cells called .
eggs, ova
Identify the products produced by the gametophyte.
eggs, sperm
A subatomic particle with a negative charge is called a(n)
electron
Which subatomic particle orbits outside the atomic nucleus and carries a negative electrical charge?
electron
The period number tells how many ______ an atom has, while the group number denotes how many ______.
electron shells... electrons it has in the outer shell
Which of these terms identifies the affinity, or attraction, that an atom has for electrons?
electronegativity
The ______ are found outside of the nucleus of an atom.
electrons
Which subatomic particle does not play a role in determining the mass number of an element?
electrons
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means is called a(n) _____.
element
Matter is composed of ninety-two different, naturally occurring substances called .
elements
The different types of substances that compose all matter are called .
elements
Atomic theory states that
elements consist of tiny particles called atoms.
A virus that has only recently infected large numbers of people is called a(n) _ virus.
emerging
Changes in human behavior, or the development of new technologies, may cause the development of diseases called new or ___ diseases.
emerging
H5N1, SARS, and H1N1 are all examples of
emerging diseases.
West Nile virus, SARS virus and avian influenza are all examples of ___________.
emerging virus
High fructose corn syrup and sucrose are considered to provide ______ in the diet.
empty calories
The process in which fat specifically is broken down into fat droplets is called ______.
emulsification
The process by which substances are moved into a cell by vesicle formation is called
endocytosis
What process do cells use to engulf larger substances, encase them in vesicles, and bring them into the cell?
endocytosis
Bacteria are able to survive unfavorable environmental conditions by forming _ , which protect the genetic information in protective coats.
endospores
The theory that describes the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells as having descended from bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, is called the _ theory.
endosymbiotic
During muscle contractions ATP provides the _______ for the contraction.
energy
Kilocalories and calories are units used to measure the amount of in __ food.
energy
ATP acts as an
energy carrier in cells.
In this depiction of the electron configuration of oxygen, each concentric ring represents a(n) .
energy level
Kinetic energy is ________ and potential energy is ________.
energy of motion; stored energy
Active transport requires __ to move molecules.
energy or ATP
Starch is polysaccharide used by plants for
energy storage
During fermentation, yeast uses glucose to provide _____ and produce _____ as a waste product.
energy; alcohol
During the ATP cycle, ATP loses ______ when it is broken down into ADP + P and ______ is/are stored when ADP + P is converted back to ATP.
energy; energy
In a coupled reaction, ______ released from an energy-releasing reaction is used to drive an ______ reaction.
energy; energy-requiring
Most animal cell viruses take their_ from the plasma membrane of the host cell.
envelope
Genotypic variation in a population may provide a species with options when the _____ changes.
enviornment
Genes along with the _ will determine the expression of an organisms traits.
environment
Genotypic variation in a population may provide a species with options when the _____ changes.
environment
Which field of study applies ecological principles to practical human concerns, like why a functioning biosphere is important to human survival?
environmental science
What is the term used when an active enzyme is prohibited from joining with its substrate, thus preventing the progress of a reaction?
enzyme inhibition
Proteins that act as catalysts in metabolic reactions are called .
enzymes
The flap that covers the opening to the lungs during swallowing is the .
epiglottis
What structure prevents swallowed food from entering the lungs?
epiglottis
Tissue that forms external coverings and internal linings of the body is called tissue.
epithelial
Which tissue type lines body cavities?
epithelial
There are four main tissue types: _ tissue covers the body surfaces, _ tissue binds and supports body parts, _ tissue moves the body and its parts, and _ tissue receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses.
epithelial connective muscular nervous
Planting crops in long straight rows that facilitate the use of large farm machines causes one of the highest rates of soil in the world.
erosion
Rhythmic muscular contraction that moves food down the ______ is called peristalsis.
esophagus
The muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach is the ______.
esophagus
Identify the structures that are formed from cholesterol.
estrogen testosterone
Protists are _____.
eukaryotes
As oxygen became available, __ cells began to evolve.
eukaryotic
Select characteristics of plants from the choices below.
eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic
The term _ refers to the rapid over-enrichment of a body of water due excess runoff of the element _
eutrophication phosphorus
If mutations, gene flow or genetic drift are present in a population, we can expect the population to undergo .
evolution
The theory of _ is considered a unifying concept in biology because it pertains to many different aspects of organisms.
evolution
Which theory enables scientists to understand the history of life?
evolution
A diagram depicting the evolution of species is called a(n) ____.
evolutionary tree
An __ tree is a diagram that shows common ancestors and divergent lines.
evolutionary/phylogenetic
Select choices from which organisms readily obtain chemicals in a biogeochemical cycle.
exchange pool biotic community
Because their population size is not controlled by diseases or their natural predators, species compete better than species, sometimes growing exponentially in numbers.
exotic native
Which of the following are common methods by which a virus can rapidly "emerge" and cause human illness?
extension of the viral range viral mutation
The complete eradication of a species or larger classification category is called .
extinction
Carbohydrates can play a structural role in animal cells.
false
True or false: A phenotypic change that was acquired during an organism's lifetime will be passed on to its offspring.
false
True or false: An individual's natural bacterial flora, or microbiota, is just the bacterial population of the intestines.
false
True or false: Appearance is a dependable criterion by which to define a species.
false
True or false: Charles Darwin graduated from medical school in 1831.
false
True or false: Chyme moves out of the stomach all at once after several hours of mixing.
false
True or false: DNA and RNA each have an identical sugar, but only vary in their nitrogenous bases.
false
True or false: Darwin and Lamarck proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
false
True or false: Darwin and Wallace worked together to develop their hypotheses about natural selection.
false
True or false: Darwin thought that the Earth was approximately 1,000 years old.
false
True or false: During enzyme inhibition, the unused portion of the enzyme is degraded or recycled.
false
True or false: External water is needed to accomplish fertilization in seed plants.
false
True or false: Food moves down the esophagus under the influence of gravity alone.
false
True or false: Gene flow occurs between populations of different species.
false
True or false: Global warming and resulting climate change are a result of natural cycles.
false
True or false: Humans extract much of the energy available between the bonds of glucose in cellulose.
false
True or false: If a molecule contains both carbon and hydrogen, it is more likely to be an inorganic molecule than an organic one.
false
True or false: In an experiment designed to test the effectiveness of antibiotics A and B in the treatment of ulcers, members of the control group (people with ulcers who do not receive either antibiotic) should be given drugs that the test group does not receive to minimize their symptoms.
false
True or false: Marsupials are only found in Australia.
false
True or false: Muscles lacking striations do not have contractile proteins.
false
True or false: Nonrandom mating is required to meet the assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
false
True or false: Oils with unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.
false
True or false: Organs are composed of a single tissue type.
false
True or false: Pseudostratified epithelium has multiple layers of cells.
false
True or false: Recessive alleles present in heterozygotes are subject to natural selection and may thereby be eliminated from the population.
false
True or false: The plants and animals living on the Galapagos Islands are the exact same species as found on the west coast of South America.
false
True or false: The term "mass" is equivalent to the term "weight" for subatomic particles because of their size.
false
True or false: The tongue does not have a role in the digestive process.
false
True or false: The two basic forms of energy include chemical energy and potential energy.
false
True or false: There are several genera within a species.
false
True or false: Two amino acids can have different R groups, but still have the same identity.
false
True or false: When compared side-by-side, Linnaean classification and cladistics agree almost perfectly with one another regarding evolution of organisms.
false
Select the characteristics that are common to most more developed countries (MDCs).
fast population growth before 1950 decline in birth rate since 1950
Bacon, lard and butter are all forms of _____.
fats
Bile promotes the break down of what biological molecules?
fats
Which biological molecules are composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl (COOH) group at one end?
fatty acid
The activity of most enzymes and metabolic pathways is regulated by _________.
feedback inhibition
The scientific name for the domestic cat is Felis catus. Which of these terms is the genus?
felis
The ______ gametophyte develops within the ovule and eventually becomes a seed.
female
Lactic acid is produced by some bacteria during a process called ______.
fermentation
Fiddleheads are parts of plants called _ that can be used as a food for humans.
ferns
Megaphylls are large leaf structures found on plants such as _ , where they are called fronds, while microphylls are small leaf structures found in club mosses.
ferns
Identify the plants that became part of the coal deposits used by humans today.
ferns seedless vascular plants
Because of the double bonds in the carbon chain of an unsaturated fatty acid, there will be ____ hydrogens than those found in saturated fatty acids.
fewer
The characteristic cell type of loose fibrous connective tissue is the .
fibroblast
Collagen and keratin are both examples of what kind of proteins?
fibrous
In which type of bird did Darwin observe a range of beak sizes and shapes that were suited for consuming different food choices?
finches
Eating an apple and having the chemical energy converted into kinetic energy is following the ______ law of thermodynamics.
first
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another, according to the _____ law of thermodynamics.
first
Bacteria reproduce by means of binary .
fission
As a result of natural selection, the characteristics of the individuals with the highest _____ become more prevalent in a population, changing the population over time.
fitness
Individual A produces 7 offspring while individual B produces 4. Individual A is said to have a greater ______ than individual B.
fitness
The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population is referred to as .
fitnesss
Motile bacteria spin by using _____.
flagella
The prokaryote structure that rotates 360 degrees to allow for cellular movement is called a .
flagella
Organisms in the supergroup Excavata lack mitochondria and have a distinctive structure used to propel themselves called a .
flagellum
Forests retain water and help lessen the possibility and degree of .
flooding
Identify the factors that can lead to the bottleneck effect.
flooding. fire. over harvesting.
Introduction of new or rare alleles into a population through the migration of individuals from another population is called gene .
flow/migration
The reproductive structure that attracts insect pollinators is a(n) .
flower
Even though crop varieties developed during the "green revolution" managed to provide more for growing populations across the world, problems such as their need for high levels of fertilizers, water, and herbicides were the trade offs.
food
The seed coat and stored _ protect the sporophyte embryo and allow it to survive harsh conditions. Listen to the complete question
food
Some ferns can be used as ______.
food sources
Evidence of organisms that have been preserved in the Earth's crust are called .
fossil
Currently, over 80% of the world's energy supply comes from just two nonrenewable sources: fuels and power
fossil nuclear
Which nonrenewable mineral is used as an energy source.
fossil fuels
Which of the following are carbon reservoirs?
fossil fuels bodies of organisms limestone shells
Direct evidence of past life, like footprints preserved in ash, are called ____.
fossils
The remains of once living organisms are called ______.
fossils
Traces of past life are called .
fossils
The __ effect occurs when isolated populations exhibit higher frequencies of rare alleles than those found in the general population. An example is the rare form of dwarfism found in high frequency in the Pennsylvania Amish.
founder
The ______ effect is an example of genetic drift in which rare alleles, or combinations of alleles, occur at higher frequencies when a population becomes isolated. Multiple choice question.
founder
An example of genetic drift in which rare alleles or combinations of alleles occur at higher frequencies in a population that is isolated from the general population is the __ __
founder effect
A steroid's structure is best described as _____.
four fused rings
Fern megaphylls are also called ______.
fronds
If a flower is pollinated it will give rise to .
fruit
A ____ group helps determine the functional aspects of an organic molecule.
functional
A combination of bonded atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, which always reacts in the same way, is known as a(n)
functional group
The supergroup Opisthokonta includes
fungi several closely related protists animals
If sperm from one species cannot survive in the reproductive tract of another species, a type of prezygotic isolating mechanism called _ isolation has occurred.
gamete
Which structures are required for sexual reproduction in algae?
gametes
In the alternation of generation of plants, gametes are formed by the _____ generation.
gametophyte
It is the _ which represents the haploid (n) generation in plants.
gametophyte
Seed plants do not need external water for fertilization because the whole male __ moves to the female gamete, not just the sperm.
gametophyte
If there is constant _ flow between two populations, the resulting gene pools of the populations become more similar.
gene
Which theory relates most closely to the coded information of heredity?
gene
The movement of alleles from one population to another is referred to as
gene flow
The various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals in a population is called the
gene pool
Human DNA contains approximately 19,000 .
genes
Transferring __ that confer disease resistance to plants through bioengineering techniques has reduced the spread of viral particles between plants.
genes
With the aid of bioengineering, plants can become resistant to viruses by transfer of:
genes
Changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance are referred to as _ _
genetic drift
If there was a small population of frogs, some red and some green colored and the red frogs were prevented from breeding for several years, the green frog alleles would become more common in the small population. This illustrates
genetic drift
Consider 107 different populations of fruit flies, each kept in a separate culture bottle. Every bottle contained eight heterozygous flies of each sex with no homozygotes. After each generation, the experimenter randomly chose eight males and females from the offspring to begin the next round of mating. By the end of nineteen generations, 25% of the populations contained only homozygous recessive flies and 25% contained only homozygous flies. What is the best explanation for this occurrence?
genetic flow
Which of the following processes promote genetic variation during the production of gametes?
genetic recombination during meiosis mutations of sex cells independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that the allele and ___ frequencies in a population of sexually reproducing organism will remain the same generation after generation as long as five conditions are met.
genotype
Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavata?
genus Giardia euglenazoa
Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming organisms. It consists of two parts. The first part is the _ , while the second is the specific _.
genus, epithet
All of the following organisms have undergone artificial selection for many years EXCEPT for:
giraffes
Enzymes and hemoglobin are examples of ______ proteins.
global
Cellulose is composed of monomers of ______.
glucose
Which carbohydrate is the major source of immediate energy for all organisms?
glucose
Which of the following is the preferred source of energy for the production of ATP in a cell?
glucose
Which of the following are end products of photosynthesis?
glucose oxygen
__ is a protein that leads to celiac disease.
gluten
The pancreatic enzyme lipase digests fat droplets to and acids.
glycerol, fatty
Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide called .
glycogen
If an adaptation is no longer suitable to an environment, the species may ______________.
go extinct
The _ model of evolution supports the slow change of organisms over time.
gradual
The __ model of evolution indicates it is difficult to determine when speciation actually occurs.
gradualistic
The model of evolution that describes the process as slow and continuous is called the _____ model.
gradualistic
Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), and Hydrogen (H) are located in the same _______ of the periodic table.
group
Which two species occupy the same ecological niche as the lionfish?
grouper snappers
Select the four nucleotide bases that are found in DNA nucleotides.
guanine adenine cytosine thymine
are woody seed plants, including conifers, in which seeds usually develop in cones.
gymnosperms
Plants with seeds in cones are called
gymnosperms.
Which molecule is required for a hydrolysis reaction?
h20
The spatial area that a species occupies within the community is its .
habitat
When two species occupy different environments within the same geographic range, for example: different levels in the rain forest canopy, they are prevented from cross breeding by a prezygotic isolating mechanism called _ isolation.
habitat
Which of the following is a component of the other?
habitat
Lions live in the savanna and tigers live in the jungles. This is an example of which type of prezygotic isolating mechanism?
habitat isolation
Conservation measures could help industry cut their water demand in .
half
Archaea that require high salt concentrations, like those found in the Great Salt Lake, are called ____.
halophiles
The law stating that the gene frequencies in a population remain stable if evolution does not occur due to nonrandom mating, selection, migration, and genetic drift is known as the
hardy-Weinberg principle
A reemerging disease
has caused a disease in humans, but has been relatively rare in human populations.
White blood cells can be distinguished from red blood cells because white blood cells
have a nucleus.
Select characteristics shared by members of the same species.
have a shared gene pool. are reproductively isolated from other species. interbreed.
It is uncertain if genetically engineered crops will lead to problems in people.
health
Cardiac muscle is only found in the walls of the .
heart
When energy is converted from potential energy to kinetic energy, some of the usable energy is lost as _____.
heat
Which of these might cause a protein to denature?
heat pH change
Identify the various factors that will trigger the channel proteins that signal pain.
heat temperature
The red blood cells of a person with sickle-cell disease have an abnormal form of the protein .
hemoglobin
__ is a type of protein that functions to distribute oxygen through out the human body.
hemoglobin
is a type of protein that functions to distribute oxygen through out the human body.
hemoglobin
Identify the proteins that have a quarternary structure.
hemoglobin insulin
Large amounts of ______, ______, and ______ are used to raise livestock in the U.S..
herbicides water fertilizer
Another name for an animal that is an exclusive plant eater is a(n):
herbivore
Organisms that feed only on plant material are consumers called .
herbivores
Which of the following are components of natural selection?
heritable variation variation in reproductive success adaptation to the environment
The term chemoheterotroph and __________ can be interchanged when used to describe bacteria that take in organic nutrients for their sources of energy and their building blocks.
heterotroph
The group of organisms that require a source of preformed organic nutrients, and release CO2 into the atmosphere are called _______.
heterotrophs
In an environment where malaria is prevalent, an individual who is ______ for sickle-cell disease has an advantage.
heterozygous
If a cell is surrounded by a hypertonic solution, the solution has a ______ solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm.
higher
During osmosis, water moves from a region of _____ concentration of water, to one of ______ concentration of water.
higher, lower
Which of the following are examples of vestigial structures?
hip bones in whales tailbone in humans
The components of a nucleosome are
histones DNA
Chromatin is a DNA complex that resembles beads on a string. The DNA wraps around several protein molecules called ___ , and each "bead" is called a __
histones; nucleosome
Being able to maintain a optimal blood pH is called
homeostasis
Buffers keep the pH in the human body within a narrow range so it can help maintain .
homeostasis
The forelimbs of both humans and dolphins are related through common descent and contain the same bones arranged in the same pattern, so these structures are considered to be ______.
homologous
The line of anatomical evidence that shows a similarity in form due to a common ancestor are called __ structures.
homologous
The wing of a bird or bat, forelimb of a cat or dog are examples of ________ structures.
homologous
In MDCs, livestock (cattle, chickens, pigs) are often crowded into feedlots, cages, and pens to be fed grains and given growth and antibiotics before they are slaughtered for their meat.
hormones
An example of an animal being used for medicinal uses is the crab. The of this animal contains a substance that is used to remove bacteria from various medical devices, for example pacemakers.
horsehoe blood
Archaeopteryx is a bird with both reptile and bird features and is thus considered a transitional link that suggests:
how birds have evolved from a reptile-like ancestor.
At present, we are losing as many as _____ of species per year due to human activities.
hundreds
The most common type of cartilage is:
hyaline
Your nose is mostly _ cartilage.
hyaline
Which of the following are examples of a postzygotic isolating mechanism?
hybrid sterility zygote mortality
When two different species mate and produce an infertile offspring, it is known as .
hybrid sterillity
A basic solution will take up _ ions while it releases hydroxide ions.
hydrogen
A(n) __ bond results from the attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one water molecule and a slightly negative oxygen atom in another water molecule.
hydrogen
In the future, vehicles will be powered by fuel cells that use to produce electricity, which would be used to run the motor.
hydrogen
The secondary structure of a protein is held in place by ___ bonds.
hydrogen
Water disassociates to produce a(n)__ ion with a positive charge and a hydroxide ion with a negative charge.
hydrogen
Organic molecules are defined as those that contain which of the following elements?
hydrogen carbon
Which bond forms between adjacent molecules of water?
hydrogen bond
A buffer will resist changes in pH because they take up excess ___ and ___ ions.
hydrogen/H hydroxide/Oh
A chemical reaction that adds water to a bond to break the bond and split a molecule in two is called a(n) _ reaction.
hydrolysis
A molecule that is water-soluble is referred to as ______.
hydrophilic
Phospholipids orient themselves tail-to-tail in a bilayer. This is because they have __ heads and ___ tails.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
A molecule that is not soluble in water is referred to as ______.
hydrophobic
Select all of the forms of renewable energy from the choices below.
hydropower geothermal energy solar energy wind power
When water dissociates, it releases an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxide ions (OH-).
Sugars are composed of a carbon skeleton with many attached ______ groups.
hydroxyl (-OH)
What kind of solution contains a comparatively higher concentration of solute than can be found inside a cell?
hypertonic
The control center for body temperature regulation is located in the:
hypothalamus
The statement, "Newly discovered antibiotic B is a better treatment for ulcers than antibiotic A, which is in current use," is best-described as the ______ for the ulcer experiment.
hypothesis
To maintain turgor pressure, plant cells must exist in a slightly ______ environment.
hypotonic
Select the functions of carbohydrates.
immediate energy source. structural components of organisms
The thymus, spleen, and some cells in the lymph and blood, make up the _ system, which serves to protect the body from disease.
immune
The thymus, spleen, and some cells in the lymph and blood, make up the system, which serves to protect the body from disease.
immune
Population size and resource consumption contribute to a population's environmental .
impact
Where is the information for the sequence of amino acids within a given protein located within the cell?
in the DNA
Select all that apply. Bacteria can be found
in the air, water, and soil. on human skin and in the intestines.
A trait that is found in both the outgroup and the ingroup is considered .
in-group
In cladistics, shared derived traits occur only in the _ , while the _ is included in the cladogram as a basis for determining which traits are shared derived traits.
in-group, outgrip
The alveolates (select all that apply):
include ciliates are single-celled protists include apicomplexans include dinoflagellates have an internal series of cavities
Every energy conversion leads to a(n) ______ in the amount of disorder of a system.
increase
Sexual selection favors characteristics that _____ the likelihood of obtaining mates, which promotes nonrandom mating.
increase
Which direct benefit did plants receive from the evolution of megaphylls?
increase in size
Microvilli, found of the surface of each intestinal villus, serve to
increase the surface area of the small intestine.
A small amount of gene flow between populations can _____ the variation within a population while a continuous gene flow can _____ the difference in allele frequency between the populations.
increase, decrease
Which of the following may have led to the development of exoskeletons in animals of the Cambrian era?
increased oxygen availability increased danger of predation
Which of the following are adverse effects of substantial increase in blood hemoglobin?
increased risk of hypertension increased blood viscosity (the blood becomes thicker) increased risk of blood clots
Sodium bicarbonate, secreted in the pancreatic juice, ______ the pH inside of the small intestine
increases
Which of the following processes promote genetic variation during the production of gametes?
independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis mutations of sex cells genetic recombination during meiosis
The increase in the dark moth phenotype due to pollution is an example of directional selection called _ _
industrial melanism
The first part of the digestive process is:
ingestion
Decomposers beak down organic matter into nutrients.
inorganic
One of the most important factors affecting primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems is the availability of nutrients.
inorganic
Studying the chemistry of salt and minerals is referred to as __ chemistry.
inorganic
The wing of a hummingbird is analogous to which of the following?
insect wing
Sexual selection in males usually leads to males with increased ability to
inseminate as many females as possible.
Which of the following stages in a viral reproduction cycle is only found in the lysogenic cycle?
integration
Identify the consequence of a low protein diet.
intellectual disabilities
Homeostasis is the relatively constant conditions of the ______ environment of the cells and tissues.
internal
When comparing interphase and the mitotic phase, which one takes the cell longer to complete?
interphase
For body maintenance the composition of the blood must remain constant which will also allow the composition of the _ fluid to remain constant.
interstitial
Identify the terms that can be applied to viruses.
intracellular parasites obligate
As aquifers are depleted and the water table drops, sea water can enter the aquifiers. This is called saltwater .
intrusion
Which type of substances are moving across the membrane during facilitated diffusion?
ions
Groundwater is being depleted at an alarming rate in many areas of the world as a result of the water being used for and domestic use.
irrigation
In the United States, 39% of freshwater is used for:
irrigation
The primary cause of croplands undergoing salinization is .
irrigation
Identify the two main reasons why groundwater is being depleted from the High Plains Aquifer.
irrigation household use
Molecules that have the same kinds and numbers of atoms but have different chemical properties because their atoms exist in different arrangements are which of these?
isomers
When the concentration inside a cell is the same as outside, the cell is said to be in an __ solution.
isotonic
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as .
isotopes
A community is different from a population because:
it includes various populations at a particular locale
What happens to energy as it moves through life processes?
it is converted in form
Muscle tissue is considered a tissue because
it is made up of similar cells that perform a common function.
Topsoil is important because:
it is the most suitable soil for growing crops loss of topsoil can lead to desertification it contains organic materials
Turgor pressure is created by the force of the cell pushing against what?
its cell wall
From the choices below, select the challenges that had to be addressed in order for plants to be successful in living on land.
keeping plant in an erect position transporting water to all parts of the plant acquiring water threat of gametes, zygotes, and embryos drying out
The outer layer of your skin is strong and waterproof because it is reinforced with ______.
keratin
The hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach serves to
kills disease-causing organisms.
The energy content of foods is measured using which unit?
kilocalories
Which of the following characteristics describe prokaryotes?
lack organelles single-celled lack a nucleus
The lymphatic capillary inside of a single villus is called a(n) .
lacteal
The lymphatic system includes lymphatic _ that will absorb fat from the digestive system.
lacteals
The cavities that contain the cells of bone tissue are called .
lacunae
The hollow cavities associated with bone or cartilage that contain the osteocytes or chondrocytes are called _______.
lacunae
A population will sink into the _ phase if it is over harvested while it is experiencing exponential growth.
lag
On an exponential growth curve, the first phase is called the phase and the second phase is referred to as the exponential growth phase. Growth in the first phase is because the number of individuals is small, however in the exponential growth phase, growth is .
lag, slow, fast
The last component of the mammalian digestive tract is the ______.
large intestine
LDCs have the following characteristics:
large prereproductive group large base on the age structure diagram high birth rate
With respect to size in angiosperms, the sporophyte generation is _ (larger/smaller) than the gametophyte generation.
larger
Because common names for organisms can vary from place to place, scientists use _______ to assign scientific names to organisms.
latin
In the more developed countries, more freshwater is used for bathing, flushing toilets, and watering flowersBlank 1Blank 1 flowers , Incorrect Unavailable than for drinking and cooking.
lawns
In a chemical equation with the arrow pointing to the right, which side contains the reactants?
left side
Animals such as the horseshoe crab and the nine-banded armadillo are medicinally useful in
leprosy research and disinfection of medical devices.
In a hypotonic solution the concentration of water inside the cell is _________ than the concentration of water in the surrounding solution.
less
The mutualistic relationship between a fungus and algae, in which the fungi possibly provide inorganic food to the algae, and the algae provide organic food to the fungus, is called a(n) .
lichen
Which of the following would be a pioneer species?
lichens
In the example given in your text book, industrial melanism occurred as a result of _____ moths being more susceptible to predation when pollution increases.
lighter colored
The cell walls of land plants are hardened because of the chemical called .
lignin
The substance that hardens the cell walls of xylem is called ______.
lignin
Darwin believed that all members of a population would not typically be able to survive, and therefore reproduce, due to _____.
limited environmental resources
The energy of activation
limits how fast a reaction can proceed.
Which intestinal enzyme is responsible for digesting fat to glycerol?
lipase
Biological molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes are called .
lipids
Which components of the host cell does a virus pick up during budding?
lipids proteins
A key feature to identify unsaturated lipids is that they are _____ at room temperature.
liquid
Within a solution, the solvent is the _ portion.
liquid
A population that grows until it reaches its carrying capacity follows a growth pattern.
logistic
During the process of ecological succession, which of these plant characteristics become more common?
long-lived large size
What are two common uses of fats in the bodies of animals?
long-term energy storage insulation
Fat is an example of _ fibrous connective tissue whereas tendons are composed of _ fibrous connective tissue.
loose, dense
During an ionic bond between sodium and chloride, the sodium will __ its electron.
lose
During an ionic bond between sodium and chloride, the sodium will ___ its electron.
lose
Seedless vascular plants include which of the following?
lycophytes ferns
Select the components of the lymphatic system.
lymph lymphatic vessels lymph nodes
Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems that help in maintaining homeostasis?
lymph transport exchange of gases lymph filtration blood circulation fighting infection
Which structure collects excess interstitial fluid?
lymphatic capillaries
. In the _ cycle of viruses, the phage is latent.
lysogenic
Viral particles escape an infected cell when it breaks open during the ___ cycle, while in the ___ cycle, the viral DNA integrates with the host DNA.
lytic, lysogenic
The inability of a butterfly to reach the pollen in a apple flower is an example of __ isolation.
machanical
The process that results in large changes in a population over a very long period of time is called
macroevolution
Which of the following processes requires speciation?
macroevolution
Humans, being one of the final consumers, are at a particularly high risk to the problems associated with biological
magnification
Humans, being one of the final consumers, are at a particularly high risk to the problems associated with biological because humans eat foods from both terrestrial and aquatic food chains.
magnification
Select indirect values provided by biodiversity.
maintaining biogeochemical cycles provisions for fresh water prevention of soil erosion regulation of climate
Which category contains the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems?
maintenance
What four types of effects are typical in athletes who use anabolic steroids to build muscle mass?
males have atrophied testes and develop breasts psychological disorders liver damage kidney damage
Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch to the disaccharide .
maltose
Which disaccharide is the energy source for yeast during beer production?
maltose
Since the number of neutrons may differ between atoms of an element, the atomic __ represents the average of the mass numbers.
mass
The __ number of an atom is determined by adding together the number of protons and neutrons.
mass
When a large number of species or higher taxonomic group disappear during a relatively short time span, a _____ extinction has occurred.
mass
Anything that has mass and takes up space is, by definition,
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space is, by definition, .
matter
The tongue plays a role in ______ digestion.
mechanical
When the genitalia of species are not matched and thus prevent mating, this is an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism called ______ isolation.
mechanical
Some ferns have been used as astringents _ to stop bleeding or to treat colds.
medicines
Select direct values provided by biodiversity.
medicines biological control of crop predators and parasites food pollination of crop plants
Because they allowed them to collect more solar energy to produce more food, ______ gave ferns an evolutionary advantage.
megaphylls
All of the following are ways that microphylls differ from megaphylls except
megaphylls have vascular tissue, while microphylls do not.
Plant sporophytes produce haploid spores through a division process called .
meiosis
Which prokaryotic feature is complex?
metabolism
The type of Archaean that lives in oxygen-free habitats such as swamps and release biogas is called a(n) .
methanogens
As opposed to large scale evolutionary change over a long period of time, small changes in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population over a short period of time is called ______.
microevolution
Small measurable evolutionary changes within a population from generation to generation refer to a type of evolution called .
microevolution
The leaf of a lycophyte is called a ______.
microphyll
Small leaves that are found on stems and branches of lycophytes are called .
microphylls
Each of the epithelial cells covering a villus contains many tiny projections called .
microvilli
Introduction of new or rare alleles into a population through the migration of individuals from another population is called gene .
migration/flow
Nonrenewable, raw materials, from the Earth's crust used by humans are called ______.
minerals
The process of cellular respiration occurs in organelles called .
mitochondria
The purpose of _______ is to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
mitosis
Which phase will end in the formation of 2 daughter cells?
mitosis
Organisms and systems that allow scientists to control specific variables and environmental conditions in a way that may not be possible in the natural environment are called _ organisms/systems.
model
Which type of teeth do herbivores use to chew plant material?
molars
Which line of evidence is used to support the relatedness between land plants and charophytes?
molecular
When a(n) ______ contains atoms of more than one element, it can be called a compound.
molecule
When two hydrogen atoms bond together they are forming a(n) ______.
molecule
A group of atoms of one or more element bonded together is called a .
molecule / compound
Biotic synthesis is the production of biological _ by living cells.
molecules
During digestion polymers are broken down into .
monomers
The basic building blocks of large biological molecules are referred to as:
monomers
Simple sugars, like glucose or ribose, are monomers called .
monosaccharides
A cell placed in hypotonic solution has solutes that are ______ concentrated inside the cell than in the solution outside the cell.
more
People in MDCs create _____ pollution than is proportional to their population size.
more
Saturated fatty acids will contain ______ hydrogens than unsaturated fatty acids.
more
Species with more DNA similarities are
more closely related
Constant gene flow occurring between two populations serves to make the gene pools _____.
more similar
Identify the features associated with a complete digestive tract.
mouth anus alimentary cana
Which of the following describes skeletal muscle?
moves bones is voluntary has multinucleated fibers is striated
The epithelium lining your windpipe contains single celled glands that secrete .
mucus
What is produced by the stomach to protect its lining?
mucus
produced by the stomach protects the lining of the stomach wall from hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
mucus
Contraction of _ tissues allows movement in animals.
muscle
The sodium-potassium pump involves active transport in which type of animal cells?
muscle nerve
The nervous system sends impulses to control centers in the brain, which direct effectors, such as _______, to bring about immediate change, or ______, to bring about slower change in reaction to the stimulus.
muscles, glands
Select the systems that are involved in sensory input and motor output. Multiple select question.
muscular integumentary skeletal
A(n) _____ occurs when DNA is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by its genes.
mutation
Viruses are well known for their high _ rate; this is one of the reasons that they can emerge so rapidly and spread through a population.
mutation
Which of the following may produce new phenotypic variations in a population?
mutation
Which factor generates new variations within a population?
mutations
The relationship between an ant and a bullhorn acacia tree is an example of _____.
mutualism
The relationship between cows and the bacteria that live in their stomachs is an example of a type of symbiosis called .
mutualism
The relationship between humans and the intestinal bacteria that release vitamins K and B12is an example of:
mutualism
The term refers to the abundance of both species increasing in a population.
mutualism
Which of the following is a relationship in which both species benefit?
mutualism
Examples of symbiotic relationships include:
mutualism commensalism parasitism
What protein is involved in the contraction of muscles?
myosin
During muscle contraction, ATP binds to __ filaments, which change shape following ATP breakdown and bind to __ filaments.
myosin/thick; actin/thin
Which of the following is part of a viroid?
naked strands of RNA
In gymnosperms the seed is _ while in angiosperms the seed is _
naked, covered
A species that is naturally found in a given area is called a(n) species.
native
The process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic and abiotic environments is __ selection.
natural
The process of _ _ results in the evolution of organisms that are well suited to their environment.
natural selection
The process that results in changes in a population as the environment changes is called:
natural selection
Which of the following evolutionary processes results in adaptation to the environment?
natural selection
Aquifers are ______.
natural water reservoirs found beneath the surface of the ground
Shane is standing at the bus stop on a cold winter morning. As the wind blows, his body temperature drops and he starts to shiver. This is an example of ______.
negative feedback
A home heating system is a mechanical example of a - feedback system, in which the temperature at which the thermostat is programmed is the _ point, from which the room temperature does not vary much in either direction. Listen to the complete question
negative, set
Which of the following cell types typically remain in the G0 stage?
nerve cells
The type of tissue that coordinates the functions of the body parts and allows an animal to respond to the external and internal environments is called _ tissue.
nervous
