Bio Exam Study Guide
The numbered boxes in the diagram represent which of the following?
1 - oxygen; 2 - carbon dioxide
Which of the following diagrams below is an example of a carbohydrate?
2
A specific type of cell is being studied by a scientist. She notices the cell contains a nucleus, lysosomes, a cell membrane and cell wall. What is the correct classification of this cell?
A eukaryotic plant cell
The Florida Panther was once considered to be a subspecies of cougars and given a special trinomial taxonomy of Puma concolor coryi. Current scientists however, have studied the Florida Panther and removed the subspieces classification to only Puma concolor. Which of the following would most likely explain why the classification of the Florida Panther changed.
Advanced technologies have shown a large difference in cell structure between the Florida Panther and other cougars.
A weightlifter is using heavy weights in short bursts for a competition. Because his muscle cells are not able to take in enough oxygen to make very much ATP the weightlifter begins to get fatigue in his muscles. Which of the following processes is most likely going on in the muscles of the weightlifter as he competes in his event?
As the cells run out of oxygen they switch to anaerobic respiration, which allows the cell to make small amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen.
Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is NOT true?
Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms.
Which statement describes how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interrelated?
Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular respiration are used in photosynthesis.
Two test tubes were filled with a solution of bromthymol blue. A student exhaled through a straw into each tube, and the bromthymol blue turned yellow. An aquatic green plant was placed into each tube, and the tubes were corked. One tube was placed in the dark, and one was placed in direct sunlight. The yellow solution in the tube in sunlight turned blue, while the one in the dark remained yellow. Which statement best explains why the solution in the tube placed in sunlight returned to a blue color?
Carbon dioxide was removed by photosynthesis.
Using a microscope in the science lab, Jill observed two unknown cell: Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 she identified as a plant cell and Cell 2 as an animal cell. Her teacher told her she identified the cells correctly. What did Jill most likely observe to correctly identify the cells?
Cell 1 had a cell wall and Cell 2 did not.
A florist places a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye. After a time, the flowers turn blue. What process helped the carnations to change color?
Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules
In 1990, Carl Woese introduced the three domain system for classifying living things, after the advancement of DNA analysis allowed for a comparison of species genetic code. Which of the following is the best explanation for why domains were added to the previous system of classification?
Domains have always been included, they were just made official recently.
What is another name for the substance labeled "catalyst"?
Enzyme
The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements?
Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.
Mushrooms are a type of fungus. What characteristic of fungi makes them different from plants?
Fungal cells are eukaryotic.
Control
Group in an experiment that is exposed to the same condition as the experimental group except the IV
Why are hydrogen bonding and polarity important?
Hydrogen bonding is the attraction between ions. polarity is positive and negative charged ions.
Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent- factor in controlled experiment that is deliberately changed Dependent- observed and changes in response to the independent variable
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the graph?
Infection in embanked ponds increased during the sampling period.
As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HC1), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HC1 converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?
It becomes inactive
Capillary action and importance
It is when water goes up the plant stem, providing nutrients from the soil and water
Meat tenderizer contains an enzyme that breaks down meat. If meat is coated with tenderizer and then placed in a refrigerator, how would the enzyme be affected?
It would break down the meat more slowly.
Metric system units
Kilo Hecto Deka deci centi milli
Graphs
Line- show growth Circle- show comparison Bar- show change Histogram- Show frequency
Shape of water
Micky Mouse 2 positive ions and 1 negative ion
Which dye could the technician use to determine whether the cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Nile blue
Two of the four principle classes of organic compounds are proteins and nucleic acids. What is the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids contain the information to make proteins
Two different species of bacteria are examined. Scientists find that species X always produces CO2 and H2O during cellular respiration. Species Y always produces ethyl alcohol and CO2. Which conclusion can be made from these observations?
Only species Y is anaerobic.
Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead?
Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die
Mike has four aquatic plants of the same size and the same species. He submerges the plants in a separate beaker filled with 200 ml of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mike observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 minute period. Which of the following statements best explains Mike's observations?
Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light.
In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?
Photosynthesis used carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
What are macro-molecules?
Polysaccharide, monomer, carbohydrates, lipid, atp, Nucleotide
What is the advantage of cells being so small?
Small cells do not require energy and get everything they need from osmosis.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
Solution A, B & C.
Using the data table above and your knowledge about the process of science, which solution would represent the control in this experiment?
Solution D
In living organisms, lipids function mainly as:
Sources of stored energy and components of cellular membranes
What are Carbohydrates?
Test Iodine Ex: Bread and pasta
If a cell's lysosomes were damaged, which of the following would most likely occur?
The cell would be less able to break down molecules in its cytoplasm
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related, in terms of energy?
The energy captured in photosynthesis is used to power cellular respiration.
Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70 °C or higher. At the temperature of 50 °C, how will the enzymes in these bacterial cells most likely be affected?
The enzymes will not increase the rate of reactions as much as they would at 70 °C.
Small insects can walk across the surface of calm water. Their feet push the surface of the water down slightly, somewhat like a person walking across a trampoline, but they do not break the surface. What is the best explanation for why this happens?
The insects are light enough so that they do not break the hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules together
A beaker is divided into two halves, A & B, by a membrane that is freely permeable to the water and NaCl but not to protein. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 8% protein, while side B is half filled with a 2% protein solution. Predict what would happen to side A after a few hours.
The number of water molecules has increased.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?
The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6.
A potted plant is placed inside a clear, sealed vacuum container that has water pumped into it on a regular basis. The container is placed in the sun and the plant's growth is monitored. Which statement best describes what will most likely happen to the plant over time?
The plant will die because it does not have carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?
The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.
Cell Theory
There are 3 cell theories by: Schledin Hooke Schwann Virchow
Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with semi permeable membranes?
Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water concentration.
Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?
Water exhibits cohesive behavior.
Many fish and aquatic plants can survive a cold winter because the layer of ice that forms at the top of the lake insulates the water below and prevents the lake from freezing solid. What unique property of water contributes to this effect?
Water expands and becomes less dense when it freezes.
Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating body temperature. Which property of water makes it good at regulating temperature?
Water has a high capacity for heat.
Large bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans, do not quickly fluctuate in temperature. What is the reason for this phenomenon?
Water has a high heat capacity
Why is water the universal solvent and why is it important for life?
Water is a universal solvent because it contains positive and negative charges. It is important for life because the human body is made up of mostly water.
Many of the proteins in the human body are enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy?
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, it decreases the activation energy of the reaction.
Maria, after finding no cold sodas in the refrigerator, placed a can of soda in the freezer. She then proceeded to check her social networking site and forgot about the soda. Later that evening her brother went to get some ice and it was brown. Maria's soda can had split open. What is the best explanation for what happened?
When the water froze, the space between hydrogen molecules expanded
Explain how water's ability to expand and freezing allows for life on Earth
When water freezes, it becomes less dense than water. As it comes to the top of it brings nutrients along with it.
Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes the molecular structure of ovalbumin?
a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule
Carmen conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would affect a person's pulse. Her hypothesis was that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each person listened to seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each. Each person's pulse was taken before the music and then after each 30-second interval of music. The pulses were taken again after the music selections were completed. Based on her experiment, Carmen concluded that a person's pulse rate changed when the person listened to different types of music.
a control group
When Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to an antibiotic, the bacteria try to pump the antibiotic out of their cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely used by the Streptococcus pneumoniae to pump the antibiotic out of their cells?
active transport
Which process takes place in the presence of oxygen and produces nearly 20 times as much as ATP as glycolysis alone?
aerobic respiration
What is the building block of structure G?
amino acids
Cohesion VS. Adhesion
attraction between molecules of the same substance force of attractions between different type of molecules
Which macromolecule makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
carbohydrate
Which gas is removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
Which of the following are the reactants of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide and water
In pure water, a red blood cell from an animal will swell and burst, but a leaf cell from a plant will not. Which structure in the leaf cell is responsible for this difference?
cell wall
Which process do the animals in the food web use to convert energy from food into ATP?
cellular respiration
Which of the following structure is where photosynthesis occurs in the cell below?
chloroplast
Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants.
enzyme
Based upon the information shown in the cladogram below, which trait would most likely be observed in ray-finned fish?
four limbs
In an emergency trauma room, a doctor accidentally gives a patient a large transfusion of distilled water directly into one of his veins instead of blood. Predict what might happen if distilled water was given to the patient instead of blood.
have serious, perhaps fatal effects because the red blood cells would tend to burst
Carrot sticks that are left in a dish of freshwater for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar sticks left in a saltwater solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the freshwater is ______ and the saltwater is ________ to the cells of the carrot sticks.
hypotonic, hypertonic
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a cell structure that consists of folded membranes that contain ribosomes. What is the advantage of the folded membranes?
increases surface area in order to produce more proteins
If a plant died from lack of food, which structure is most likely missing or damaged?
leaves
Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating reduces water loss because it is not water-permeable. This waxy coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?
lipid
What is the name of the macromolecule that makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
lipid
Which macromolecule is not labeled on the cell membrane above?
lipid
Which of the following structure is where cellular respiration occurs in the cell below?
mitochondria
Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?
moving substances against a concentration gradient
Resistance to antibiotics results from variations in the genetic code of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which type of molecule encodes genetic information in Streptococcus pneumoniae?
nucleic acid
Water is often called the "universal solvent" because many substances can be dissolved in water. What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent?
polarity and cohesion
Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are macromolecules that serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the following?
polymers of smaller subunits
The diagram below shows a monomer a macromolecule. Which type of molecule contains these monomers?
proteins
What is the function of macromolecule subunit below?
stores genetic information
What function does ATP carry out in living things?
used to capture and transfer energy
Which of the following contain complex, membrane-bound organelles?
viruses and prokaryotic