Bio Final
Natural selection acts most directly on ______ differences in a population. A. phenotype, not genotype B synonymous mutations C. genotype, not phenotype D. acquired character
A. phenotype, not genotype
If an RR flower is red, an Rr flower is pink, and an rr flower is white, this, this is an example of A. codominance B. complete dominance C. incomplete dominance D. epigenetics
C. incomplete dominance
In bluegills, there are three different types of males, parentals, sneakers, and satellites. This type of mating system is best described as A. indirect benefit B. intersexual selection C. intrasexual selection D. sensory bias selection
C. intrasexual selection
A statistical association between two loci is known as A. genetic drift B. genetic hitchhiking C. linkage disequilibrium D. gene flow
C. linkage disequilibrium
Why was it important for researchers studying evolution of oldfield mouse coat color to find the genes responsible for the light coat color of many beach populations? A. coat color in mice is usually determined by access to sunlight and diet B. knowing the genetic basis of coat color in the different populations allowed the researchers to do a Punnett square C. natural selection can only result in evolutionary change if variation in the trait of interest is heritable D. light coat decreased fitness in the beach habitat
C. natural selection can only result in evolutionary change if variation in the trait of interest is heritable
Given the tree below, which of the following shows an appropriate character polarity? A. no rasping tongue -> rasping tongue B. no tail -> tail C. no lungs -> lungs D. jaws -> no jaws
C. no lungs -> lungs
The experiment pictured below showed that Jalmenus butterfly larvae require protection from Iridomyrmex ants. This is an example of a(n) A. diffuse mutualism B. facultative mutualism C. obligate mutualism D. antagonistic coevolution A. B. C. D.
C. obligate mutualism
For Lotka-Volterra competition, when isocline lines do not cross A. both species will coexist but it will be unstable B. species 1 will always win C. one species will win and the other will experience local extinction D. both species will experience stable coexistence
C. one species will win and the other will experience local extinction
In areas of Africa where malaria prevalence is high, individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele have the highest fitness. This is an example of A. underdominance B. positive frequency dependent selection C. overdominance D. directional selection E. all of the above
C. overdominance
Which of the following is NOT one of the predictions of the rate-of-living hypothesis? A. there should be no genetic variation in the rate. of senescence if natural selection has done all that is can to eliminate senescence B. there should be a strong negative correlation between metabolic rate and lifespan C. selection acts more strongly on traits that appear earlier in life D. all of the above are predictions of the rate of living hypothesis
C. selection acts more strongly on traits that appear earlier in life
Female guppies prefer males with orange coloration. Outside of mating all guppies seem to be attracted to orange objects in general. This is likely an example of A. indirect benefit B. good genes C. sensory bias D. an optimal foraging strategy
C. sensory bias
Which of the following is NOT a cost of sexual reproduction? A. sex can break-up favorable allele combinations B. males contribute only sperm C. sex can purge deleterious mutations from the population D. finding mates takes time and energy
C. sex can purge deleterious mutations from the population
Given the followin information, what is the likely outcome of competition? In a single pond if the population of sun perch is N1=200 and the population of bass is N2=300. The carrying capacity for sun perch is K1=500 and alpha=3 and the carrying capacity for bass is K2=450 and beta=1.5 A. species 1 wins B. stable coexistence C. species 2 wins D. unstable coexistence
C. species 2 wins
Daphnia magna can switch reproductive modes in response to environmental cues. For example, if the amount of food in their environment decreases individual Daphnia are likely to A. switch to asexual reproduction B. have 50% of individuals in the population switch to sexual reproduction C. switch to sexual reproduction D. switch to a new food item
C. switch to sexual reproduction
Given the following information, wA1A1=1, wA1A2=.9, wA2A2=.75 which statement best expresses the fitness of the A2A2 genotype? A. the A2A2 genotype is being selected against by 10% B. the relative fitness of the A1A2 and A2A2 genotypes is the same C. the A2A2 genotype is being selected against 25% more than the fittest genotype D. the A2A2 genotype is being selected against by 75%
C. the A2A2 genotype is being selected against 25% more than the fittest genotype
A paraphyletic group contains A. unrelated members B. a disjointed group with no common ancestor C. the groups most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants D. all descendants of the groups most recent common ancestor and no other members
C. the groups most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants
Which of the following is NOT true for assortative mating? A. genotype frequencies do not remain the same B. allele frequencies will remain the same C. the number of heterozygote will increase D. the number of homozygotes will increase
C. the number of heterozygotes will increase
The diagram above illustrates what hypothesis concerning human evolution? A. the evolution of Homo sapiens from Homo erectus B. the interbreeding of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals C. the out-of-Africa hypothesis D. the multiregional hypothesis
C. the out-of-Africa hypothesis
What is the most likely explanation for why female Beldings ground squirrels make alarm calls to alert nearby individuals of a predator much more frequently than males do? A. males ground squirrels are not as brave as female ground squirrels B. male ground squirrels are unable to make alarm calls C. there is higher relatedness between females in a group D. there is higher relatedness between mothers and their offspring, compared to males
C. there is higher relatedness between females in a group
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why natural selection will not be able to eliminate senescence? A. alleles that have a small deleterious effect will not be strongly selected against B. alleles that have a small deleterious effect will be strongly selected against C. there is no variation in human lifespan D. extrinsic mortality is too low
A. alleles that have a small deleterious effect will be strongly selected against
If the forward mutation rate for a gene is .00020 and the backwards rate is .00002. At what frequency will p reach equilibrium if p*=v/(u+v)? A. .09 B. .333 C. .4 D. .91
A. .09
A sample of 2,000 individuals from a human population were score for MN blood group. The following frequencies were found: 1,600 MM, 250 MN, and 150 NN. What is the allele frequency of the N in the population? A. .138 B. .274 C. .862 D. .894
A. .138
A sample of 2,000 individuals from a human population were score for MN blood group. The following frequencies were found: 1,600 MM, 250 MN, and 150 NN. What is the expected frequency of MN individuals? A. .24 B. .74 C. .125 D. .02
A. .24
In the following character two characters mapped onto the tree, color and shape, which of the following trees is the most parsimonious. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 2 and 3
A. 1
Vertebrates have an adaptive immune system that can produce antibodies to potentially match any antigen displayed by a pathogen. This is due to A. MHC loci B. loci with antagonistic pleitrophy C. mutation accumulation D. general (innate) immune system
A. MHC loci
On the following tree, letter B represents A. a common ancestor B. a character trait C. an extant lineage D. an outgroup
A. a common ancestor
In winter wheat the more "dark" alleles an offspring inherits at three loci, the dark the kernel color will be. This is an example of A. additive genetic effects B. linkage disequilibrium C. epistasis D. latent variation
A. additive genetic effects
In females there. is a. gene variant that increases fertility by preventing premature ovarian failure but later in life it increases the risk of ovarian cancer. This is an example of A. antagonistic pleiotrophy B. rate of living hypothesis C. mutation accumulation hypothesis D. disposable soma hypothesis
A. antagonistic pleiotrophy
The figure shows the wing length of cliff swallows that died as road kill and of the population at large. How is natural selection acting on wing length in cliff swallows? A. birds with longer wings are more likely to die as road kill, so natural selection favors birds with shorter wings B. wing length in the population at large is increasing over time C. the probability that a swallow will die as road kill is not affected by its wing length, thus roadkill in swallows is an example of genetic drift D. birds with shorter wings die as road kill more often than the population at large, therefore natural selection will favor birds with longer wings
A. birds with longer wings are more likely to die as road kill, so natural selection favors birds with shorter wings
Which of the following can be used to predict the evolutionary change in quantitative traits? A. breeders equation B. Hardy-Weinberg equation C. kimuras rule of thumb D. wrights f statistic
A. breeders equation
The equation below represents the rate of increase for a predator population. What does variable "c" represent? A. capture efficiency B. carry capacity C. competition coefficient D. death rate
A. capture efficiency
In the experiment conducted by Kreds et al., when great tit birds were offered small and large mealworms the birds only choose to eat the small mealworms when A. densities of both prey types was low B. the density of large prey was high and the density of small prey was low C. densities of both preys is high but small prey outnumber large prey 2:1 D. densities of both prey types was high
A. densities of both prey types was low
If we could evolve to have completely separate passageways for the respiratory and digestive systems this would eliminate the risk of choking but might also A. eliminate our ability to produce complex language B. compromise breathing C. limit our ability to detect odors D. affect our ability to swallow efficiently
A. eliminate our ability to produce complex language
Which of the following is not a component of natural selection? A. equal reproductive success B. individuals with higher fitness produce more offspring C. heritability D. variation in a trait
A. equal reproductive success
The The experiment shown in the figure above demonstrates A. higher fitness to mice with coats that match the color of their environment B. the environmental influence on coat color C. the inheritance of acquired characteristics D. higher fitness to mice that can run fastest from a predator
A. higher fitness to mice with coats that match the color of their environment
This graph shows the range of variation in a phenotypic trait for two different populations. Which of the following statements is true? A. individuals in population 1 differ from one another more than they do in population 2 B. population 1 and 2 have different means C. both populations have the same amount of variance D. all of the statements above are true
A. individuals in population 1 differ from one another more than they do in population 2
Which of the following is an example of the free-rider problem? A. individuals that benefit from shared resources but do not reciprocate B. parasites who take advantage of a host C. individuals who participate in cooperation D. predators who preferentially pick off easy prey
A. individuals that benefit from shared resources but do not reciprocate
When competition occurs between individuals of different species this is referred to as A. interspecific competition B. intraspecific competition C. mutualism D. predation
A. interspecific competition
Bright warning coloration in poison frogs was found by Juan Santos and colleagues to be polyphyletic. What does this indicate about bright coloration in poison frogs? A. it is the result of convergent evolution B. it is the result of divergent evolution C. the character is a synapomorphy D. it is an example of homology
A. it is the result of convergent evolution
The observation of an offspring phenotype outside of the range of parental phenotypes is most likely due to A. latent variation B. genetic drift C. epistasis D. mutation
A. latent variation
Which of the following is not an example of epigenetics? A. linkage of genes B. X chromosome inactivation C. developmental plasticity D. cell differentiation
A. linkage of genes
Which of the following represents the "cost of males"? A. males invest in small gametes that are mostly wasted B. males invest in large gametes that require a lot of energy C. males only produce males D. males do not contribute as much genetic variation as females
A. males invest in small gametes that are mostly wasted
The original source of variation is generated in a population primarily by A. mutations B. changing environmental conditions C. natural selection D. inheritance
A. mutations
Examine the figure below. Given what this figure shows, what predictions can you make about foraging in patch A and patch B? (y-axis measures amount of resources) A. patch B is lower quality habitat so a forager must spend more time within the patch searching for food B. patch B is low quality habitat so a forager should spend less time in the patch before moving to the next patch C. patch B is high quality habitat so a forager should spend less time in the patch before moving to the next patch D. patch A is lower quality habitat so a forager must spend more time within the patch searching for food
A. patch B is lower quality habitat so a forager must spend more time within the patch searching for food
The formal definition of "fitness" in evolutionary biology A. pertains to survival and reproductive success relative to other individuals in the population B. states that something is well matched or fit to its environment C. indicates that a general state of good health as a result of exercise and nutrition D. implies that species survive but do not reproduce
A. pertains to survival and reproductive success relative to other individuals in the population
The frequence of the allele A in a mainland population is .8 and the frequency of the A allele in a nearby island population is .2. If individuals migrate from the mainland to the island each year. The A allele on the island will______ A. reach equilibrium at a value of A=.8 B. will eventually reach fixation C. will be lost from the island population D. reach equilibrium at a value of A=.2
A. reach equilibrium at a value of A=.8
The Red Queen hypothesis states that A. sexual reproduction should be favored when the parasite load in an environment is high B. sexual reproduction should be favored when the environment changes frequency C. sexual reproduction should be favored when there are multiple niches in an environment D. none of the above
A. sexual reproduction should be favored when the parasite load in an environment is high
The following graph shows the energy budget of a shorecrab that feeds on mussels. The curved line represents energy gain. What predictions can you make about the best foraging strategy for shorecrabs? A. shorecrabs should eat mussels that are about 18mm because this size offers the greatest energy gain B. shorecrabs should only eat mussels less than 10mm because they are easier to handle C. shorecrabs should add another prey type to their diet because mussels are hard to open D. shorecrabs should only eat mussels larger than 30mm because those will provide more calories
A. shorecrabs should eat mussels that are about 18mm because this size offers the greatest energy gain
Quantitative traits A. show continuous variation B. are controlled by only a few loci C. have distinct categories (ex: tall, medium, short) D. all of the above
A. show continuous variation
An evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) is a A. strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy B. strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, can be invaded by a mutant strategy C. mutant strategy that cannot invade population D. strategy that, if adopted by part of a population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy
A. strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy
With no mutation, an mRNA sequence reads "CCA" which codes for proline. A mutation arises that changes the sequence to "CCC" which still codes for proline. This is an example of which type of mutation? A. synonymous mutation B. chromosomal deletion C. nonsynonynous mutation D. deleterious mutation
A. synonynous mutation
Narrow-sense heritability (h^2) focuses on A. thr additive effects of genetic variation B. the epistatic effects of genetic variation C. the dominance effects of genetic variation D. utilizes clones and inbred lines E. total genetic variation
A. the additive effects of genetic variation
An outgroup is useful for determining A. the ancestral character state B. taxanomic classifications C. the rate of evolution D. polyphyletic groups
A. the ancestral character state
Under the evolutionary view of senescence, the rate of senescence should be positively correlated with A. the extrinsic rate of mortality B. the genetic drift in a population C. the metabolic rate of a species D. all of the above
A. the extrinsic rate of mortality
When species share a mutualistic. relationship we expect A. the rate of genetic change to be faster compared to similar free-living species B. the rate of genetic change to be slower compared. to. similar. free-living species C. there to be no difference in the rate genetic change compared to similar free-living species
A. the rate of genetic change to be faster compared to similar free-living species
The disposable soma hypothesis predicts that A. there is a trade-off between reproduction and repair B. there is a correlation between metabolic rate and lifespan C. small deleterious mutations build up over an individual lifespan D. human immune systems are diverse enough to keep pace with. pathogens
A. there is a trade off between reproduction and repair
Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis? A. there is no different in the number or size of offspring for guppies living at sites with and without predation B. light colors mice will have lower survivorship on dark lava rocks compared to dark colored mice C. swallows with shorter wings will have higher fitness near roads D. induced mutations in a bacteriophage will be mostly neutral
A. there is no different in the number or size of offspring for guppies living at sites with and without predation
Why do you need tp use a statistical test (e.g. the chi-square test) to compare the observed genotype frequencies in a population to those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. to assess whether the deviation of observed from expected frequencies is statistically significant B. to distinguish between natural selection and migration as the cause of a population deviating from Hard-Weinberg equilibrium C. because the frequencies expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not accurate D. because it is impossible to know what the observed genotype frequencies are in a population
A. to assess whether the deviation of observed from expected frequencies is statistically significant
Broad-sense heritability is defined as the ______ genetic variation divided by the _____ variation. A. total, total phenotypic B. total, additive genetic C. dominance, total phenotypic D. additive, total phenotypic
A. total, total phenotypic
if we use a Punnet square to examine the cross between individuals with the following genotypes: Rr x Rr. This tells us that A. we expect 50% of the offspring will be heterozygous B. all of the offspring from this cross should have the same genotype C. we expect 50% of the population to be heterzygous D. all of the above
A. we expect 50% of the offspring will be heterozygous
Using the following data, calculate total populatuion fitness AA=.32 Aa=.45 aa=.2 wAA=1 wAa=1 waa=.5 A. .5 B. .87 C. .75 D. .98
B. .87
What were the conclusions about interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans? A. they found that genomes of humans do not contain Neandethal-derived DNA, indicating that Neanderthals did not interbreed with modern humans after moving out of Africa B. 1% to 4% of the genome of humans of European or Asian descent is derived from Neanderthals, indicating interbreeding C. they found that genomes of African humans contain 1% t 4% Neanderthal DNA D. they found n distinguishing differences in African and non-African DNA comparisons, indicating that Neanderthals were simply a phenotypically different population of modern humans and should not be considered a separate species
B. 1% to 4% of the genome of humans of European or Asian descent is derived from Neanderthals, indicating interbreeding
You are observing an allele (A1) in an isolated population. This allele will go to fixation or be lost most quickly at what population size? A. 10,000 B. 10 C. 1000 D. 100
B. 10
Consider a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a locus with two alleles with frequencies of p and q. Assuming the population remains in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of the heterzygotes after 100 generations? A. .5 B. 2pq C. q^2 D. p^2
B. 2pq
On a small island population, the frequency of a neutral allele is .8. What is the probability that this allele will go to fixation A. 0% B. 80% C. 20% D. 50%
B. 80%
Which hominin genus was believed to be the first to use tools? A. Paranthropus B. Australopithecus C. Ardipithecus D. Homo
B. Australopithecus
The following graphs represent the niche of 1 or 2 species. In which case would the interspecific competition be the most intense? A. A B. B C. C D. D
B. B
How is it possible to know if evolution is occurring in a population? A. the population increases in size due to high survivorship B. a change in allele frequencies occurs over time C. observed and expected genotype frequencies in the population are not statistically different D. phenotypic variation occurs in the population
B. a change in allele frequencies occurs over time
Which of the following is a prediction of the Hardy-Weinberg model? A. the migration rate is less than 10% B. allele frequencies do not change over time C. mutations will always have a positive affect on fitness D. all of the above
B. allele frequencies do not change over time
An allele in bacteria that leads tp antibiotic resistance will quickly increase in frequency because A. bacteria have higher than normal mutation rates (ex: 10^2) B. antibiotics are a very strong selective agent C. humans do not use all their prescribed antibiotics. Some bacteria survive and evolve resistance. D. antibiotics causes new mutations in bacteria that result in antibiotic resistance.
B. antibiotics are a very strong selective agent
What are the distinguishing features of the entire hominin lineage? A. opposable thumbs and dentition B. bipedalism and dentition C. big brains and tool use D. bipedalism and big brains
B. bipedalism and dentition
Dale Clayton et al. studied host parasite coevolution and cospeciation in ectoparasitic feather lice. What did they conclude about the match between body size of the host and body size of the parasite? A. body-size matching enable. the live to feed more efficiently on their host B. body-size matching enabled the lice to escape defensive preening behavior of the host species C. body-size. matching enabled the lice to fend off other parasitic species on their host D. body-size matching enabled the lice to remain attached to the feathers of the host
B. body-size matching enabled the lice to escape defensive preening behavior of the host species
Examine the following tree. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. bottlenose dolphins are more closely related to short-finned whales than to narwhals B. bottlenose dolphins are more closely related tp Yangtze River dolphins than to short-finned whales C. Delphinidae, Phocoenidae, and Monodontidae form a monophyletic group D. Narwhals and Dall's porpoises are sister taxa
B. bottlenose dolphins are more closely related tp Yangtze River dolphins than to short-finned whales
Which type of mutation has led to 100s of olfactory genes in humans? A. chromosomal inversions B. chromosomal duplications C. polploidy D. synonymous mutations
B. chromosomal duplications
In white-throated sparrows there are two color morphs, white-striped females are most likely to mate with tan-striped males and tan-striped females are most likely to mate with white-striped males. This is an example of _____and leads to _____. A. random mating, hardy-weinberg equilibrium B. disassortative mating, an increase in heterozygotes C. assortative mating, a decrease in heterozygotes D. nonrandom mating, an increase in homozygotes
B. disassortative mating, an increase in heterozygotes
In bluegills, when the density of all daphnia (small, medium, and large) is high, the best strategy is to A. eat only medium sized prey B. eat only large sized prey C. eat only small sized prey D. eat all prey types
B. eat only large sized prey
The human population growth curve below is an example of A. linear population growth B. exponential population growth C. logistic population growth D. geometric population growth
B. exponential growth
In a haplodiploidy mating system A. mothers share a greater amount of their genetic material with their sons compared to their daughters B. females have higher relatedness to sisters than they do to their brothers C. fathers are equally related to sons and daughters D. females are just as related to sisters as they are brothers
B. females have higher relatedness to sisters than they do to brothers
Phenotypic variation in a trait is the result of interactions between A. environment and mutation rate B. genes and the environment C. genes and mutation rate D. genetic drift and the environment
B. genes and the environment
Which of the following is NOT true. of genetic drift? A. it has a greater affect on small populations B. it increases. heterozygosity and genetic diversity C. it causes alleles to go to fixation at. random, the alleles do not need to be beneficial D. it. causes random changes in allele frequencies
B. it increases heterozygosity and genetic diversity
Genetic drift violates which assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. no mutation B. large population size C. no natural selection D. no gene flow
B. large population size
Which of the following states about natural selection is inaccurate? A. natural selection favors traits that are immediately useful in the current environment B. natural selection has a goal to create more complex body forms C. natural selection has limits and this leads to trade-offs D. natural selection acts on existing genetic variation in the population
B. natural selection has a goal to create more complex body forms
In the graph above, what is the dependent variable? A. time in years B. nitrogen fertilizer use C. CO2 production of plants D. temperature
B. nitrogen fertilizer use
A sample of 2,000 individuals from a human population were scored for MN blood groups. The following frequencies were found: 1,600 MM, 250 MN, and 150 NN. What do the given numbers represent? A. fitness of three genotypes B. observed genotypes C. expected genotype D. genotype frequencies expected is f directional selection is occurring
B. observed genotype
On the following graph, the dot placed where the two lines intersect represents A. the point where a forager has stayed too long in a patch B. optimal time to leave one patch and travel to a new patch C. the point where a forager has left a patch too early D. the travel time between patches
B. optimal time to leave one patch and travel to a new patch
Feathers, used for flight in modern birds, originated in extinct species that did not fly. This is an example of an A. norm of reaction B. phenotypic plasticity C. exaptation D. adaptation
B. phenotypic plasticity
Which of the following is a relationship between organisms that CANNOT evolve into a mutualistic relationship? A. host-parasite B. predator-prey C. a commensal relationship D. any of these interactions can serve as a precursor to mutualism
B. predator-prey
Which of the following is am example of artificial selection? A. selection for pests resistant to pesticides B. selection for cows that produce more milk C. selection for bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics D. selection for weeds that can grow in the presence of herbicides applied by farmers
B. selection for cows that produce more milk
In a population of butterflies, a new allele arises that has a selective advantage of .02. The effective population size is 100. Which of the following is true? s >> 1/(2Ne), s << 1/(2Ne) A. selection will have a stronger impact and the new allele will decrease in the population and eventually be lost B. selection will have a stronger impact and the new allele will increase in the population and eventually become fixed C. the new allele will remain in the population at equilibrium D. drift will have a stronger impact and the new allele may be lost
B. selection will have a stronger impact and the new allele will increase in the population and eventually become fixed
Which of the following statements best describes the evolution of hominins? A. the evolution of hominins is best described as a linear progression with the goal of creating Homo sapiens B. the evolution of hominins is best described as a bushy tree with homo sapiens immediately replacing all other human species C. the evolution of hominins is best described as. a bushy tree with Homo sapiens immediately replacing all other human species D. the evolution of hominins is best described as a. linear progression with one species slowly evolving into another
B. the evolution of hominins is best described as a bushy tree with homo sapiens immediately replacing all other human species
Use the following figure to answer the questions. If a new mutation arises that confers a fitness advantage of 1 + s. This new allele will be most likely to go to fixation due to selection if A. the population size is small and "s" is moderate B. the population size is large and "s" is high C. the population size is large and "s" is low D. the population size is small and "s" is low
B. the population size is large and the "s" is high
The smoke detector principle applied to fevers predicts that A. there will be lots of false negative, times when a fever would have been beneficial but was not produced B. there will be lots of false positive, times when a fever was produced but not needed C. there will more false negatives over time as the immune systems adapts D. natural selection will remove all false positive events
B. there will be lots of false positive, times when a fever was produced but not needed
Galapagos lava lizards are spread across several islands of various sizes. Using microsatellites it was found that genetic diversity A. was lowest on larger islands B. was lowest on smaller islands C. was highest on smaller islands D. did not differ between islands of different sizes
B. was lowest on smaller islands
Based on the figures shown here, calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B A. .5 B. .75 C. .125 D. .25
C. .125
During the observations of a species of blue moon butterflies on the Samoan island of Upolu, 99% of the butterflies were female and only 1% were male due to a Wolbacia parasite. Only five years later the male:female sex ratio was 1:1. What caused this? A. Mutations allowed some female butterflies to become males B. Upolu was recolonized by butterflies from a nearby island, where sex ratios were closer to 1:1 C. Genetic changes in the Upolu butterflies resulted in suppression of the male-killing effect of Wolbachia D. Wolbachia lost the ability to kill all male butterflies
C. Genetic changes in the Upolu butterflies resulted in suppression of the male-killing effect of Wolbachia
Which of the following statements is true of the locus associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a genetic disease that predisposes individuals to colon cancer? A. individuals carrying a mutated allele have the same fitness as individuals with two normal copies B. the backwards mutation rate at this locus is high (nonfunctional -> functional) C. a mutation- selection balance maintains the frequency the deleterious allele at an equilibrium D. very few individuals with a mutated allele actually develop the disease
C. a mutation- selection balance maintains the frequency the deleterious allele at an equilibrium
Darwin realized that the often exquisite fit of species to their environment is primarily the result of A. inheritance of aquired characteristics B. spontaneous mutations C. adaption D. supernatural events
C. adaption
Sexually reproducing organisms usually produce gametes of two different sizes, this is referred to as A. isogamy B. apomixis C. anisogamy D. automixis
C. anisogamy
If the prisoners dilemma game is played only once, what would we NOT expect to see? A. both players defect B. one possible Nash equilibrium C. both players cooperate D. each player receives P, the punishment for mutual defection
C. both players cooperate
The number of individuals that an environment can support is defined as the A. infection point B. intrinsic growth rate (r) C. carrying. capacity (K) D. zero growth isocline dN/dT=0
C. carrying capacity (K)
Individuals who have the AB blood type express both A and B antigens on their red blood cells. This is an example of A. complete dominance B. a polygenic trait C. codominance D. incomplete dominance
C. codominance
To understand the evolution of a species, we need to know about its ancestors and what changes have occurred along the way. Darwin called this process A. fitness B. genetics C. descent with modification D. inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. descent with modification
In pocket mice there are two loci that control coat color (Agouti and MRC1). If a mouse receives two dark alleles at the Agouti loci it does not matter what alleles they have at the MRC1 loci, the mouse will have a dark coat color. This is an example of A. complete dominance B. incomplete dominance C. epistasis D. additive genetic effects
C. epistasis
Female peacocks prefer males with tails that have lots of eyespots. Males with lots of eyespots produce offspring that have higher rates of survivorship. This is an example of the A. Red Queen hypothesis B. direct benefit model C. good genes model D. intraspecific interactions
C. good genes model
Mathematical models are useful for A. providing observations of the natural world B. disproving the theory of evolution by natural selection C. helping us make predictions and inferences D. manipulating experimental conditions in the laboratory
C. helping us make predictions and inferences
Darwins theory of evolution provided explanations for all of the following EXCEPT A. why species are so well adapted to their environments B. the unity of life C. how to calculate allele and genotype frequencies D. the diversity of life on the planet
C. how to calculate allele and genotype frequencies
Which of the following statements best describes the evolutionary relationship between humans and chimpanzees? A. humans began evolving from chimpanzees 6 million years ago B. humans and chimpanzees have both evolved from gorillas 6 million years ago C. humans and chimpanzees have both evolved from a common ancestor 6 million years ago D. humans and chimps both share a common ancestor but chimps stop evolving 6 million years ago and humans have continued to evolve
C. humans and chimpanzees have both evolved from a common ancestor 6 million years ago
Scientist know that lactase nonpersistance in the ancestral state in humans because A. there is abundant haplotype diversity in the genome near the lactase gene when an individual has the allele for lactase persistance B. there is very little haplotype diversity in the genome near the lactase gene when an individual has the allele for lactase nonpersistance C. there is very little haplotype diversity in the genome near the lactase gene when an individual has the allele for lactase persistance D. none of the above. Scientist have not determined which allele was present first
C. there is very little haplotype diversity in the genome near the lactase gene when an individual has the allele for lactase persistance
Which of the following could cause the effective population size (Ne) to be lower than population size (N)? A. equal number of males and females in the population B. a stable population size C. variance in the number of offspring produced by mating pairs D. random mating within the population
C. variance in the number of offspring produced by mating pairs
A population may experience inbreeding depression when A. wrights F statistic is close to zero B. individuals mate with unrelated individuals C. wrights F statistic is close to 1 D. alleles are not likely to be identical by descent
C. wrights F statistic is close to 1
In a dihybrid cross, a corn plant with red and normal kernels (RrSs) is crossed with a corn plants that has yellow and shrunken kernels (rrss). You notice that offspring display either phenotypes red and normal or yellow and shrunken at a 3:1 ratio. What was the expected ratio and what is the best explanation for the observed phenotypic proportions?
D. 1:1:1:1 the genes are linked
Which hominin genus was a dead-end in human evolution? A. Paranthropus B. Ardipithecus C. Homo D. Australopithecus
D. Australopithecus
Which of the following distributions would you expect for a quantitative traits such as height in humans? A. A B. B C. C D. D
D. D
A population may experience inbreeding depression when A. mating occurs at random in a population B. individuals mate with unrelated individuals C. Wrights F statistic is close to zero D. Wrights F statistic is close to 1
D. Wrights F statistic is close to 1
Which definition best describes. diffuse coevolution? A. a. coevolutionary relationship in which evolutionary changes in each species decrease the fitness of the other species B. a coevolutionary relationship where evolutionary changes in each species benefit the other species C. a. coevolutionary relationship that involves two species D. a coevolutionary relationship that involves multiple species
D. a coevolutionary relationship that involves multiple species
According to the figure above A. these is an interaction between genotype and environment B. yarrow plant with genotype 4 grow largest at medium elevation C. these plants display phenotypic plasticity D. all of the above D.
D. all of the above
The relationship between placentals, marsupials, and monotremes as shown in the figure indicates A. a polytomy B. uncertainty about the relationship between these 3 groups C. mammals form a monophyletic group D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is an example of empirical research? A. observing behavior in chimps B. manipulating the presence/absence of predators in guppy ponds C. comparing DNA sequencing between chimps and humans D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Why are most pathogens able to evolve more quickly than their hosts? A. they have shorter generation times B. they have larger population sizes C. they have a greater number of mutations for natural selection to act on D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a. hypothesis for why bipedal locomotion was favored? A. bipedal locomotion frees the hands for carrying items B. bipedal locomotion was more energetically efficient for walking long distances C. bipedal locomotion may have helped hominins keep cool in the direct sun of the savanna by reducing the amount of exposed surface area D. bipedal locomotion resulted in the evolution of larger brains and language
D. bipedal locomotion resulted in the evolution of larger brains and language
Given the following tree, which of the following statements is true? A. only primates have hair B. amphibians produce an amniotic egg C. all taxa on the tree have a bony skeleton D. both crocodiles and birds have eggs with shells
D. both crocodiles and birds have eggs with shells
Which of the following is not a cost of foraging? A. time away from mating B. risk of predation C. energy spend search for prey D. calorie content of a consumed prey item
D. calorie content of a consumed prey item
In the phyogenetic tree below, taxa 1 most likely represents the A. sister taxa to taxa 2 and 3 B. common ancestor to taxa 2 and 3 C. outgroup D. common ancestor to all other taxa in the tree
D. common ancestor to all other taxa in the tree
In the Lotka-Volterra competition model the variables alpha and beta represent A. population size of species 1 and species 2 B. carrying capacity C. intrinsic growth rate D. competition coefficients
D. competition coefficients
Which of the following is an example of symbiosis? A. yucca moths that pollinate yucca flowers B. lynx predators that depend on snowshoe hares for food C. birds eats berries from a tree and then dispersing the seeds D. corals that provide shelter to algae, which share their nutrients
D. corals that provide shelter to algae, which share their nutrients
Which of the following is NOT an example of an A. pigeons and their species-specific lice B. anon-toxic species using aposematic coloration to mimic a toxic species C. a predator evolving to better capture its prey D. cospeciation between moths and the tree species they pollinate
D. cospeciation between moths and the tree species they pollinate
In the crustacean genus Hyalella, females mate more often with males who have larger gnathopods. Males with larger gnathopods have been shown to be better protectors of females during amplexus. Which model of intersexual selection does this describe? A. fishers runaway selection B. sensory bias C. good genes D. direct benefits
D. direct benefits
Black spruce spread northward after the glaciers melted 6,000 years ago. Populations at the northern most part of their range show lower genetic diversity due to the A. epistasis B. bottleneck effects C. linkage equilibrium D. found effect
D. founder effect
Some stains of Stapholococcus bacteria are resistant to multiple different antibiotics. One of the ways that this can occur is through A. epistasis B. genetic drift C. additive genetic effects D. genetic hitchhiking
D. genetic hitchhiking
Which of the following processes causes a neutral allele to increase in frequency because it is linked to an allele under selection? A. latent variation B. epistasis C. mutation D. genetic hitchhiking
D. genetic hitchhiking
Which of the following equations illustrates Hamiltons interpretation of fitness? A. indirect fitness + inclusive fitness = direct fitness B. inclusive fitness + direct fitness = indirect fitness C. direct fitness - inclusive fitness = direct fitness D. indirect fitness + direct fitness = inclusive fitness
D. indirect fitness + direct fitness = inclusive fitness
IF male reproductive success is dependent on the number of available eggs in the population, we would expect A. males to complete less for mating opportunities B. males to produce less sperm to save energy C. more variation in female reproductive success compared to males D. more variation in male reproductive success compared to females
D. more variation in male reproductive success compared to females
Which of the following is not true concerning mutations? A. mutations are generated at random B. nonsynonymous mutations change an amino acid C. mutations are rarely beneficial D. mutation are rarely neutral
D. mutations are rarely neutral
________measures the amount of genetic variation that is accessible to natural selection. A. broad-sense heritability B. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium C. kimuras rule of thumb D. narrow-sense heritability
D. narrow sense heritability
The above figure is an example of which explanation for our vulnerability to disease? A. natural selection lacks foresight leaving us stuck with historically contingent relics B. natural selection has not had enough time to catch up with changes in the environment C. humans are locked in a coevolutionary arms race with our pathogens D. natural selection favors reproductive success above vulnerability to diseases
D. natural selection favors reproductive success above vulnerability to diseases
What type of selection is demonstrated in the figure shown? A. frequency-independent selection B. positive frequency-dependent C. direction selection D. negative frequency-dependent
D. negative frequency-dependent
Suppose that an allele is present in blue-footed booby offspring that causes a nestling to share its food with its nestmate if it is not particularly hungry during times of adequate food availability. This gene imposes a fitness cost of .3 on those who carry it, while conferring a benefit of .4 on the sibling who receives the additional food. Will this gene increase in frequency if the two nestmates are always half siblings (with the same mother but different fathers)? A. no, because rb > c B. yes, because rb < c C. yes, because rb > c D. no, because rb < c
D. no, because rb < c
When deciding whether or not to add a new prey to the diet, a forager should A. only add new prey if it offers a large amount of calories B. only add new prey if it is easy to find C. only add new prey when the density of all prey is high D. only add new prey if it maximizes profitability
D. only add new prey if it maximizes profitability
In the experiment where researchers cut off access to nitrogen for the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria in soybean root nodules the soybean plant A. did not respond and the bacteria were allowed to "cheat" B. responded by sending toxins to kill the bacteria C. did not respond and the bacteria population in the nodules increased in size D. responded by decreasing the amount of oxygen sent to root nodules
D. responded by decreasing the amount of oxygen send to root nodules
Natural selection can only operate of foraging behavior if A. if there is no variation in the behavior between individuals B. the behavior also helps foragers find mates C. the behavior requires that the forager spend more time looking for food and less time looking for mates D. the behavior has a genetic basis
D. the behavior has a genetic basis
Following intense hunting is the 1800s. Northern elephant seals experienced a dramatic decline. Even after their populations recovered their genetic diversity was still low. This scenario is an example of A. the founder effect B. linkage disequilibrium C. the red queen hypothesis D. the bottleneck effect
D. the bottleneck effect
Linked loci violate A. the law of segregation B. natural selection C. meiosis D. the law of independent assortment
D. the law of independent assortment
The figure below indicates a ____ between the number and size of offspring that a female guppy can produce. A. positive relationship B. norm of reaction C. fitness curve D. trade off
D. trade off
Consider a locus with two alleles, A1 and A2. Under which of the following scenarios is it most likely that the frequency of the A1 allele will increase and eventually reach fixation? A. wA1A1=1, wA1A2=2. wA2A2=.7 B. wA1A1=.8, wA1A2=1, wA2A2=1 C. wA1A1=.8, wA1A2=1, wA2A2=.7 D. wA1A1=1, wA1A2=.8, wA2A2=.7
D. wA1A1=1, wA1A2=.8, wA2A2=.7
Which of the following examples supports. the Fisher-Muller. hypothesis which states that sexual reproduction allows beneficial alleles to come together in the single individual more quickly than asexual reproduction A. when grown in an environment with abundant resources, sexually and asexually reproducing yeast have similar growth rates B. bacteria can be resistant to multiple difference antibiotics due to genetic hitchhiking C. when an antibiotic is used against a bacteria, any allele present in the population that provides antibiotic. resistance will increase in the population D. when grown in a "harsh" environment, sexually reproducing yeast have a faster growth rate than asexually reproducing yeast
D. when grown in a "harsh" environment, sexually reproducing yeast have a faster growth rate than asexually reproducing yeast
Is it possible for linkage disequilibrium to break down? A. no, natural selection will maintain linkage disequilibrium in the population B. yes, gene flow can break down linkage disequilibrium C. no, once two alleles form a statistical relationship it is permanent D. yes, over time recombination can break down disequilibrium
D. yes, over time recombination can break down linkage disequilibrium
Which of the following can lead to linkage disequilibrium? A. gene flow B. natural selection C. mutation D. nonrandom mating E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following is an example of inbreeding depression? A. a decrease from 99% to 50% in hatching rate of greater prairie chicken eggs following an extreme bottleneck event B. a low number of wolf pups surviving winter when all pups are descendants of one original breeding pair of wolves C. the offspring of genetic relatives have a higher predisposition for hypertension compared to offspring from unrelated parents D. only A and B E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following could NOT be a source of data for evolution? A. molecular data B. morphological data C. behavioral data D. fossil data E. all of the above are possible sources of data
E. all of the above are possible sources of data
Which of the following trees shows a different relationship? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. all of the above trees show the same relationship
E. all of the above trees show the same relationship
