Bio exam

9) Which event would result in the development of large numbers of fossils? a fire a drought a volcano an earthquake

a volcano

61) Which taxonomic group is the narrowest classification level that includes both humans and apes? Genus Kingdom Order Family

family

21) Scientists have collected many fossils from various ancestral species of the modern horse. Despite some missing links, why would this collection still support the theory of common descent? Because the missing link may not be related to the modern species Because all species that were once ancestors to the modern species will need to be identified Because the missing link will look just like the modern species Because evidence of intermediate forms supports the link between ancestors and modern species

Because evidence of intermediate forms supports the link between ancestors and modern species

11) The Carolina chickadee, boreal chickadee, and black-capped chickadee are small songbirds that look and sound very similar to one another. What could account for their differences? Similar DNA sequences Geographical separation Separate ancestors Anatomical homology

Geographical separation

59) How do scientists determine the dates of fossils? Isolate DNA from the fossil and see the extent of damage to the DNA Determine the ratio of rock to bone in the fossil Determine the ratio of carbon to other elements in the fossil Measure the ratio of a radioactive element to the decay products

Measure the ratio of a radioactive element to the decay products

6) True or false: Evolution is a very controversial idea among scientists.

false

43) What process involves populations adapting to a changing environment? Common descent Macroevolution Natural selection Speciation

Natural selection

60) Which vestigial structure found in humans shows evolutionary connections to other primates and mammals? upright posture lack of body hair opposable thumb tailbone

tailbone

12) What macroevolutionary concept is considered controversial by some people? the common descent of all organisms from one ancestral cell the concept of species being subdivided into separate populations the concept that genes can vary spontaneously the appearance of new traits in existing populations

the common descent of all organisms from one ancestral cell

35) True or False: A theory about how the kidney functions to filter wastes out of the body is an example of a scientific theory.

true

44) True or false: The fields of science that support the theory of evolution include geology, molecular biology, and genetics.

true

45) True or False: A major part of the theory of evolution states that all life shares a common ancestor.

true

36) What type of evidence for the theory of common descent would include the nonfunctional wings of an ostrich? shared developmental pathways vestigial structures DNA similarity homologous structures

vestigial structures

1. Why do organisms with different appearances develop along similar pathways? Similar genes control the development of these organisms. Reproduction occurs in similar ways for these organisms. Asexual reproduction produces similar appearances. These organisms live in similar environments.

Similar genes control the development of these organisms.

48) Why are fossils from older species found deeper in the ground than those from more recent species? Older species were more likely to burrow underground. Modern species can swim better than older species. Older species were more likely to be trapped in sediments and form fossils than modern species. Layers of sediments accumulate every year, covering older fossils in more layers.

Layers of sediments accumulate every year, covering older fossils in more layers.

55) Which change is an example of biological evolution? Type II diabetes increased in children by 21% in the 2000s. Taking oral typhoid vaccines made with weakened viruses will improve the immune response. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to many antibiotics. Skin cancer has become more common in young adults over the last 30 years.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to many antibiotics.

16) Mutations in human presenilin genes result in a higher risk for developing early onset Alzheimer's disease. The human presenilin proteins from these genes alter other proteins by cleaving (cutting) them at specific positions. Similar presenilin proteins were found C. elegans, a microscopic nematode worm. These nematodes do not have a brain and do not get Alzheimer's disease. What function is performed by nematode presenilins? They are responsible for altering other proteins by cleaving them. They are responsible for transporting proteins to a new location within cells. They are responsible for the synthesis of new proteins. They are responsible for the development of the central nervous system.

They are responsible for altering other proteins by cleaving them.

40) True or False: The process of natural selection may occur in one individual with a mutation.

false

49) True or False: The palmaris longus muscle had a useful function in some human ancestor.

true

8)Part A What does the pattern of branching from left to right on the evolutionary tree diagrams in this text illustrate? a rough timeline of when species or groups of species diverged from each other in evolutionary history which species are more advanced than other species in evolutionary terms how long species or groups of species have been diverging from each other the geographical proximity of species to each other Part B In a standard evolutionary tree diagram, two organisms that appear next to each other on the right side of the diagram __________. could share a more recent common ancestor with other organisms on the tree than they do with each other must have diverged from each other more recently than they did from organisms that are farther away from them on the diagram are always more closely related to each other than they are to organisms farther away on the diagram do not share a common ancestor

a rough timeline of when species or groups of species diverged from each other in evolutionary history. could share a more recent common ancestor with other organisms on the tree than they do with each other.

23) Which species is most likely to share the greatest percentage of DNA with humans? deer eagle fruit fly chameleon

deer

2. True or false: Special creation could be considered a scientific hypothesis, but no one has ever tested it using scientific means.

false

51) True or false: The common ancestor of all life must have had genes for all traits currently present in modern animals.

false

62) What embryonic structures are common in all chordates? vertebrae arrector pili pharyngeal slits gametophytes

pharyngeal slits

46) 1. The root evol- means to unroll. 2. The root homini- means human-like. 3. The root homolog- means in agreement or from a shared origin. 4. The root radio- refers to radiation. 5. The root -metric means to measure. 6. The root macro- means large scale. 7. The root micro- means extremely small. 1. A hominin is a human or human ancestor. 2. Hands in humans are made up of five digits, as are the bones within the flippers of a sea lion. This is an example of homology. 3. The age of a fossil can be estimated by radiometric dating. 4. Microevolution refers to changes that occur in the characteristics of populations as a result of natural selection. 5. Macroevolution refers to the diversification of life that results from the emergence of new species from ancestral species.

...

10) Can you match each example with the science that supports it? The statements on the left are scientific assertions. The statements on the right are examples from the chapter. Drag each scientific assertion to the example it best supports. 1. Most people accept that the characteristics within a population--say pesticide resistance in lice--can change over time. 2. Some refer to the theory of evolution as "just a theory" with other competing and equally likely alternatives. 3. Some people want "special creation"--the idea that living things were created by a supernatural agent--to be considered as an alternative hypothesis alongside the theory of evolution in science education. 4. Science has rejected a hypothesis that different groups of organisms can show relationships without sharing one common ancestor. 5. Fossils are the direct evidence we have to test the theory of evolution. 6. The theory of evolution is accepted by scientists as the correct explanation for the origin of humans.

1.The process of evolution can occur by natural selection--the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with different traits. 2.A scientific theory is an idea of how the world works, supported by evidence from many different areas. 3. Because special creation requires a supernatural event that doesn't obey the laws of nature, it is not a scientific hypothesis. 4. All known organisms having DNA, the same genetic code, and biochemical similarities is evidence for one common ancestor 5. The age of a fossil can be determined by radiometric dating; fossil remains provide anatomy information about older organisms that can be compared with modern organisms. 6. Evolution is supported by many lines of evidence including homology in anatomy, development, and genetics; these demonstrate how all organisms are products of evolution, including humans.

15) An African monkey has a DNA sequence that is 96.66% similar to a human sequence. According to the molecular clock, about how long ago did African monkeys and humans diverge from a common ancestor? 2.5-3 million years ago 5-6 million years ago 13-16 million years ago 17-20 million years ago

17-20 million years ago

41) In studying a species of fish, a structure is discovered that has no apparent function. If this is a vestigial structure, what should be found in some relatives of this fish? The structure should be absent. The structure should be absent from fossils of ancestors of this species. A similar structure should be present, but it would be larger and have a function. The structure should look different and also have no function.

A similar structure should be present, but it would be larger and have a function.

25) Part A When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species? Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. Most scientists thought species had been created in their current forms and were unchangeable, but Darwin believed in a natural origin of species. Most scientists thought species were the product of natural processes, but Darwin had different ideas. Most scientists, including Darwin, thought species were the product of natural processes and changed over time. Part B Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals? Select all that apply. Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils. Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live. Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. Part C After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent? A sketch made by Darwin. A line labeled 1 branches into three branches. These branches divide as well, and so on. Descendants of each of the initial branches are composed of a group labeled from A to D. Select all that apply. All species are connected to one another in a "family tree." Species are constant and unchanging in their present forms. Species are the product of special creation by God and not subject to natural laws. All species are linked to one another by common ancestry. Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. Part D Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions? Select all that apply. The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered. Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. Part E What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand? There is a picture of a manatee front limb with its skeleton. The skeleton of the limb is similar to the human forearm structure. Manatees use their flippers like humans use their hands. Manatee finger bones must have an important function, necessary for the animal's survival. Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals. Manatees were specially created in their current form, including the arm and finger bones inside their flippers. Part F As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution? A map of the Malay Archipelago with the distributions of placental and marsupial mammals. The marsupial mammals like kangaroos are located across the right side of the map. The placental mammals are located across the left side of the map. The islands on the left side of the map are closer to Asia while the right islands are closer to Australia. God specially created monkeys on one set of islands and kangaroos on the other. Monkeys and tree kangaroos compete against one another and cannot live together. The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other. Marsupial and placental mammals live in different habitats. Monkeys could only survive in the western islands and kangaroos in the eastern islands. Part G Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true? Select all that apply. Darwin observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. The island species Wallace observed showed little variation. Wallace collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. Darwin's collections were destroyed by fire. Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties. Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time.

A. Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. B. The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils. The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live. C. All species are connected to one another in a "family tree." All species are linked to one another by common ancestry. Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. D. all of them E. Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals. F. The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other. G. Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties. Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time.

29) Part A What does the wide variety of different types of animal eyes represent? only the final stages of the evolution of eyes in primitive animals just the most primitive versions of eyes in extinct animals the result of mutation without the benefit of natural selection the intermediate forms that probably occurred in the common ancestors of today's animals Part B Which of the following statements is FALSE? A new mutation may lead to a trait that could potentially be either harmful or beneficial, or make no difference at all. Organisms can change their DNA in order to become better adapted to their environment. Mutation must occur first, creating variation in the population, before natural selection can determine whether a trait is beneficial or not. Mutations can be caused by physical or chemical factors, or even just mistakes made during DNA replication. Part C A giraffe and a mouse (both mammals) have the same number of vertebrae in their neck and spine. Which of the following accounts for this? The vertebrae in their neck and spine are homologous because they share a common ancestor. Mutations that changed the number of vertebrae were not beneficial. Evolution by natural selection has not occurred in mammals. They have the same number of vertebrae through mutations and convergent evolution. Part D Sharks (which are fish) and dolphins (which are mammals) are both shaped like a torpedo. Which of the following accounts for this? They both share a very recent common ancestor. Their shape arose through convergent evolution, since that shape is beneficial for animals living in the ocean. Since both have excellent vision, the evolution of body shape must have occurred in conjunction with the evolution of eyes. Their shape must be homologous, since all fish and all mammals have the same shape. Part E Which of the following best describes the likely evolutionary steps that led to a complex eye like we see in humans? light-sensitive cells in a cup; a flat sheet of light-sensitive cells; a pinhole camera with a lens; a pinhole camera without a lens a flat sheet of light-sensitive cells; a pinhole camera without a lens; light-sensitive cells in a cup; a pinhole camera with a lens a flat sheet of light-sensitive cells; light-sensitive cells in a cup; a pinhole camera without a lens; a pinhole camera with a lens a pinhole camera without a lens; a pinhole camera with a lens; a flat sheet of light-sensitive cells; light-sensitive cells in a cup Part F Which of the following best describes what we can determine about the evolution of the eye? Humans must have evolved from the octopus, since their eyes are equally complex. Every species with eyes must have evolved from one of the more primitive species with eyes that is still alive today. The eyes of all species that have eyes must have evolved through convergent evolution. A variety of species exist that are likely to be similar to common ancestors whose eyes evolved to different degrees over time. Part G According to the video, how quickly could evolution take place, going from the simplest light-sensitive cells to a fully-functioning eye? over a period of 20 to 25 million years over a period of at least 200 million years over the course of just one mutation over the course of 400,000 generations

A. the intermediate forms that probably occurred in the common ancestors of today's animals B. Organisms can change their DNA in order to become better adapted to their environment. C. The vertebrae in their neck and spine are homologous because they share a common ancestor. D. Their shape arose through convergent evolution, since that shape is beneficial for animals living in the ocean. E. a flat sheet of light-sensitive cells; light-sensitive cells in a cup; a pinhole camera without a lens; a pinhole camera with a lens F.A variety of species exist that are likely to be similar to common ancestors whose eyes evolved to different degrees over time. G. over the course of 400,000 generations

28) Part A In the United States, acceptance of the statement "Human beings developed from earlier species of animals." is similar between scientists and nonscientists under 50% of the general public. similar to the acceptance rate in other developed countries, such as Great Britain and Sweden. at about 80%. Part B The theory of common descent is supported by numerous lines of evidence. is a tentative idea proposed by scientists. is equivalent to natural selection. is incompatible with religion. Part C All provide evidence of the evolutionary connections among humans and apes except Linnaean classification of humans puts them in the same family as great apes. DNA sequences in humans are significantly different than DNA sequences in other animals. human have vestigial traits, like goosebumps, that indicate a shared ancestry with other animals. the fossil record indicates that the earliest humans evolved in Africa, home to the great apes. Part D What is the most direct evidence we have to support the theory that today's species evolved from past species? the current classification system comparative anatomy, which shows similarity in structures in different species the current location (biogeography) of living organisms the fossil record Part E Which statement(s) is/are true about the theory of common descent? Select all that apply. It is the best scientific explanation for how modern organisms came about. It can explain a wide variety of observations in anatomy, molecular biology, and genetics. It demonstrates consilience, a feature of all strongly supported theories.

A. under 50% of the general public. B. is supported by numerous lines of evidence. C. DNA sequences in humans are significantly different than DNA sequences in other animals. D. the fossil record E. It is the best scientific explanation for how modern organisms came about. (even though it says all of them)

32) What type of statement would most biologists consider the statement "All modern organisms derive from a single common ancestor" to be? An unchanging hypothesis for the origin of modern organisms A tentative hypothesis An accepted scientific theory A statement of supernatural belief

An accepted scientific theory

50) Part A Which letter on the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of gorillas and humans? a b c d Part B Which of these statements are supported by this phylogenetic tree? Select all that apply. African monkeys are equally related to gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. African monkeys are more similar to gorillas than they are to chimpanzees and humans. Humans are the most evolved animal on this phylogenetic tree. African monkeys share a common ancestor with gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Humans are unrelated to African monkeys.

B African monkeys are equally related to gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. African monkeys share a common ancestor with gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.

63) Which example describes microevolution? Which example describes microevolution? Birds evolved from small dinosaurs. Land plants evolved from freshwater green algae. Beetles evolved resistance to chemical pesticides. Wolves and dogs evolved from a common ancestor.

Beetles evolved resistance to chemical pesticides.

24) Why would the DNA of cats and dogs be more similar than the DNA of cats and hamsters? Cats and dogs have lived together with humans for a longer time. The ancestors of cats and the ancestors of dogs evolved in similar environments. Cats and dogs have a more recent common ancestor than cats and hamsters. Cats and dogs have fewer offspring than hamsters for less genetic transfer.

Cats and dogs have a more recent common ancestor than cats and hamsters.

19) Which organisms are most closely related? Cheetahs and leopards, which are both in the family Felidae Bread molds and yeast, which are both in the kingdom Fungi Bears and wolves, which are both in the order Carnivora Ducks and hummingbirds, which are both in the class Aves

Cheetahs and leopards, which are both in the family Felidae

27) What does the presence of a tail in early human embryos and other chordates suggest about all chordates? Chordates were derived from a common ancestor with this developmental pathway. Chordate embryos have greater mutation rates than other organisms. Chordates develop in a very different manner compared with other life forms. Chordates may eventually develop a tail when fully mature.

Chordates were derived from a common ancestor with this developmental pathway.

31) The genes responsible for controlling cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division (mitosis) are highly similar in organisms ranging from single-celled yeast to complex humans. The protein made from one of these genes, cyclin B, has been extensively studied in yeast and shown to be specifically responsible for controlling the timing of when a cell enters mitosis. Based on this information, what can be inferred about the role of cyclin B proteins in other organisms? Cyclin B protein is most likely responsible for controlling entry into mitosis in all organisms in which it is found. Since it has only been studied in yeast, scientists can only make predictions about the role of cyclin B in fungi. Cyclin B protein is most likely responsible for controlling entry into mitosis in other single-celled eukaryotes, but something completely different controls this function in more complex organisms. Cyclin B protein is most likely responsible for controlling DNA replication in all other organisms.

Cyclin B protein is most likely responsible for controlling entry into mitosis in all organisms in which it is found.

52) Humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor that lived approximately 5 million years ago. Scientists have arranged an impressive collection of ancestral human fossils in chronological order to observe the evolutionary changes to more human-like characteristics. What evidence supports the statement that humans and chimps have a common ancestor that lived approximately 5 million years ago? DNA sequence similarity Homologous structures in humans and chimps Changes in bone structure Vestigial structures in humans

DNA sequence similarity

22) Which portion of the theory of evolution is most controversial among the general public? Acquired changes being passed to offspring Genes undergoing mutation Descent from a common ancestor Populations changing over time

Descent from a common ancestor

7) What type of evolutionary evidence would include the pharyngeal slits in chordates? Vestigial trait Developmental homology Molecular homology Developmental anomaly

Developmental homology

30) Examine the tree diagram shown in the figure. What is one characteristic that differentiates the subfamily Homininae from other organisms in the family Hominidae? Large brain No tail Elongated skull Increased flexibility of thumb

Elongated skull

5)A pharmaceutical company is developing a new head lice treatment that kills 99% of lice on contact. What may happen after the treatment has been used for a few years? Head lice will be completely eliminated as a human parasite. Other parasites may become more common in young children. Other treatments will no longer be effective against the lice. The number of lice resistant to the chemical treatment will increase.

The number of lice resistant to the chemical treatment will increase.

18) Modern whales lack hind limbs but have structural remnants of pelvic and leg bones. What evidence is provided by this information? Whales and humans are closely related. Modern whales have changed little since they first appeared on Earth. Whales walked on land at one point in their history. Modern whales most likely have an ancestor that possessed hind limbs.

Modern whales most likely have an ancestor that possessed hind limbs.

26) Which description applies to a vestigial structure or trait? It is the result of convergent evolution. It supports both the common descent and separate types models for modern organisms. It is a type of homologous trait found in diverse organisms. It did not have a necessary function in more ancestral organisms, but it does in more evolved organisms.

It is a type of homologous trait found in diverse organisms

13) Why can evolution in mosquitoes be more easily observed than evolution in a population of squirrels? Mosquitoes have a shorter generation time. Mosquitoes lay eggs rather than bear live young. Mosquitoes feed only on blood. Mosquitoes have a higher mutation rate.

Mosquitoes have a shorter generation time.

20) Which example shows nonevolutionary change in a population? Plants in a dry climate have faster-growing roots than plants found there 20 years ago. After decreases in airborne soot, the most common color of moths changes. Mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticide increase in number. The number of people diagnosed with colon cancer has increased.

The number of people diagnosed with colon cancer has increased.

37) The tree diagram below shows the evolutionary relationships among several primates. What information can be inferred according to the diagram? Squirrel monkeys are not related to gorillas. Orangutans are less closely related to bonobos than to gorillas. Humans are more closely related to orangutans than to gorillas. Humans are more closely related to bonobos than to common chimpanzees.

Orangutans are less closely related to bonobos than to gorillas.

47) Why is common descent considered a scientific theory? Overwhelming evidence supports it from many areas of biology. It's the only idea about life on Earth that can be tested by observation of the material universe. It's an idea from more than 100 years ago and thus is not a modern idea. Scientists are reasonably sure it's true, but there's little evidence to support it.

Overwhelming evidence supports it from many areas of biology.

42) Which factor would be the most important consideration for a scientist designing a study to observe evolution in a population? The organism should have a short generation time. The population should have a large number of members. The organism should have traits that can be easily measured. The organism should be large enough to see under the microscope.

The organism should have a short generation time.

54) Why are some lice able to survive permethrin treatments whereas others cannot survive? Some lice are naturally resistant due to genetic variation. Some lice will become resistant after exposure to low levels of permethrin. Offspring become resistant after parents are exposed to permethrin. Exposure to other antilice treatments makes lice resistant to all lice treatments.

Some lice are naturally resistant due to genetic variation.

53) Why is special creation not considered a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on earth? Scientists are committed to defending biological evolution against any competing theory. Special creation involves a supernatural creator, which is not observable or measurable in the material universe. Most scientists are atheists and so reject the hypothesis of a creative force. Special creation is an old theory, so it could not be true anymore.

Special creation involves a supernatural creator, which is not observable or measurable in the material universe.

34) What evidence shows the similarities between humans and apes?. The DNA and development but not adult anatomy The DNA but not development or adult anatomy The development and adult anatomy but not the DNA The DNA, development, and adult anatomy

The DNA, development, and adult anatomy

58) What is biological evolution? The changes in individuals trying to survive in their environment The gene changes occurring in populations over many generations The development of more complex traits in individual organisms The steps required for random molecules to form the first living thing

The gene changes occurring in populations over many generations

39) The genes responsible for controlling cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division (mitosis) are highly similar in organisms ranging from single-celled yeast to complex humans. The protein made from one of these genes, cyclin B, has been extensively studied in yeast and shown to be specifically responsible for controlling the timing of when a cell enters mitosis. What would a comparison of the sequences of the cyclin B gene in yeast, fruit flies, mice, and humans show? The human cyclin B sequence would be most similar to mouse cyclin B and most different from yeast cyclin B. All four cyclin B gene sequences would be identical. The human and yeast cyclin B sequences would be very similar to each other, and the mouse and fruit fly cyclin B sequences would be very similar to each other. A very low degree of similarity would exist among the four cyclin B gene sequences.

The human cyclin B sequence would be most similar to mouse cyclin B and most different from yeast cyclin B.

4. From the perspective of an evolutionary biologist, what significant information can be inferred from this figure? The relative arrangement of bones is similar. Finger bones are usually thin. All vertebrates have bones. All vertebrates have limbs.

The relative arrangement of bones is similar.

33) What characteristics would determine whether structures from two kinds of organisms are homologous? The structures should be in different positions on the bodies of the two organisms. The structures should have identical functions in both organisms. The structures should have similar anatomy in the two organisms. The structures should not appear in any close relatives of the organisms.

The structures should have similar anatomy in the two organisms.

17) How are a bat's wing, a sea lion's flipper, and a lion's front leg related? They are all fossilized structures. They are all homologous structures. They are all vestigial structures. They are all structures with convergent evolution.

They are all homologous structures.

38) How do predictions made from the theory of common descent withstand testing? They cannot be tested and thus we cannot know if they are correct. They are supported and not supported by experimental evidence with equal frequency. They are supported by experimental evidence for all organisms except humans. They are almost always supported when they can be tested

They are almost always supported when they can be tested

57) How do scientists define the term theory? someone's best guess as to what will happen an explanation of findings supported by repeated testing proven facts that never change a hypothesis that has not yet been tested

an explanation of findings supported by repeated testing

56) What muscles show an evolutionary relationship between humans and other primates? palmaris longus gluteus maximus triceps biceps

palmaris longus

3. Which human structure has a modification that allows for an upright stance? Spine Pelvis Ribs Shoulders

pelvis

14) What type of evidence for the theory of common descent would include the presence of goose bumps in humans? shared developmental pathways homologous structures vestigial structures DNA similarity

vestigial structures